The elaborate redox network of the cell,comprising of events like turnover of reactive oxygen species(ROS),redox sensing,signaling,expression of redox-sensitive genes,etc.,often orchestrates with other bonafide hormon...The elaborate redox network of the cell,comprising of events like turnover of reactive oxygen species(ROS),redox sensing,signaling,expression of redox-sensitive genes,etc.,often orchestrates with other bonafide hormonal signaling pathways through their synergistic or antagonistic action in the plant cell.The redox cue generated in plant cells under fluctuating environmental conditions can significantly influence other hormonal biosynthetic or signaling mechanisms,thereby modulating physiology towards stress acclimation and defense.There is also strong evidence of the recruitment of ROS as a‘second messenger’in different hormonal signaling pathways under stress.Moreover,the retrograde signaling initiated by ROS also found to strongly influence hormonal homeostasis and signaling.The present review,in this aspect,is an effort towards understanding the regulatory roles of ROS in integrating and orchestrating other hormonal signaling pathways or vice versa so as to unfold the relationship between these two signaling episodes of plant cells under environmental odds.We also accentuate the significance of understanding the utterly complex interactions,which occur both at metabolic and genetic levels between ROS and phytohormones during stress combinations.Furthermore,the significant and decisive role of ROS turnover,particularly the contribution of RBOH(respiratory burst oxidase homologs)in the synergism of redox and hormone signaling during systemic acquired acclimation under stress is also discussed.展开更多
As the increasing desire for more compact,portable devices outpaces Moore’s law,innovation in packaging and system design has played a significant role in the continued miniaturization of electronic systems.Integrati...As the increasing desire for more compact,portable devices outpaces Moore’s law,innovation in packaging and system design has played a significant role in the continued miniaturization of electronic systems.Integrating more active and passive components into the package itself,as the case for system-on-package(SoP),has shown very promising results in overall size reduction and increased performance of electronic systems.With this ability to shrink electrical systems comes the many challenges of sustaining,let alone improving,reliability and performance.The fundamental signal,power,and thermal integrity issues are discussed in detail,along with published techniques from around the industry to mitigate these issues in SoP applications.展开更多
Background Comparative and comprehensive omics studies have recently been conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying infertility.However,because these huge omics dataset...Background Comparative and comprehensive omics studies have recently been conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying infertility.However,because these huge omics datasets often contain irrelevant information,editing strategies for summarizing and filtering the data are necessary prerequisite steps for identifying biomarkers of male fertility.Here,we attempted to integrate omics data from spermatozoa with normal and below-normal fertility from boars and bulls,including transcriptomic,proteomic,and metabolomic data.Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted and visualized using g:Profiler,Cytoscape,EnrichmentMap,and AutoAnnotation to determine fertility-related biological functions according to species.Results In particular,gamete production and protein biogenesis-associated pathways were enriched in bull spermatozoa with below-normal fertility,whereas mitochondrial-associated metabolic pathways were enriched in boar spermatozoa with normal fertility.These results indicate that below-normal fertility may be determined by aberrant regulation of protein synthesis during spermatogenesis,and the modulation of reactive oxygen species generation to maintain capacitation and the acrosome reaction governs boar sperm fertility.Conclusion Overall,this approach demonstrated that distinct molecular pathways drive sperm fertility in mammals in a species-dependent manner.Moreover,we anticipate that searching for species-specific signaling pathways may aid in the discovery of fertility-related biomarkers within large omics datasets.展开更多
Considering the phenomenon of Latch-up in CMOS device,some patterns of manifestation about Latch-up in electronic system are analyzed with three actual circuits,meanwhile the correlative solving methods are also provi...Considering the phenomenon of Latch-up in CMOS device,some patterns of manifestation about Latch-up in electronic system are analyzed with three actual circuits,meanwhile the correlative solving methods are also provided. To avoid Latch-up,some general principles are proposed. The analyzing and solving processes derived from practical system design are verified simple and ef-fective in large number of products,and to some extend have general reference value in anti-latch-up design of application systems.展开更多
