Effects of Hydrothermal Environment on the Deformation of the Thin Bamboo Bundle Veneer Laminated Composites

To overcome warping in thin bamboo bundle veneer laminated composites(TBLC),their hydrothermal deformation characteristics were systematically investigated in this study.It was found that TBLCs accelerated the release of internal stress in the thickness direction in a hydrothermal environment,which increased their warpage.TBLCs showed increased warpage in the width and diagonal directions upon increasing the temperature.The warpage of Type E increased by 155.88%and 66.67%in the width and diagonal directions,respectively,when the temperature increased from 25
C to 100
C.The symmetrical TBLC with cross-lay-up and odd layers displayed better hydrothermal stability.We revealed that the deformation of the TBLCs could be regulated under the synergistic effect of water and temperature.These results provide a scientific basis for improving the uniformity of bamboo bundle composite materials and for developing thin bamboo bundle fiber composite materials with designable structures and controllable performance.

A Review of Basic Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Bamboo Lumber

Over the past decade,the physical and mechanical performances of laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)–a bamboo-based structural material,have been extensively studied using experimental,analytical,and numerical approaches.This paper presents a review of existing knowledge in the literature about the mechanical properties of LBL.The paper involved the review of the response of LBL to different types of loading such as tension,bending,compres-sion,and shear.Based on results of the literature reviewed,the strength of LBL parallel to grain was 90–124 MPa with MOE of 10700 MPa in tension,29.55–72.60 MPa,and MOE of 8396–11022 MPa in compression,63.87–128.4 MPa,and MOE of 8320–10912 MPa in bending,and 7.15–17.5 MPa in shear.The average strength of LBL was similar and in some cases exceeded the average values of bamboo-or wood-based materials,while the variability of its mechanical parameters was lower.The variability in strength values of LBL was affected by bamboo species,density and thickness of bamboo strips,growth portion,type of treatment,strips arrange-ments,and type of adhesive which in turn calls for classification of LBL by strength grades,degree of hardness,the capability of impregnation and penetration,as well as by areas of application in construction.The study pro-vided and discussed concluding observations,the current research gap,and future research directions on the mechanical properties of LBL.

Nodes Effect on the Bending Performance of Laminated Bamboo Lumber Unit

This research studied the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit and thereby calculated the maximum bending moment.The load-displacement chart for all specimens was obtained.Then the flexural capacity of members with and without bamboo nodes in the middle section was coMPared.The bending experiment phenomenon of LBL unit was concluded.Different failure modes of bending components were analysed and concluded.Finally,the bending behaviour of LBL units is coMPared with other bamboo and timber products.It is shown that the average ultimate load of BS members is 866.1 N,the average flexural strength is 101 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 8.3 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 17.02 mm.The average ultimate load of BNS members is 1008.1 N,the average flexural strength is 118.02 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 9.9 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 18.26 mm.Laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit without bamboo nodes(BNS)has relatively higher flexural strength coMPared with LBL unit with bamboo nodes(BS).The presence of bamboo nodes reduces the strength of the entire structure.Three failure modes were concluded for BS members,and two failure modes were observed for BNS members during the experimental process.According to a coMParison between the LBL unit and other products,the flexural strength and bending modulus of elasticity of the LBL unit are similar as bamboo scrimber and raw bamboo components,which is much higher than timber components.

Comparison of three processing methods for laminated bamboo timber production

Three processing techniques, split-squaring(SS),V-grooving(VG), and split-edging(SE), were evaluated and compared in terms of their processing time and recovery. Semantan bamboo(Gigantochloa scortechinii Gamble) was used as a raw material and the results showed that the VG-method required the longest processing time(32.1 min), followed by the SS-method(18.2 min), and the SE-method(17.9 min). However, the VG-method showed the highest recovery(82.0%) compared to the SS-method and SE-method, 31.0 and 49.4%, respectively. When both processing time and recovery factors were combined with the same weighing factor, the highest value was recorded with the VG-method(49.1), while the SE-method had values of 31.1 and the SS-method 12.8. The results suggest that the VG-method is the best option. However, the V-grooving machine is still a prototype and therefore the SE-method could be an alternative option until the improved V-grooving machine is available.

