Effect of preload forces on multidimensional signal dynamic behaviours for battery early safety warning

Providing early safety warning for batteries in real-world applications is challenging.In this study,comprehensive thermal abuse experiments are conducted to clarify the multidimensional signal evolution of battery failure under various preload forces.The time-sequence relationship among expansion force,voltage,and temperature during thermal abuse under five categorised stages is revealed.Three characteristic peaks are identified for the expansion force,which correspond to venting,internal short-circuiting,and thermal runaway.In particular,an abnormal expansion force signal can be detected at temperatures as low as 42.4°C,followed by battery thermal runaway in approximately 6.5 min.Moreover,reducing the preload force can improve the effectiveness of the early-warning method via the expansion force.Specifically,reducing the preload force from 6000 to 1000 N prolongs the warning time(i.e.,227 to 398 s)before thermal runaway is triggered.Based on the results,a notable expansion force early-warning method is proposed that can successfully enable early safety warning approximately 375 s ahead of battery thermal runaway and effectively prevent failure propagation with module validation.This study provides a practical reference for the development of timely and accurate early-warning strategies as well as guidance for the design of safer battery systems.

Machine learning for parameters diagnosis of spark discharge by electro-acoustic signal

Discharge plasma parameter measurement is a key focus in low-temperature plasma research.Traditional diagnostics often require costly equipment,whereas electro-acoustic signals provide a rich,non-invasive,and less complex source of discharge information.This study harnesses machine learning to decode these signals.It establishes links between electro-acoustic signals and gas discharge parameters,such as power and distance,thus streamlining the prediction process.By building a spark discharge platform to collect electro-acoustic signals and implementing a series of acoustic signal processing techniques,the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(MFCCs)of the acoustic signals are extracted to construct the predictors.Three machine learning models(Linear Regression,k-Nearest Neighbors,and Random Forest)are introduced and applied to the predictors to achieve real-time rapid diagnostic measurement of typical spark discharge power and discharge distance.All models display impressive performance in prediction precision and fitting abilities.Among them,the k-Nearest Neighbors model shows the best performance on discharge power prediction with the lowest mean square error(MSE=0.00571)and the highest R-squared value(R^(2)=0.93877).The experimental results show that the relationship between the electro-acoustic signal and the gas discharge power and distance can be effectively constructed based on the machine learning algorithm,which provides a new idea and basis for the online monitoring and real-time diagnosis of plasma parameters.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)in epileptogenesis:an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity,high recurrence,and drug resistance.Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy.Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity.Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders,and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy.In this review,we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways.Then,we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis.In addition,strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized.We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.

Oleanolic acid inhibits colon cancer cell stemness and reverses chemoresistance by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Background:Oleanolic acid(OA),a pentacyclic triterpenoid exhibiting specific anti-cancer properties and highly effective antioxidant activity,was isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs.Conversely,the OA that impacts colon cancer(CC)cells and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.Methods:The cytotoxic effect of OA alone or OA-5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)combination on normal and CC cells was analyzed by methyl thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT).Then,the impact of OA on CC cell lines(LoVo and HT-29)proliferation and stemness were measured using colon formation and tumorsphere formation assays.Octamer-binding transcription factor 4(Oct4),Prominin-1(CD133),Nanog,and transcription factor SOX-2(SOX2)are cell stemness-related indicators whose expression was assessed usingfluorescence qPCR assay,Western blotting,and immunohistochemistry.The effect of OA on the proliferative potency of CC cells was evaluated using an in vivo model.Results:The stem-like characteristics and clone production of colon cancer cells were markedly reduced by OA alone or in combination with OA-5-FU.Moreover,OA increases the susceptibility of CC cells to 5-FU by blocking the cell stemness-related markers(CD133,Nanog,SOX2,and Oct4)expression levels both in vitro and in vivo,as well as by inactivating the activator of transcription 3(STAT3 signaling)and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer(JAK2).Conclusion:Thesefindings imply that oleanolic acid,both in vitro and in vivo,suppresses the JAK2/STAT3 pathway,which in turn reverses chemoresistance and decreases colon cancer cell stemness.Therefore,by reducing the recommended amount of 5-FU,this strategy may improve chemotherapeutic effectiveness and minimize undesired side effects.