Animals can sense many environment stimuli simultaneously and integrate these signals within the nervous system. However, the neural system and molecular
The emergence of artificial intelligence has represented great potential in solving a wide range of complex problems.However,traditional general-purpose chips based on von Neumann architectures face the“memory wall”...The emergence of artificial intelligence has represented great potential in solving a wide range of complex problems.However,traditional general-purpose chips based on von Neumann architectures face the“memory wall”problem when applied in artificial intelligence applications.Based on the efficiency of the human brain,many intelligent neuromorphic chips have been proposed to emulate its working mechanism and neuron-synapse structure.With the emergence of spiking-based neuromorphic chips,the computation and energy efficiency of such devices could be enhanced by integrating a variety of features inspired by the biological brain.Aligning with the rapid development of neuromorphic chips,it is of great importance to quickly initiate the investigation of the electromagnetic interference and signal integrity issues related to neuromorphic chips for both CMOS-based and memristor-based artificial intelligence integrated circuits.Here,this paper provides a review of neuromorphic circuit design and algorithms in terms of electromagnetic issues and opportunities with a focus on signal integrity issues,modeling,and optimization.Moreover,the heterogeneous structures of neuromorphic circuits and other circuits,such as memory arrays and sensors using different integration technologies,are also reviewed,and locations where signal integrity might be compromised are discussed.Finally,we provide future trends in electromagnetic interference and signal integrity and outline prospects for upcoming neuromorphic devices.展开更多
Optimizing the perception of external cues and regulating physiology accordingly help plants to cope with the constantly changing environmental conditions to which they are exposed.An array of photoreceptors and intri...Optimizing the perception of external cues and regulating physiology accordingly help plants to cope with the constantly changing environmental conditions to which they are exposed.An array of photoreceptors and intricate signaling pathways allow plants to convey the surrounding light information and synchronize an endogenous timekeeping system known as the circadian clock.This biological clock integrates multiple cues to modulate a myriad of downstream responses,timing them to occur at the best moment of the day and the year.Notably,the mechanism underlying entrainment of the light-mediated clock is not clear.This review addresses known interactions between the light-signaling and circadian-clock networks,focusing on the role of light in clock entrainment and known molecular players in this process.展开更多
基金DST-SERB(Government of India)for research funding(No.CRG/2021/000513,dated 15/12/2021)UGC-CAS and DST-FIST(Government of India)for infrastructural support for research to the Department of Botany,University of Burdwan,India[No.F.5-13/012(SAP-II),and No.SRFST/LSI/2018/188(C)]+4 种基金the University Grants Commission(UGC),New Delhi,for Junior Research Fellowship(Joint CSIR-UGC)the State Funded Research Grant,Government of West Bengal.India[No.FC(Sc.)/RS/SF/BOT/2016-17/210/1(4)]Department of Science Technology and Biotechnology(DSTBT),Government of West Bengal.IndiaIndian Council for Cultural Relations(ICCR)for India Scholarships(Bangladesh)Scheme,2016-2017(No.DAC/EDU/17/1/2016,dated 10.07.2016)DST-SERB,Government of India.
文摘The elaborate redox network of the cell,comprising of events like turnover of reactive oxygen species(ROS),redox sensing,signaling,expression of redox-sensitive genes,etc.,often orchestrates with other bonafide hormonal signaling pathways through their synergistic or antagonistic action in the plant cell.The redox cue generated in plant cells under fluctuating environmental conditions can significantly influence other hormonal biosynthetic or signaling mechanisms,thereby modulating physiology towards stress acclimation and defense.There is also strong evidence of the recruitment of ROS as a‘second messenger’in different hormonal signaling pathways under stress.Moreover,the retrograde signaling initiated by ROS also found to strongly influence hormonal homeostasis and signaling.The present review,in this aspect,is an effort towards understanding the regulatory roles of ROS in integrating and orchestrating other hormonal signaling pathways or vice versa so as to unfold the relationship between these two signaling episodes of plant cells under environmental odds.We also accentuate the significance of understanding the utterly complex interactions,which occur both at metabolic and genetic levels between ROS and phytohormones during stress combinations.Furthermore,the significant and decisive role of ROS turnover,particularly the contribution of RBOH(respiratory burst oxidase homologs)in the synergism of redox and hormone signaling during systemic acquired acclimation under stress is also discussed.