Slenderness Ratio Effect on the Eccentric Compression Performance of Chamfered Laminated Bamboo Lumber Columns

Eccentric compression tests on 15 chamfered laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)columns with a height ranging from 600 to 3000 mm were conducted in order to study the eccentric mechanical performance.The failure of all specimens was caused by the crack of bamboo fiber in the tensile region.When the ultimate strength was reached,except specimens with a height of 600 mm,all other specimens could bear large deformation,showing good ductility.The lateral displacements of the specimens under eccentric compression were approximately para-bolic in the direction of column height.The ultimate bending moment of LBL columns with different slenderness ratios under compression with the same initial eccentricity was a fixed value.The relationship between ultimate capacity,axial displacement,lateral displacement,and slenderness ratio was analyzed based on test results.It was found that the plane section assumption could be used to express the stress and strain distribution of chamfered LBL columns under eccentric compression.A method for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity was proposed using a constitutive model based on the Ramberg-Osgood relation and the empirical formula for calculating the ultimate capacity was given on the basis of the former research as well as the test results in this paper.

Verification of Applicability of the Polyurethane Adhesive Based on Castor Oil in the Manufacture of Glued Laminated Bamboo

The current concern with the environment promotes the development of new technologies for production with use of alternative materials, from renewable resources, and changes in production processes, having as main objective the reduction of environmental impact. One of the alternatives for cleaner production is the use of castor oil derivatives instead of non-renewable sources, such as adhesives based on PVA （polyvinyl acetate）, applied in the manufacturing process of glued laminated bamboo. Based on the versatility of the bamboo laminate and the castor oil, and from the perspective of sustainability, this study aims to contribute to the application of new materials and processes, used in the manufacturing industry, by proposing the use of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil for glued laminated bamboo manufacturing, which can later be used in the manufacture of several products. To verify the applicability of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil in the glued laminated bamboo manufacture, mechanical tests of traction and shearing of the glue sheet were performed in specimens of the said material, and the results were compared with the Cascorez 2590 and Waterbond adhesives. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil, in the traction test, has superior performance than the Waterbond adhesive and slightly below than the Cascorez 2590 adhesive, but in the shear test, the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil presented a slightly inferior performance than the other two adhesives used in the comparison.

Engineered Wood/Bamboo Laminated Composites for Outdoor Hydrophilic Platforms:Structural Design and Performance

Landscape designers increasingly prefer to use wood/bamboo-based composites for outdoor hydrophilic platforms owing to their natural surface texture,high performance,and sustainability to facilitate extensive interaction between people and water and enable the full range of ecological functions of water resources.In this study,four laminated composite(LC)structures were designed and manufactured using fluffed bamboo and wood veneers.Their surface textures,profile densities,water resistances,and mechanical properties were then evaluated.The type of fluffed veneer of the surface layer determined the texture of the LC surface.The specific structures of fluffed bamboo and wood veneer laminations were found to affect the LC profile density variability,water resistance,and mechanical properties owing to the differences in the strength and interfacial properties of bamboo and wood fibers.Finally,the water resistance and mechanical properties of all four LCs were found to be much higher than the highest level specified in GB/T 20241-2006 for“laminated veneer lumber”and GB/T 30364-2013 for“bamboo scrimber flooring”,indicating that they are promising materials for structures and flooring,particularly for outdoor hydrophilic platforms.

Control on Gradient Adhesive Loading of Porous Laminate:Effects on Multiple Performance of Composites with Bamboo Bundle and Sliver

Elementary units“bamboo bundle”and“bamboo sliver”were processed and cross-linked as“bamboo-bundle veneer(BBV)”and“bamboo-sliver veneer(BSV)”for preparation of laminated composites.The concept of“high-content-adhesive surface treatment”was raised to improve boards’performance,rather than increasing adhesive absorption of every layer’s porous unit.That is,some BBVs experienced an extra“dipping&drying”to absorb more resin(named“HBBV”).The effect of the amount of knitting threads was also discussed for influencing BBV’s quality.Results indicated that light transmittance of BBVs decreased as the amount of threads added from 3 to 8,while mechanical stiffness increased.Adding two skin layers of HBBVs symmetrically was helpful to enhance 24-hour underwater and 28-hour“boil-dry-boil”dimensional stability for boards with BSVs as core,while more than two pairs of HBBVs were needed to improve 28-hour“boil-dry-boil”dimensional stability of boards with BBVs as core.Two symmetrical surface layers of BBVs/HBBVs provided BSV-boards/BBV-boards with greater bending resistance,while such“surface treatment”would not raise shearing strength of BSV-boards upon 28-hour“boil-dry-boil”treatment.Besides,the data obtained from drop-hammer impact test indicated that more than two pair of surface BBVs or HBBVs were required for significant improvement in anti-impact property.