Using Pearson’s System of Curves to Approximate the Distributions of the Difference between Two Correlated Estimates of Signal-to-Noise Ratios: The Cases of Bivariate Normal and Bivariate Lognormal Distributions

Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from bivariate normal and bivariate lognormal distribution. We use the Pearsons system of curves to approximate the difference between the two estimates and use the bootstrap methods to validate the approximate distributions of the statistic of interest. Methods: The paper uses the delta method to find the first four central moments, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are important in the determination of the parameters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two examples;one from veterinary microbiology and food safety data and the other on data from clinical medicine. We derived the four central moments of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap method to evaluate the parameters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recommended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.

基于分层最小和译码的RS-LDPC级联码改进算法

RS-LDPC级联码能够有效提高数据传输的可靠性和系统的容错能力,在5G通信等领域中得到了广泛的应用,且在6G中具有很好的应用前景。但是RS-LDPC级联码与单码相比具有计算复杂度高、不易于在硬件上实现的不足,因此提出一种基于分层最小和的RS-LDPC级联码改进译码算法,将LDPC码的校验矩阵分解成多个子矩阵,在不同子矩阵层次上并行计算。此外,还引入了新的关于校验节点信息更新的简化函数,旨在保证译码性能的同时降低计算复杂度,达到易于硬件实现的目的。结果表明改进型分层最小和算法复杂度大大降低,且在性能上优于传统BP译码0.25 dB左右。

基于COSMO-RS理论的化工分离工程计算型实验教学设计

将化工热力学溶液理论和化工流程模拟有机结合,设计了正己烷-甲基环戊烷萃取精馏计算型实验。通过类导体屏蔽电荷真实溶液模型(conductor-like screening model for real solvents,COSMO-RS)计算,基于溶解性、选择性指标筛选离子液体溶剂;通过量子化学计算及屏蔽电荷密度曲线分析溶剂和溶质分子相互作用,探究离子液体促进分离过程的机理;基于筛选的溶剂,利用Aspen Plus软件计算优化萃取分离工艺。该综合实验融合了化工热力学、化工原理和过程系统工程等专业课程内容,同时将学科理论知识与工程实践应用有机结合,强化了专业基本功训练,激发了研究兴趣,提升了创新能力。

Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases

The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway,comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS),stimulator of interferon genes(STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases.After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2’3’-c GAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosoliclocalized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway,including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.

基于FAERS数据库的达罗他胺不良反应信号挖掘与分析

目的:挖掘达罗他胺相关的不良反应风险信号,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法:利用报告比值比法(ROR)对美国FDA不良反应报告系统(FAERS)中2019年第三季度至2022年第四季度以达罗他胺为首要怀疑药物的不良反应进行挖掘,检测阈值为报告数≥3且ROR的95%置信区间下限>1的不良反应。结果及结论:共筛选出以达罗他胺为首要怀疑药物的不良反应报告1376份,去除非药品不良反应后为1013份,涉及患者589例,检测出风险信号40个,涉及16个系统器官,主要集中在全身性疾病及给药部位各种反应、胃肠系统疾病、皮肤及皮下组织类疾病、各类检查及各类神经系统疾病。达罗他胺的不良反应最常出现在服药的第1个月。挖掘出药品说明书未提及的信号21个,具体包括横纹肌溶解、谵妄、男性乳腺发育、周围神经病变和水肿等。

罗汉果皂苷V对RSL3诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞铁死亡的抑制作用及其机制

目的:探讨罗汉果皂苷V(MV)对铁死亡诱导剂RAS选择性致死分子3(RSL3)诱导的人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞铁死亡的抑制作用及可能机制。方法:用RSL3诱导SH-SY5Y细胞建立铁死亡模型。MTT法检测细胞活力;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态;亚铁离子荧光探针FerroFarRed检测细胞内亚铁离子含量;线粒体红色荧光探针MitoTracker Red CMXRos检测线粒体膜电位(MMP);超氧化物阴离子荧光探针二氢乙啶和线粒体超氧化物红色荧光探针MitoSoX Red分别检测细胞内和线粒体内活性氧(ROS)。微板法检测细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。Western blot检测脂酰辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(ACSL4)、环加氧酶2(COX-2、)谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)和溶质载体家族7成员11(SLC7A11)蛋白表达水平。分子对接技术预测MV与ACSL4、COX-2、GPX4和SLC7A11的靶向关系。结果:与control组相比,RSL3组SH-SY5Y细胞活力显著降低(P<0.01),细胞内亚铁离子含量、细胞内和线粒体内ROS水平及MDA水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),MMP和GSH水平显著降低(P<0.01),ACSL4和COX-2蛋白表达水平显著升高,而GPX4和SLC7A11蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.01),提示成功建立了细胞铁死亡模型。MV处理使细胞活力显著升高(P<0.05),细胞内亚铁离子含量、细胞内和线粒体内ROS水平及MDA水平显著降低(P<0.01),MMP和GSH水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);ACSL4和COX-2蛋白水平显著降低,而GPX4和SLC7A11蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。分子对接结果显示,MV与铁死亡核心蛋白ACSL4、COX-2、GPX4和SLC7A11存在结合位点。结论:MV可抑制RSL3诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞铁死亡的发生,其机制可能与激活SLC7A11/GPX4和抑制ACSL4/COX-2有关。