文摘As the increasing desire for more compact,portable devices outpaces Moore’s law,innovation in packaging and system design has played a significant role in the continued miniaturization of electronic systems.Integrating more active and passive components into the package itself,as the case for system-on-package(SoP),has shown very promising results in overall size reduction and increased performance of electronic systems.With this ability to shrink electrical systems comes the many challenges of sustaining,let alone improving,reliability and performance.The fundamental signal,power,and thermal integrity issues are discussed in detail,along with published techniques from around the industry to mitigate these issues in SoP applications.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1C1C1003380).
文摘Background Comparative and comprehensive omics studies have recently been conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying infertility.However,because these huge omics datasets often contain irrelevant information,editing strategies for summarizing and filtering the data are necessary prerequisite steps for identifying biomarkers of male fertility.Here,we attempted to integrate omics data from spermatozoa with normal and below-normal fertility from boars and bulls,including transcriptomic,proteomic,and metabolomic data.Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted and visualized using g:Profiler,Cytoscape,EnrichmentMap,and AutoAnnotation to determine fertility-related biological functions according to species.Results In particular,gamete production and protein biogenesis-associated pathways were enriched in bull spermatozoa with below-normal fertility,whereas mitochondrial-associated metabolic pathways were enriched in boar spermatozoa with normal fertility.These results indicate that below-normal fertility may be determined by aberrant regulation of protein synthesis during spermatogenesis,and the modulation of reactive oxygen species generation to maintain capacitation and the acrosome reaction governs boar sperm fertility.Conclusion Overall,this approach demonstrated that distinct molecular pathways drive sperm fertility in mammals in a species-dependent manner.Moreover,we anticipate that searching for species-specific signaling pathways may aid in the discovery of fertility-related biomarkers within large omics datasets.
基金Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department. Project name:Research and Design on Network Communication Controller for Fiber Cable TV.Project number:20061473.
文摘Considering the phenomenon of Latch-up in CMOS device,some patterns of manifestation about Latch-up in electronic system are analyzed with three actual circuits,meanwhile the correlative solving methods are also provided. To avoid Latch-up,some general principles are proposed. The analyzing and solving processes derived from practical system design are verified simple and ef-fective in large number of products,and to some extend have general reference value in anti-latch-up design of application systems.
文摘Animals can sense many environment stimuli simultaneously and integrate these signals within the nervous system. However, the neural system and molecular
文摘The emergence of artificial intelligence has represented great potential in solving a wide range of complex problems.However,traditional general-purpose chips based on von Neumann architectures face the“memory wall”problem when applied in artificial intelligence applications.Based on the efficiency of the human brain,many intelligent neuromorphic chips have been proposed to emulate its working mechanism and neuron-synapse structure.With the emergence of spiking-based neuromorphic chips,the computation and energy efficiency of such devices could be enhanced by integrating a variety of features inspired by the biological brain.Aligning with the rapid development of neuromorphic chips,it is of great importance to quickly initiate the investigation of the electromagnetic interference and signal integrity issues related to neuromorphic chips for both CMOS-based and memristor-based artificial intelligence integrated circuits.Here,this paper provides a review of neuromorphic circuit design and algorithms in terms of electromagnetic issues and opportunities with a focus on signal integrity issues,modeling,and optimization.Moreover,the heterogeneous structures of neuromorphic circuits and other circuits,such as memory arrays and sensors using different integration technologies,are also reviewed,and locations where signal integrity might be compromised are discussed.Finally,we provide future trends in electromagnetic interference and signal integrity and outline prospects for upcoming neuromorphic devices.
基金supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award nos.R01G M067837 and R01GM56006The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
文摘Optimizing the perception of external cues and regulating physiology accordingly help plants to cope with the constantly changing environmental conditions to which they are exposed.An array of photoreceptors and intricate signaling pathways allow plants to convey the surrounding light information and synchronize an endogenous timekeeping system known as the circadian clock.This biological clock integrates multiple cues to modulate a myriad of downstream responses,timing them to occur at the best moment of the day and the year.Notably,the mechanism underlying entrainment of the light-mediated clock is not clear.This review addresses known interactions between the light-signaling and circadian-clock networks,focusing on the role of light in clock entrainment and known molecular players in this process.