竹艺竹材在现代灯具设计中的应用研究

深度研究竹文化与竹工艺以满足现代社会高品质低能耗的需求,为同质化严重的竹制灯具寻求新的造型突破。文章对竹编工艺和竹精神的文化意义进行系统梳理,探索竹编、竹材与灯具工艺新的结合方式和表现形式,对树立强大民族文化辨识度的中国设计具有重大意义。

竹集成材握钉性能试验研究

为研究单调加载下的竹集成材(LBL)握钉性能,对260个LBL钉节点试件进行拔出试验,以钉种类、钉直径、有效锚固长度以及作用力方向与LBL顺纹方向的夹角为参数,研究其破坏模式和握钉性能。结果表明:破坏模式与钉种有关,与钉直径、锚固长度和角度无关,光圆钉试件无可见破坏,而螺钉和麻花钉试件的破坏模式主要表现为钉杆环向的竹纤维发生剪切破坏,LBL内部竹纤维被环向肋纹切断并拉出试件表面。极限抗拔承载力随钉直径和有效锚固长度的增大而增加,顺纹向的承载力略低于横纹向。对于相同直径的钉而言,顺纹向螺钉和麻花钉的极限承载力分别为光圆钉的2.6倍和1.3倍,而横纹向的螺钉和麻花钉的抗拔承载力分别为光圆钉的2.3倍和1.2倍。LBL握钉力理论计算值和试验值吻合良好,误差不超过13%。

基于响应面法与MOGA算法的竹集成材榫接合椅子节点力学分析及优化

竹集成材是符合“双碳”目标的可持续发展绿色材料,具有“以竹代木”的巨大潜力。本研究借助竹集成材优良材料性能,基于榫卯结构特性,以竹集成材榫接合椅子为例,运用有限元法(FEM)进行椅子静载荷及耐久性分析,探究竹集成材榫接合椅子及榫接合节点力学特性,搭建响应面模型求解竹集成材T型椭圆榫接合节点榫卯尺寸与其最大等效应力、总形变和最小安全系数的关系,并运用MOGA多目标遗传算法以形变最小化、安全系数最大化为优化目标,进行榫卯尺寸优化。结果表明:竹集成材榫接合椅子静载荷分析所得椅子最大等效应力为6.818 MPa,位于座面大边与椅后腿榫接合节点;最大等效应变值为4.245×10^(-3),位于椅子扶手与椅后腿榫接合节点;椅子发生的最大形变为4.433 mm,分布在椅子靠背位置。椅子耐久性分析所得最大等效应力及最大等效应变均位于椅子扶手与椅后腿榫接合节点,分别为4.999 MPa和3.113×10^(-3);椅子整体发生的最大形变为3.251 mm,位于椅子靠背上端。由竹集成材T型榫接合节点响应面分析可知,椭圆榫接合节点的最大等效应力及最大形变随着榫头厚度a及榫头长度l的增大而减小,安全系数随之增大,榫卯尺寸对T型榫接合节点力学强度的影响以榫头厚度a和榫头长度l为主,榫头宽度b影响不显著。运用MOGA算法优化竹集成材椭圆榫尺寸,优化结果与实际试验结果的相对误差为3.93%,相对误差较小,证明优化方法及结果有效。本研究为竹集成材椭圆榫的加工生产提供参考,并为竹集成材榫接合椅子的榫卯尺寸设计提供科学优化方法。

基于超声波无损检测技术的侧压竹集成材力学性能试验研究

探究超声波传播速度与侧压竹集成材力学性能(抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度)之间的关系模型,结合密度计算出的动态弹性模量和抗弯弹性模量之间的关系模型,为超声波无损检测侧压竹集成材的力学性能提供理论依据。以侧压竹集成材为研究对象,利用超声波微秒计测量仪,通过超声波传播测量试验,得到了超声波在侧压竹集成材和竹板小试样中传播速度,并绘制出侧压竹集成材超声波传播速度的等值线分布图。利用密度计测量竹板小试样的密度和超声波波速计算竹板小试样的动态弹性模量。通过三点弯曲试验得到侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度,回归分析超声波传播速度与抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度,以及动态弹性模量与抗弯弹性模量之间的关系。结果表明,虽然采用相同的热压工艺参数,但各个侧压竹集成材所得到的超声波波速等值线分布图存在明显差异,说明各个侧压竹集成材的胶合效果存在差别,导致其之间的力学性能也存在一定的差别,超声波传播速度越大,表明侧压竹集成材的胶合效果或者力学性能越好;超声波波速与侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度之间存在较好的相关性(决定系数R2分别为0.65和0.59),这说明可以通过超声波波速来合理地预测和评价侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度;侧压竹集成材小试样的动态弹性模量与其抗弯弹性模量之间也存在良好的相关性,两者的决定系数R2为0.68,这说明也可以通过测量侧压竹集成材小试样的动态弹性模量,来对其抗弯弹性模量进行合理的预测和评价。研究表明,超声波无损检测技术是合理预测和评价侧压竹集成材力学性能的一种潜在的有效手段。

