Intensity Estimation of Extreme Meteorological and Hydrological Factors Induced by Tropical Cyclones Affecting Hong Kong

Hong Kong is often affected by tropical cyclones.The Hong Kong observatory issues warning signals based on the impact of tropical cyclones on the region.The joint frequency analysis of tropical cyclones in Hong Kong can provide a scientific basis for disaster reduction and prevention and post-disaster reconstruction of tropical cyclones.First,the maximum hourly mean wind speed(W),warning signal duration(D),maximum sea level(L),and total rainfall(R)of each tropical cyclone that affected Hong Kong from 1985 to 2019 are selected and fitted using the Gumbel,Weibull,Pearson type 3,and lognormal distributions.Then,bivariate copula functions,such as the Clayton,Frank,Gumbel-Hougaard,and Gaussian copulas,are applied to construct the joint probability models of W,D,L,and R,respectively.The joint return periods of W and D and those of L and R are defined as the meteorological and hydrological intensities of tropical cyclones,respectively.The results show that the joint return periods are good indicators of the comprehensive effect of the meteorological and hydrological intensities of tropical cyclones.No necessary correlation between meteorological and hydrological intensities of tropical cyclones exists.The meteorological and hydrological intensities of tropical cyclones show an upward trend in recent years.

LED Applications in Railway Signals: Wavelength and Intensity vs Temperature Variation

In recent years, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have entered the lighting market, offering consumers performance and features exceeding those of traditional lighting technologies. LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are becoming more common in safety signals for railroad, highway, automotive, and many other applications. In addition to having a longer life and greater durability than incandescent bulbs, LEDs are much more energy efficient than their incandescent counterparts. Since the heat from the junction must be dissipated into the ambient somehow, changing the ambient temperature affects the junction temperature and hence the emitted light. When the LEDs are used in the railway or traffic signals, the optical proprieties of these have to maintain more rigorous specifications. Therefore the development of signals using LED as light source, able to respect intensity specifications, is not simple. In this paper, we describe problems of the temperature dependent changes of LED intensity and color shift. Besides we will introduce an innovative technique, that we have developed, to allow the use of the LEDs in applications with rigorous specifications.

Effect on Intensity Correlation Time by Input Signal in a Single-Mode Laser with Bias Signal Modulation

The effect on intensity correlation time T by input signal is studied for gain-noise model of a single-mode laser driven by colored pump noise and colored quantum noise with colored cross-correlation with a bias signal modulation in this paper. By using the linear approximation method, we detect that there exists maximum （i.e., resonance） in the curve of the intensity correlation time T upon bias current io when the noise correlation coefficient λ is positive; and there exists minimum （i.e., suppression） in the T-io curve when λ is negative. And whenλ is zero, T increases monotonously with increasing io. Furthermore, the curve of T upon the signal frequency Ω is also studied. Our study shows that no matter what the value of λ is, there exists minimum （i.e., suppression） in the T-Ω curve.

A Method for Quantifying the Emotional Intensity and Duration of a Startle Reaction with Customized Fractal Dimensions of EEG Signals

The assessment of emotions with fractal dimensions of EEG signals has been attempted before, but the quantification of the intensity and duration of sudden and short emotions remains a challenge. This paper suggests a method for this purpose, by using a new fractal dimension algorithm and by adjusting the amplitude of the EEG signal in order to obtain maximal separation of high and low fractal dimensions. The emotion was induced by embedding a scary image at 20 seconds in landscape videos of 60 seconds length. The new method did not only detect the onset of the emotion correctly, but also revealed its duration and intensity. The intensity is based on the magnitude and impulse of the fractal dimension signal. It is also shown that Higuchi’s method does not always detect emotion spikes correctly;on the contrary, the region of the expected emotional response can be represented by fractal dimensions smaller than the rest of the signal, whereas the new method directly reveals distinct spikes. The duration of these spikes was 10 - 11 seconds. The magnitude of these spikes varied across the EEG channels. The build-up and cool-down of the emotions can occur with steep and flat gradients.