基于FAERS的儿童奥司他韦不良事件信号挖掘与分析

目的 为临床安全使用奥司他韦提供参考。方法 检索美国食品和药物管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS)数据库中2004年第1季度至2023年第1季度以奥司他韦为首要怀疑药物、发生于0~17岁患儿的药品不良事件(ADE)报告,采用报告比值比(ROR)法、比例报告比值比(PRR)法进行信号挖掘,采用《国际医学用语词典》中的首选语(PT)及系统器官分类(SOC)进行编码和归类。结果 共挖掘到奥司他韦相关ADE报告3 100份,检测到阳性信号76个,主要集中在精神病类(34个)、各类神经系统疾病(13个)、胃肠系统疾病(7个)、全身性疾病及给药部位各种反应(6个)、免疫系统疾病(3个)等12个SOC。发生频次排前20位的ADE有幻觉(455次)、异常行为(428次)、呕吐(410次)、谵妄(120次)、意识模糊状态(111次)等,信号强度排前20位的ADE仍以精神病类、各类神经系统疾病、胃肠系统疾病为主。发生频次和信号强度均排前20位的ADE有尖叫、恐惧、睡惊症,药品说明书中均未提及。结论 患儿临床应用奥司他韦时,应关注精神疾病、神经系统和胃肠道系统,以及皮肤和眼部的ADE。

基于FAERS数据库的白消安不良事件信号挖掘与分析

目的 利用美国食品药品管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS)数据库对白消安的药品不良事件(ADE)进行研究,挖掘潜在的ADE信号,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法 检索FAERS数据库中2004年第1季度至2023年第1季度的数据,通过数据清洗、目标药物名称标准化,获得以白消安为首要怀疑药物的ADE记录。采用报告比值比法、比例报告比值法和综合标准法挖掘白消安ADE信号,并利用信息成分法进行信号强弱判断。以《国际医学用语词典》对ADE进行系统器官分类(SOC),并按照ADE发生频次和信号强度分别排序。结果 共获得20 326份以白消安为首要怀疑药物的ADE报告,涉及患者5 615例,男性患者比例高于女性(40.71%vs.30.74%);年龄小于18岁占31.56%;上报人群主要为医师(33.71%)、其他健康专业人员(24.35%)以及药师(23.86%);上报国家主要为美国(29.69%)、日本(15.78%)、法国(11.79%)。共挖掘出白消安相关ADE信号556个,其中117个ADE信号未被药品说明书收载。556个ADE信号中,发生频次前五位ADE分别为产品用于未经批准的适应证、肝小静脉闭塞症、黏膜炎症、巨细胞病毒感染和移植物抗宿主病;信号强度排名前五位ADE分别为肝小静脉闭塞症、急性移植物抗宿主病、静脉闭塞性疾病、移植物抗宿主病以及慢性移植物抗宿主病。挖掘的ADE信号共累及23个SOC,数量排名前三的SOC分别为感染及侵染类疾病,各类检查,良性、恶性及性质不明的肿瘤(包括囊状和息肉状)。结论 白消安临床应用中,应警惕肝小静脉闭塞症、感染、移植物抗宿主病、神经相关毒性和血栓性微血管病等易造成严重后果的ADE,临床药师协助医师做好ADE的预防方案,提高白消安的使用安全性。

OsMas1,a novel maspardin protein gene,confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses by regulating ABA signaling in rice