竹集成材-SPF复合正交胶合木的研发及性能评估

运用相同工艺分别制备足尺垂直型竹集成材-SPF复合CLT(简称V-BWCLT)与足尺水平型竹集成材-SPF复合CLT(简称H-BWCLT)。依据国内外相关标准对两种BWCLT的胶层剪切强度、胶合耐久性、抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)和层间剪切强度进行了测试,并用三维非接触式应变测量系统(DIC)对抗弯和层间抗剪试验过程中的受力变形情况进行记录。结果表明:在相同制备工艺条件下,两种BWCLT平均胶层剪切强度接近,浸渍剥离率均可达到相关标准要求。V-BWCLT的平均MOE与MOR分别为7941 MPa和56.7 MPa,而H-BWCLT的平均MOE与MOR分别为10144 MPa和54.0 MPa,H-BWCLT比V-BWCLT具有更高的弯曲刚度,但两者MOR较为接近。对比SPF-CLT,两种BWCLT的抗弯强重比均有显著提高,上述研究和分析为新型竹木复合CLT的实际工程应用提供了设计参考与理论依据。

LVL结构调控及应用研究进展

在我国木材资源紧缺、人工林材质较差、而竹材资源较为丰富的背景下,单板层积材(Laminated Veneer Lumber,LVL)作为一种生物质工程材料,具备高效利用现有资源的优势,并且以其出色的力学性能可实现标准化、系列化生产,展现出广阔的应用前景。本文结合我国人造板产业的发展现况,概述了LVL的起源和发展,着重从复合材料力学性能的角度分析了LVL的结构特点,对单板分等和LVL组坯特点进行了介绍。同时,综述了酚醛树脂浸渍和纤维材料复合两种LVL增强方式。最后,对比讨论了国内外LVL的评价标准,并针对我国木结构建筑产业的发展现状和LVL应用过程中存在的问题,提出了若干建议。

竹集成材齿板连接试验研究

为了研究采用国产齿板连接的竹集成材(laminated bamboo lumber,LBL)节点的力学性能,参照《木结构试验方法标准》(GB/T 50329-2012)的相关规定,对136个LBL齿板节点开展了齿板连接试验,确定了其齿板抗拉强度设计值、齿板抗剪强度设计值、板齿强度设计值和板齿抗滑移强度设计值。结果表明,齿板取向(θ)对LBL齿板节点的力学性能有显著影响,当齿板主轴由与荷载平行(θ=0°)转为与荷载垂直(θ=90°)时,齿板抗拉强度、板齿极限强度和抗滑移强度均得到提高。现有木结构设计规范提供的板齿强度计算公式明显高估了LBL齿板节点在齿板非正交于荷载方向(θ≠0°和90°)下的板齿极限强度与抗滑移强度。基于齿板取向,提出了LBL齿板节点的板齿强度计算公式,预测误差明显减小。与胶合竹(glued laminated bamboo,glubam)齿板节点的对比表明,布置横向竹条是改善LBL齿板节点连接性能的合理方法。

新型外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接胶合竹梁柱节点转动性能

针对胶合竹材不易预开槽和预开孔以及节点转动时竹材易发生横纹劈裂的问题,研究了新型外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点的转动性能。对T形外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点和双L形外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点共5个试件进行了单调加载试验,分析了节点的破坏模式、初始刚度、极限承载力、变形能力和延性系数。试验发现,T形外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点相较双L形外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点,各项受力性能参数均较优。布置直径小但数量多的自攻螺钉时,节点(T8×8-M)的破坏表现为钢板和自攻螺钉的受拉断裂以及与胶合竹柱连接的自攻螺钉受拉断裂,布置直径较大但数量少的自攻螺钉时,节点(T6×10-M)的破坏则表现为竹材的横纹劈裂和自攻螺钉的剪切破坏。横纹方向采用自攻螺丝加强,可改善节点的受力性能,对T形外包钢板-自攻螺钉连接节点改善更明显。现行《工程竹结构设计标准》(T/CECS 1101—2022)提供的节点设计方法偏于安全地预测胶合竹自攻螺钉连接梁柱节点的抗弯承载力。