Intensity Correlation Function of a Single-Mode Laser Driven by Colored Cross-Correlation Noises in Modulation of a Bias Signal

By using the linear approximation method, the intensity correlation function is calculated for a single-mode laser modulated by a bias signal and driven by colored pump and quantum noises with colored cross-correlation. We found that, when the correlation time between the two noises is very short, the behavior of the intensity correlation function versus the time, in addition to decreasing monotonously, also exhibits several cases, such as one maximum, one minimum, and two extrema. When the correlation time between the two noises is very long, the behavior of the intensity correlation function exhibits oscillation and the envelope is similar to the case of short cross-correlation time.

Treatable focal region modulated by double excitation signal superimposition to realize platform temperature distribution during transcranial brain tumor therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound

Recently, the phase compensation technique has allowed the ultrasound to propagate through the skull and focus into the brain. However, the temperature evolution during treatment is hard to control to achieve effective treatment and avoid over-high temperature. Proposed in this paper is a method to modulate the temperature distribution in the focal region. It superimposes two signals which focus on two preset different targets with a certain distance. Then the temperature distribution is modulated by changing triggering time delay and amplitudes of the two signals. The simulation model is established based on an 82-element transducer and computed tomography （CT） data of a volunteer＇s head. A finite- difference time-domain （FDTD） method is used to calculate the temperature distributions. The results show that when the distances between the two targets respectively are 7.5-12.5 mm on the acoustic axis and 2.0-3.0 mm in the direction perpendicular to the acoustic axis, a focal region with a uniform temperature distribution （64-65 ℃） can be created. Moreover, the volume of the focal region formed by one irradiation can be adjusted （26.8-266.7 mm3） along with the uniform temperature distribution. This method may ensure the safety and efficacy of HIFU brain tumor therapy.

A new method of analysing the intracerebral haemorrhage signal intensity on brain MRI images using frequency domain techniques

Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DW-MRI) has become an established part of neuroimaging and is used to diagnose and characterize several neurologic disorders. Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) is a severe medical condition, which may develop quickly into a life-threatening situation, and thereby requires prompt medical attention. Early and reliable identification of the age of haemorrhage is essential when choosing the correct treatment, and estimating patient’s diagnosis and outcome. Diffusion Weighted (DW) images presents a variation in the image signal intensity characteristics relative to the different stages of ICH. In the present paper, an effort is made to document the variation in the image signal intensity characteristics of ICH at evolving stages, for 30 subjects, using High Frequency Power (HFP) parameter. Results showed that the difference in the HFP values on DW images for the subjects with ICH com- pared to their contralateral normal hemisphere, were highly significant (p 14 days). There was a negative correlation (r = ?0.81) observed between the RHFP values and the evolving stages of ICH. The results indicate that the quantitative changes in the RHFP values can be assessed to derive information about the stage of ICH, and their adoption in clinical diagnosis and treatment could be helpful and informative.

Assessment of the Relationship between ESR Signal Intensity and Grain Size Distribution in Shear Zones within the Atotsugawa Fault System, Central Japan

For the first time, a relationship between ESR signal intensity and grain size distribution (sieve technique) in shear zones within the Atotsugawa fault system have been investigated using fault core rocks. The grain size distributions were estimated using the sieve technique and microscopic observations. Stacks of sieves with openings that decrease consecutively in the order of 4.75 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 μm, 300 μm, 150 μm and 75 μm were chosen for this study. Grain size distributions analysis revealed that samples further from the slip plane have larger d50 (average gain size) (0.45 mm at a distance of 30 - 50 mm from the slip plane) while those close to the slip plane have smaller d50 values (0.19 mm at a distance of 0 - 10 mm from the slip plane). This is due to intensive crushing that is always associated with large displacement during fault activities. However, this pattern was not respected in all shear zones in that, larger d50 values were instead observed in samples close to the slip plane due to admixture of fault rocks from different fault activities. Results from ESR analysis revealed that the relatively finer samples close to the slip plane have low ESR signals intensity while those further away (coarser) have relatively higher signal intensity. This tendency however, is not consistence in some of the shear zones due to a complex network of anatomizing faults. The variation in grain size distribution within some of the shear zones implies that, a series of fault events have taken place in the past thus underscoring the need for further investigation of the possibility of reoccurrence of faults.

Cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease induced by hypertension

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease remains unclear.Hypertension has substantial negative impacts on brain health and is recognized as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.Chronic hypertension and lifestyle factors are associated with risks for stro ke and dementia,and cerebral small vessel disease can cause dementia and stroke.Hypertension is the main driver of cerebral small vessel disease,which changes the structure and function of cerebral vessels via various mechanisms and leads to lacunar infarction,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions,and intracerebral hemorrhage,ultimately res ulting in cognitive decline and demonstrating that the brain is the to rget organ of hypertension.This review updates our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertensioninduced cerebral small vessel disease and the res ulting changes in brain structure and function and declines in cognitive ability.We also discuss drugs to treat cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment.

Identification of denatured and normal biological tissues based on compressed sensing and refined composite multi-scale fuzzy entropy during high intensity focused ultrasound treatment

In high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)treatment,it is crucial to accurately identify denatured and normal biological tissues.In this paper,a novel method based on compressed sensing(CS)and refined composite multi-scale fuzzy entropy(RCMFE)is proposed.First,CS is used to denoise the HIFU echo signals.Then the multi-scale fuzzy entropy(MFE)and RCMFE of the denoised HIFU echo signals are calculated.This study analyzed 90 cases of HIFU echo signals,including 45 cases in normal status and 45 cases in denatured status,and the results show that although both MFE and RCMFE can be used to identify denatured tissues,the intra-class distance of RCMFE on each scale factor is smaller than MFE,and the inter-class distance is larger than MFE.Compared with MFE,RCMFE can calculate the complexity of the signal more accurately and improve the stability,compactness,and separability.When RCMFE is selected as the characteristic parameter,the RCMFE difference between denatured and normal biological tissues is more evident than that of MFE,which helps doctors evaluate the treatment effect more accurately.When the scale factor is selected as 16,the best distinguishing effect can be obtained.

THE NATURE AND SOURCE OF ESR SIGNAL IN BILIRUBIN

The ESR signals of bilirubin-IXα were studied including the samples treated with free radical generating and inhibiting systems,i.e.X-X0., Fe/EDTA,SOD,mannitol/ascorbate,DTPA,KCN et al.These stable signals all comprise those originated from a semiquinone radical(g=2.0012)and superoxide radical(g_=2.041,g_=2.0040).The latter is shown to be bound with metal ions especially iron,chelated by bilirubin.The iron probably comes from bilirubin precursor——hemootobin.Active oxygen free radical scavengers may destroy these radicals.Kinetic curves of regeneration of the bilirubin radicals have been determined.Bilirubin is discussed as'active oxygen trap'in mammatians.

The statistical fluctuation of a single-mode laser system driven by coloured pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts

Using the linear approximation method, this paper studies the statistical property of a single-mode laser driven by both coloured pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, and calculates the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation and intensity correlation time. It analyses the influences of the modulation signal, the net gain coefficient, the noise and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system respectively. It is found that the coloured pump noise modulated by the signal has a great suppressing action on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system; the pump noise self-correlation time and the specific frequency of modulation signal have the result that the statistical fluctuation tends to zero. Furthermore, the ＇colour＇ correlation of pump noise has much influences on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. Increasing the intensity of pump noise will augment the statistical fluctuation of the laser system, but the intensity of quantum noise and the coefficient of cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts have less influence on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. Therefore, from the conclusions of this paper the statistical property can be known and a theoretical basis for steady operation and output of the laser system can be provided.

Normalized intervertebral disc MRI signal as a biomarker of pain

The drop in the MRI signal intensity, analysed without any normalisation, was found related to the intervertebral disc degeneration, but its association with low back pain remains controversial. The authors developed the analysis of MR signal intensity distribution (AMRSID) method that analyzes the 3D distribution of the normalized T2-weighted MR signal intensity within the intervertebral disc using descriptive statistics of histograms and weighted centers. In this study, we hypothesized that the distribution of the normalized MRI signal intensity within T2- weighted images of the intervertebral disc is a bio-marker of low back pain (LBP) independently of age and disc degenerescence. The aims were to: 1) characterize intervertebral disc degeneration in vertebral fracture from MR T1-weighted and T2-weighted images;2) evaluate the sensitivity of the normalized MRI signal distribution to the presence of LBP, discs height loss and aging. We prospectively studied 22 patients who underwent an MRI acquisition within 48h after an accidental lumbar vertebral fracture. The presence of prefracture low back pain, spinal stenosis, annular disruption, intervertebral disc height loss was noted from each patient’s medical record. The presence of Modic changes, High-Intensity Zones (HIZs) and vertebral endplate perforations was recorded from MRI. The descriptive statistics of the normalized T2-weighted signal were compared using one-way ANOVAs and a principal component analysis was proposed. MRI, associated to normalisation of the signal intensity and principal component analysis, offers a remarkable potential for in-vivo imaging and analysis of vertebral fractures and adjacent tissues for the patient’s follow-up. The mean normalized MRI signal intensity of the adjacent intervertebral disc to the vertebral fracture was found to be a bio-marker of pain, independently of age and disc degeneration. However, the parameters describing the distribution of the normalized signal intensity were found to be not sensitive to the presence of low back pain, discs height loss and aging. Further studies need to be performed to detect small abnormalities that may explain the presence of LBP.