Drought and salt stresses,the major environmental abiotic stresses in agriculture worldwide,affect plant growth,crop productivity,and quality.Therefore,developing crops with higher drought and salt tolerance is highly desirable.This study reported the isolation,biological function,and molecular characterization of a novel maspardin gene,OsMas1,from rice.The OsMas1 protein was localized to the cytoplasm.The expression levels of OsMas1 were up-regulated under mannitol,PEG6000,NaCl,and abscisic acid(ABA) treatments in rice.The OsMas1 gene was introduced into the rice cultivar Zhonghua 11(wild type,WT).OsMas1-overexpression(OsMas1-OE) plants exhibited significantly enhanced salt and drought tolerance;in contrast,OsMas1-interference(OsMas1-RNAi) plants exhibited decreased tolerance to salt and drought stresses,compared with WT.OsMas1-OE plants exhibited enhanced hypersensitivity,while OsMas1-RNAi plants showed less sensitivity to exogenous ABA treatment at both germination and post-germination stages.ABA,proline and K+ contents and superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and photosynthesis activities were significantly increased.In contrast,malonaldehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H2O2),superoxide anion radical(O2-··),and Na+ contents were significantly decreased in OsMas1-OE plants compared with OsMas1-RNAi and WT plants.Overexpression of OsMas1 up-regulated the genes involved in ABA signaling,proline biosynthesis,reactive oxygen species(ROS)-scavenging system,photosynthesis,and ion transport under salt and drought stresses.Our results indicate that the OsMas1 gene improves salt and drought tolerance in rice,which may serve as a candidate gene for enhancing crop resistance to abiotic stresses.

基于FPGA的LVDS+RS422远距离高速通信设计与实现

针对高速信号远距离传输时存在数据可靠性下降的问题,文中设计了一种基于FPGA的软硬件结合的长线传输方案。该系统在数据传输过程中,采用NI公司的LVDS串化器芯片SN65LV1023A和SN65LV1024B作为发送与接收芯片。驱动器和均衡器的配合使用,减少了信号衰减,同时增加了电路的驱动能力和信号传输距离。在指令传输与状态反馈的电路中采用RS422通信协议,并加入保证传输可靠性的隔离芯片,极大地简化了电路。在软件方面为提高抗干扰能力,添加了8B/10B编码、指令的三判二机制和校验字,降低了误码率,提高了传输稳定性。经验证,此设计可在90 m电缆以320 Mbit/s速率零误码传输。

Proactive Platooning Based on C-V2X to Relieve Congestion at a Signalized Intersection

Nowadays urban traffic congestion becomes a major issue due to the increase in vehicles that lead to more commuting time,accidents,traffic violations,and high fuel consumption.Platooning is a good way to solve traffic congestion because it drives with a smaller inter-vehicle distance than human-driving.This paper proposes proactive platooning based on C-V2X(cellular vehicle-to-everything)to relieve congestion.Proactive platooning reduces the inter-vehicle distance and increases the throughput of signalized intersections through integrating the networked control platooning and computation-centralized platooning.Model and simulation experiments of proactive platooning were conducted to verify the impact of inter-vehicle distance on platooning latency,platooning safety,and traffic throughput.Simulation results show that the optimal inter-vehicle distance under proactive platooning is less than half of human-driving at a signalized intersection.

基于FAERS数据库的奥马珠单抗不良事件信号挖掘

目的运用数据挖掘的方法检测奥马珠单抗上市后的不良反应信号,为临床安全合理用药提供参考。方法本研究采用报告比值比法(ROR)和贝叶斯判别可信区间递进神经网络法(BCPNN)对美国FDA不良事件报告系统(FAERS)中2004年第1季度至2023年第2季度的奥马珠单抗相关不良事件(ADE)报告进行数据挖掘和信号检测。结果通过数据挖掘和信号检测,涉及奥马珠单抗的ADE报告中提取了186,353份报告,涉及45,383例患者。在这些报告中,女性(65.31%)比例远高于男性(24.97%)。主要报告国家为美国(64.93%)和加拿大(11.96%)。报告者中以消费者(41.35%)和医师(36.97%)为主要群体。研究发现了621个ADE阳性信号,涉及25个系统器官分类(SOC),主要包括呼吸系统、胸部和纵隔疾病(21.29%)以及感染和侵染类疾病(10.91%)。其中,183个信号被评定为高风险信号,其中包括57个新的高风险信号,如血压升高、易醒型失眠和心律失常等。这些发现有助于更全面地了解奥马珠单抗的安全性和潜在风险。结论在奥马珠单抗的临床应用过程中,除了要注意药品说明中提到的已知不良反应外,还需特别警惕潜在的不良药物事件,如血压升高、心率升高、中间易醒型失眠、体位性心动过速综合征等。

Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

Icariin,a major prenylated flavonoid found in Epimedium spp.,is a bioactive constituent of Herba Epimedii and has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease.In this study,we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of icariin in an APP/PS1/Tau triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.We performed behavioral tests,pathological examination,and western blot assay,and found that memory deficits of the model mice were obviously improved,neuronal and synaptic damage in the cerebral cortex was substantially mitigated,and amyloid-βaccumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation were considerably reduced after 5 months of intragastric administration of icariin at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight per day.Furthermore,deficits of proteins in the insulin signaling pathway and their phosphorylation levels were significantly reversed,including the insulin receptor,insulin receptor substrate 1,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,protein kinase B,and glycogen synthase kinase 3β,and the levels of glucose transporter 1 and 3 were markedly increased.These findings suggest that icariin can improve learning and memory impairments in the mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters,which lays the foundation for potential clinical application of icariin in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

基于FAERS的哌拉西林他唑巴坦不良事件信号挖掘与分析

目的挖掘哌拉西林他唑巴坦(TZP)的药品不良事件(ADE)信号,促进临床合理、安全用药。方法采用比例失衡法对美国食品药品管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS)自建库至2024年3月所有TZP ADE报告进行信号挖掘,分析报告病例的基本情况及不良反应相关信息。结果共提取得到主要怀疑药物涉及ADE报告数为20620513条,TZP为主要怀疑药物涉及ADE报告数为6489条。共挖掘ADE信号543个,涉及25个器官/系统分类(SOC),二次筛选最终检测出ADE信号数43个,其中新的ADE信号17个,ADE信号涉及SOC分类的数量排名前5为分别是皮肤及皮下组织类疾病、全身性疾病及给药部位各种反应、各类检查、感染及侵染类疾病、血液及淋巴系统疾病;ADE信号数排名前5位的首选术语分别为皮疹、发热、急性肾损伤、瘙痒、血小板减少症。青霉素类药物在血液及淋巴系统疾病存在多种不良反应信号,TZP导致血小板减少病例数最多,苯唑西林导致粒细胞缺乏关联强度比例报告比值比最高;TZP导致白细胞减少疗程中位数为11.00 d,累积剂量中位数为148.50 g;该药导致粒细胞缺乏疗程中位数为14.00 d,累积剂量中位数为216.00 g;该药导致血小板减少症疗程中位数为7.00d,累积剂量中位数为87.00 g。结论用药期间需密切关注皮肤及皮下组织类疾病相关不良反应,可能较胃肠道系统疾病更多;临床大剂量或长疗程应用TZP时可导致多个系统发生不良反应,尤其需密切关注血液及淋巴系统疾病相关不良反应,避免发生严重不良反应。

ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807及rs1994016位点多态性与KD发病及CAL的关联性分析

目的分析ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807、rs1994016位点多态性与川崎病(KD)发病及其冠状动脉损伤(CAL)是否存在关联性。方法选取KD患儿100例为KD组,健康体检儿童100例为健康组。提取两组外周血DNA进行基因测序,比较两组ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807位点及rs1994016位点的多态性差异。KD组根据是否存在冠状动脉损伤分为冠状动脉损伤组(KD-CAL组)和无冠状动脉损伤组(KD-NCAL组),比较两组ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807位点及rs1994016位点的多态性差异。结果KD组与健康组比较,KD-NCAL组与KD-CAL组比较,ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807位点A、G等位基因频率和AA、AG、GG基因型频率以及rs1994016位点C、T等位基因频率和CC、CT、TT基因型频率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ADAMTS-7基因rs3825807、rs1994016位点多态性与KD的发病及CAL不存在明显关联性。

Low-Temperature Signaling Pathways and Their Signaling Factors in Plant

Low temperature as abiotic stress adversely impacts plant growth and development, and limits the ecological distribution of plants as well. Throughout their long evolutionary history, plants have developed a range of complicated and precise molecular regulatory mechanisms to deal with low-temperature stress, involving the activation of signal transduction pathways and the regulation of related genes. In this review, we provide a systematic summary of the most recent research findings regarding three hypotheses of cellular perception of low-temperature signals and two major intracellular low-temperature signaling pathways, including CBF-dependent signaling pathways and CBF-independent signaling pathways. Focus is placed on the functions of each component of the ICE-CBF-COR signaling cascade as well as their interrelationships. This review concludes that although some progress has been made in the identification, function, and mechanism of low-temperature response genes, their roles in the low-temperature regulatory network and molecular mechanisms still need to be studied in detail, which will be of great significance for improving the low-temperature tolerance of plants and adapting to climate change.