重组竹方销对正交胶合木力学与声学特性的影响

为提升正交胶合木(CLT)的中低频隔声性能,设计了一种以重组竹方销为声散射体的二维声子晶体结构的CLT,探究对嵌入重组竹方销的杉木CLT力学和声学特性的影响。采用短梁剪切法,研究了跨中面外开孔的CLT短梁和嵌入重组竹方销的CLT短梁层间剪切强度、最大正应力和静态韧性系数;采用阻抗管测试法,研究了周期性排布的重组竹方销对CLT隔声量的影响规律。短梁剪切试验表明:与未开孔CLT相比,开孔使CLT的层间剪切强度下降了13.0%~16.5%;与开孔CLT相比,方孔中嵌入重组竹方销可使开孔CLT的层间剪切强度提升8.5%~12.7%,从而与未开孔CLT的层间剪切强度差异不显著,其最大正应力分别与开孔和未开孔的CLT最大正应力差异不显著,为24.52~29.45 MPa;方孔中嵌入重组竹方销的CLT在静态韧性系数上相比未开孔的CLT上升了13.9%~19.1%。隔声量测试结果表明:嵌入重组竹方销的CLT属局域共振型声子晶体结构,在1 400 Hz出现吻合效应的隔声量谷值约33.41 dB;以重组竹方销为声散射体的二维声子晶体结构随重组竹方销边长的增加,提高了CLT的密度和中低频的隔声量,其中,600 Hz以下的隔声量可提升约20.22%。在不改变CLT厚度、密度增量小于20%且力学性能差异不显著的前提下,以重组竹方销增强CLT隔声性能是可行的。

侧压竹集成材抗剪强度试验研究

侧压竹集成材为天然竹片经精制、干燥、碳化、胶合压制而成的板材或枋材,是一种新型的绿色建材。为探究侧压竹集成材的抗剪性能,对4组60个侧压竹集成材清材小试件进行了抗剪强度试验,得到了其顺纹切向、顺纹径向、横纹切向、横纹径向的抗剪强度,分析了清材小试件在不同受剪方向的破坏特征、荷载-位移关系,提出了侧压竹集成材抗剪强度标准值和设计值的计算公式;同时进行了2组12个东北落叶松胶合木清材试件的顺纹切向和顺纹径向抗剪强度试验,并与侧压竹集成材的抗剪强度进行了对比。结果表明:侧压竹集成材具有良好的抗剪性能,顺纹剪切呈脆性破坏,横纹剪切具有比较好的延性;侧压竹集成材的抗剪强度平均值比东北落叶松胶合木高33.9%,其强度标准值和设计值可为侧压竹集成材的工程设计提供依据。

家居用填充式竹集成材轻量化结构设计

当前木材资源供需矛盾突出,我国丰富的竹资源和日益完善的竹材加工工艺为竹集成材的可持续发展奠定了良好基础。在家居产品中推广使用竹集成材,能够充分利用竹资源,缓解木材供应短缺的问题。但当前,竹集成材产品自重过重问题是制约竹集成材应用的重要因素之一。文章分析了竹集成材的结构及性能以及在家居领域应用的局限性,总结了轻量化设计方法,并以空芯板结构为参考,探讨了竹集成材填充式芯层结构设计。通过采用竹芯层结构减轻竹集成材的自重,能够使竹集成材更广泛地应用在家居生活中,为竹集成材家居产品设计提供创新思路和方法。

火灾下胶合竹材耐火性能试验研究

在建筑行业日益重视可持续发展与环保材料的背景下,工程竹材因其可再生性及优异的力学性能而受到广泛关注。然而,由于其在高温及火灾条件下的火灾行为尚未得到充分研究,这限制了竹材在建筑结构中的使用。通过试验研究,探索胶合竹(Laminated Bamboo Lumber,LBL)的耐火性能。结果表明,LBL在ISO 834火灾作用下,随着火灾作用时间的延长,其炭化深度逐渐增大。此外,利用试验数据拟合曲线,建立了LBL在ISO 834标准火灾下的炭化深度和炭化速率模型,其误差在10%以内。