Influence of Signal and Noise on Statistical Fluctuation of Single-Mode Laser System

On the basis of calculating the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation of a signal-mode laser system driven by both colored pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, we analyze the influence of modulation signal, noise, and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. We have found that when the amplitude of modulation signal weakens and its frequency quickens, the statistical fluctuation will reduce rapidly. The by reducing the intensity of pump noise and quantum noise. statistical fluctuation of the laser system can be restrained Moreover, with prolonging of colored cross-correlation time, the statistical fluctuation of laser system experiences a repeated changing process, that is, from decreasing to augmenting, then to decreasing, and finally to augmenting again. With the decreasing of the value of cross-correlation coe~cient, the statistical fluctuation will decrease too. When the cross-correlation form between the real part and imaginary part of quantum noise is zero correlation, the statistical fluctuation of laser system has a minimum. Compared with the influence of intensity of pump noise, the influence of intensity of quantum noise on the statistical fluctuation is smaller.

空气污染物随机扩散的SIS模型动力学

研究一类具有非线性传染率与空气污染物随机扩散的随机SIS模型的动力学。假设疾病传播系数是关于空气质量指数的函数,根据随机过程的统计性质,导出了感染者I(t)满足的一维随机微分方程模型。证明该随机微分方程模型正解的存在唯一性,得到该疾病灭绝的充分条件与一些性质。最后通过数值模拟验证该结论。

一种加权圆模型的AOA与RSSI融合定位算法

针对多径效应和非视距给定位精度带来负面影响的问题,提出一种适用于3个基站的基于加权圆的融合定位算法:将接收信号强度(RSSI)定位法与到达角(AOA)法相融合;并由于传统的无线信号路径损耗模型在预测距离时易对环境参数有所依赖,提出利用自适应遗传算法(AGA)-反向传播(BP)神经网络来构建传播模型以确定加权圆的权值初始值;最后根据不断迭代的加权范围和角波束来估计待测点位置。实验结果表明,与其他混合定位方法的性能相比,将AGA-BP和加权圆算法相结合能更好地提高定位精度;同时,为测试鲁棒性,加入不同大小的干扰角度,结果可见,提出的算法能有效处理非视距误差。

腰椎间盘突出组织信号强度与重吸收的相关性分析

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出组织核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)信号强度与重吸收的相关性。方法对该院2016年2月~2020年3月因腰椎间盘突出症选择非手术治疗并获得1年以上随访的66例患者进行回顾性分析。其中重吸收27例,未重吸收39例。记录两组患者的一般资料,统计患者病程、Iwabuchi分型、MSU分型、神经根沉降征、突出组织MRI信号强度等资料,通过t检验和Logistic回归分析探讨信号强度是否是影响重吸收的独立因素。测量并计算重吸收组患者的重吸收程度(消失、明显重吸收、部分重吸收),分析其与信号强度的相关性。结果经过1年以上的随访,发生重吸收的27例患者临床症状明显改善;未发生重吸收的39例患者中,最终11例患者行手术治疗。重吸收组信号强度(32.45±12.43)%与非重吸收组信号强度(15.93±7.66)%存在差异(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,病程<1年、Iwabuchi1型或5型、MSU分型3型、神经根沉降征A型或B型、突出组织MRI信号强度相对高的患者容易发生重吸收(P<0.05)。患者的重吸收程度与信号强度存在中等正相关(r=0.572,P<0.05)。结论腰椎间盘突出组织MRI信号强度是影响重吸收发生的独立因素并与重吸收程度存在相关性,在一定程度上可以预测腰椎间盘突出后发生重吸收的概率。

光强非线性响应下的光致热弹光谱光强修正

提出了基于光强非线性响应的光致热弹光谱光强修正方法,实现了激光光强的准确修正。控制DFB激光器工作于波长调制模式,设置激光调制频率为16369.75 Hz,通过光纤放大器增强其出射光强非线性项的幅值,光束经多次反射池后汇聚于石英音叉根部激发光热信号,采用数字锁相放大器解调得到对应的谐波信号,通过多项式拟合谐波信号背景,反演得到与浓度及光强分别对应的谐波信号。实验结果表明,当光强从22.03 mW变化至3.16 mW,谐波信号背景幅值与光强具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.998,归一化后的谐波信号幅值波动小于0.37%。针对甲烷测量,系统在较大的浓度范围内具有良好的线性响应,谐波信号信噪比表明系统的最低检测限达0.22×10-6。该研究为光致热弹光谱的光强修正提供了一种新的方法,可有效提高LITES系统在长期测量应用中的稳定性。

神农架地区树轮蓝光强度对气候要素的响应

树轮在过去气候变化研究中发挥着难以替代的作用,在树木生长条件较为适宜地区传统的树轮宽度指标存在短板。树轮蓝光强度作为树轮密度的替代性指标,成为树轮-气候研究的重要载体。然而,树轮蓝光强度这一新兴的指标在亚热带地区的研究仍十分不足。为进一步挖掘树轮蓝光强度在我国亚热带地区树轮气候学研究中的应用潜力,利用神农架地区树轮宽度、树轮早材蓝光强度、树轮晚材蓝光强度、树轮早晚材蓝光强度差以及巴东气象站资料,基于树轮气候学方法,分析了上述树轮指标与月降水量、月平均最低气温、月平均气温和月平均最高气温之间的相关关系,对比了不同树轮指标蕴含气候信号的能力。研究结果表明,与树轮宽度相比,神农架地区树轮蓝光强度蕴含更为丰富的气候信号,其中树轮晚材蓝光强度、树轮早晚材蓝光强度差能够很好反映8月平均气温变化。其中,在原序列上树轮早晚材蓝光强度差与8月气温的关系最为紧密,而在高频上树轮晚材蓝光强度与8月平均气温的关系则更为紧密。树轮蓝光强度与气温之间高频信号一致性的发现,有助于丰富树木生长条件较为适宜地区树轮气候学的研究,为进一步的过去气温重建工作提供参考和依据。

前列腺癌患者MRI特征预测成骨性与非成骨性骨转移的价值

目的探讨前列腺癌患者MRI特征在成骨性和非成骨性骨转移情况下的差异,并评估其对临床结果的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2023年10月在上海市浦东新区人民医院确诊为前列腺癌并合并骨转移的63例患者的完整前列腺MRI检查及临床资料。根据CT图像的骨转移类型将其分为成骨性组(n=50)和非成骨性组(n=13)。比较两组患者的Gleason评分、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)、归一化平均表观扩散系数(nmADC)、归一化T2信号强度(nT2SI)以及前列腺影像报告和数据系统(PI-RADS)评分,采用多因素Logistic回归分析非成骨性骨转移的相关影响因素。结果非成骨性组患者的PSAD及nT2SI分别为[21.2(7.6,30.4)]ng/(mL·cm^(3))、3.2±0.7,明显高于成骨性组的[3.5(1.0,29)]ng/(mL·cm^(3))、2.5±0.6,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);非成骨性组患者的nmADC、Gleason评分、PI-RADS评分分别为0.74(0.68,1.1)、9(8~9)分、5(4~5)分,与成骨性组的0.90(0.61,1.0)、8(6~10)分、5(3~5)分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);经多变量Logistic回归分析结果显示,nT2SI是预测非成骨性骨转移的独立预测因子(优势比OR为3.22,95%可信区间为1.78~4.92)。结论前列腺癌非成骨性骨转移患者具有较高的nT2SI和PSAD,提示具有高nT2SI和PSAD的前列腺癌患者应该接受溶骨性骨转移的相关检查。