Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference ...Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from bivariate normal and bivariate lognormal distribution. We use the Pearsons system of curves to approximate the difference between the two estimates and use the bootstrap methods to validate the approximate distributions of the statistic of interest. Methods: The paper uses the delta method to find the first four central moments, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are important in the determination of the parameters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two examples;one from veterinary microbiology and food safety data and the other on data from clinical medicine. We derived the four central moments of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap method to evaluate the parameters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recommended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.展开更多
Weak signal reception is a very important and challenging problem for communication systems especially in the presence of non-Gaussian noise,and in which case the performance of optimal linear correlated receiver degr...Weak signal reception is a very important and challenging problem for communication systems especially in the presence of non-Gaussian noise,and in which case the performance of optimal linear correlated receiver degrades dramatically.Aiming at this,a novel uncorrelated reception scheme based on adaptive bistable stochastic resonance(ABSR)for a weak signal in additive Laplacian noise is investigated.By analyzing the key issue that the quantitative cooperative resonance matching relationship between the characteristics of the noisy signal and the nonlinear bistable system,an analytical expression of the bistable system parameters is derived.On this basis,by means of bistable system parameters self-adaptive adjustment,the counterintuitive stochastic resonance(SR)phenomenon can be easily generated at which the random noise is changed into a benefit to assist signal transmission.Finally,it is demonstrated that approximately 8dB bit error ratio(BER)performance improvement for the ABSR-based uncorrelated receiver when compared with the traditional uncorrelated receiver at low signal to noise ratio(SNR)conditions varying from-30dB to-5dB.展开更多
YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the con...YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .展开更多
The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is...The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is shown that EIS biosensor is more sensitive to the presence of DNA molecules in aqueous solution than ISFET sensor. Internal electrical noises level decreases with the increase of concentration of DNA molecules in aqueous solution. In the frequency range 10−3 - 103 Hz noises level for EIS sensor about in three orders is higher than for ISFET sensor. In the other hand, signal-to-noise ratio for capacitive EIS biosensor is much higher than for ISFET sensor.展开更多
Objective To quantitatively compare and determine the best pancreatic tumor contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in different dual-energy derived datasets. Methods In this retrospective, single center study, 16 patients (9 m...Objective To quantitatively compare and determine the best pancreatic tumor contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in different dual-energy derived datasets. Methods In this retrospective, single center study, 16 patients (9 male, 7 female, average age 59.4±13.2 years) with pathologically diagnosed pancreatic cancer were enrolled. All patients received an abdominal scan using a dual source CT scanner 7 to 31 days before biopsy or surgery. After injection of iodine contrast agent, arterial and pancreatic parenchyma phase were scanned consequently, using a dual-energy scan mode (100 kVp/230 mAs and Sn 140 kVp/178 mAs) in the pancreatic parenchyma phase. A series of derived dual-energy datasets were evaluated including non-liner blending (non-linear blending width 0-500 HU; blending center -500 to 500 HU), mono-energetic (40-190 keV), 100 kVp and 140 kVp. On each datasets, mean CT values of the pancreatic parenchyma and tumor, as well as standard deviation CT values of subcutaneous fat and psoas muscle were measured. Regions of interest of cutaneous fat and major psoas muscle of 100 kVp and 140 kVp images were calculated. Best CNR of subcutaneous fat (CNR F ) and CNR of the major psoas muscle (CNR M ) of non-liner blending and mono-energetic datasets were calculated with the optimal mono-energetic keV setting and the optimal blending center/width setting for the best CNR. One Way ANOVA test was used for comparison of best CNR between different dual-energy derived datasets. Results The best CNR F (4.48±1.29) was obtained from the non-liner blending datasets at blending center -16.6±103.9 HU and blending width 12.3±10.6 HU. The best CNR F (3.28±0.97) was obtained from the mono-energetic datasets at 73.3±4.3 keV. CNR F in the 100 kVp and 140 kVp were 3.02±0.91 and 1.56±0.56 respectively. Using fat as the noise background, all of these images series showed significant differences (P<0.01) except best CNR F of mono-energetic image sets vs. CNR F of 100 kVp image (P=0.460). Similar results were found using muscle as the noise background (mono-energetic image vs. 100 kVp image: P=0.246; mono-energetic image vs. non-liner blending image: P=0.044; others: P<0.01). Conclusion Compared with mono-energetic datasets and low kVp datasets, non-linear blending image at automatically chosen blending width/window provides better tumor to the pancreas CNR, which might be beneficial for better detection of pancreatic tumors.展开更多
This work gives an analytical theory of the signal-to-thermal-noise ratio (SNR) of classical Hall plates with four contacts at small magnetic field. In contrast to previous works, the symmetry of the Hall plates is re...This work gives an analytical theory of the signal-to-thermal-noise ratio (SNR) of classical Hall plates with four contacts at small magnetic field. In contrast to previous works, the symmetry of the Hall plates is reduced to only a single mirror axis, whereby the average of potentials of the two output contacts off this mirror axis differs from the average of potentials at the two supply contacts on the mirror axis, i.e. the output common mode differs from 50%. Surprisingly, at fixed power dissipated in the Hall plate, the maximum achievable SNR is only 9% smaller for output common modes of 30% and 70% when compared to the overall optimum at output common modes of 50%. The theory is applied to Vertical Hall effect devices with three contacts on the top surface and one contact being the buried layer in a silicon BiCMOS process. Geometries are found with large contacts and only a moderate loss in SNR.展开更多
Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the trans...Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the transverse length of the object, the position of the object in the imaging system and the transverse size of the light source. Furthermore, the effects of these factors on the SNR are discussed in detail by numerical simulations.展开更多
Aerodynamic noise control is one of the key technologies in the development of stealth technology of torpedo. The noise producing mechanism in an ultra-high expansion ratio turbine with partial admission were discusse...Aerodynamic noise control is one of the key technologies in the development of stealth technology of torpedo. The noise producing mechanism in an ultra-high expansion ratio turbine with partial admission were discussed. Wide wakes originating from non-outlet region between elliptical nozzles,circumferential non-uniformity owing to partial admission design and complex shock system formed in narrow space between nozzles and rotors are three main sources of aerodynamic noise in this turbine. Thus,two kinds of aerodynamic noise control methods were put forward,namely adding axial gap between the nozzle and rotor,nozzle-down,bilateral repair and trailing edge blowing. Steady annulus simulation results showed that the aerodynamic noise was significantly reduced by more than 10 dB after optimization,which had little impact on the aerodynamic performance of the turbine.展开更多
Local geology or local site effect is a crucial component while conducting seismic risk assessment studies. Investigations made by utilization of ambient noise are an effective tool for local site estimation. The pres...Local geology or local site effect is a crucial component while conducting seismic risk assessment studies. Investigations made by utilization of ambient noise are an effective tool for local site estimation. The present study is conducted to perform site response analysis at 13 different sites within urban settlements of Fateh jang area (Pakistan). The aim of this study was achieved by utilizing Nakamura method or H/V spectral ratio method. Some important local site parameters, e.g., the fundamental fre- quencies f0 of soft sediments, amplitudes A0 of corre- sponding H/V spectral ratios, and alluvium thicknesses over 13 sites within the study area, were measured and analyzed. The results show that the study area reflects low fundamental frequency fo. The fundamental frequencies of the sediments are highly variable and lie in a range of 0.6-13.0 Hz. Similarly, amplification factors at these sites are in the range of 2.0-4.0.展开更多
Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to...Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to evaluate the instrumental performance rather than Raman intensity itself.Multichannel detectors with outstanding sensitivity,rapid acquisition speed and low noise level have been widely equipped in Raman instruments for the measurement of Raman signal.In this mini-review,we first introduce the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy of 2DMs.Then we take the most commonly used CCD detector and IGA array detector as examples to overview the various noise sources in Raman measurements and analyze their potential influences on SNR of Raman signal in experiments.This overview can contribute to a better understanding on the SNR of Raman signal and the performance of multichannel detector for numerous researchers and instrumental design for industry,as well as offer practical strategies for improving spectral quality in routine measurement.展开更多
A novel blind source separation (BSS) algorithm based on the combination of negentropy and signal noise ratio (SNR) is presented to solve the deficiency of the traditional independent component analysis (ICA) al...A novel blind source separation (BSS) algorithm based on the combination of negentropy and signal noise ratio (SNR) is presented to solve the deficiency of the traditional independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm after the introduction of the principle and algorithm of ICA. The main formulas in the novel algorithm are elaborated and the idiographic steps of the algorithm are given. Then the computer simulation is used to test the performance of this algorithm. Both the traditional FastlCA algorithm and the novel ICA algorithm are applied to separate mixed signal data. Experiment results show the novel method has a better performance in separating signals than the traditional FastlCA algorithm based on negentropy. The novel algorithm could estimate the source signals from the mixed signals more precisely.展开更多
Active faults pose a great threat to urban security.As the largest NW-trend active fault in Beijing area,the Nankou-Sunhe fault plays an important role in earthquake disaster and city construction.In this study,we col...Active faults pose a great threat to urban security.As the largest NW-trend active fault in Beijing area,the Nankou-Sunhe fault plays an important role in earthquake disaster and city construction.In this study,we collect continuous ambient noise data recorded by 43 temporary short-period seismograph between September 21th to October 12th 2019 to investigate the near-surface structure beneath the Nankou-Sunhe fault by using ambient noise tomography(ANT)and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR)method.From ambient noise processing,fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave signals are clearly observed in the frequency band of 0.4-2.5 Hz.Then direct surface-wave inversion algorithm is applied to calculate the 3D shear-wave velocity model.Our results show that there is a sharp velocity contrast across the Nankou-Sunhe fault,with low velocities down to about 2 km on the hanging wall and high velocity on the footwall of the fault.According to the geological investigation,the low velocities are related to thicker sediments and Jurassic volcanic rock below which are the cap rock of the hydrothermal system.From the HVSR analysis,the HVSR curves of the sites near the fault shows double-peak,one less than 1 Hz and the other centered 7 Hz.After converting frequency to depth by the empirical equation,the results show that the thickness of sediments is thinned from southwest to northeast,which generally agrees well to field survey.Our results provide high-resolution near-surface structure for future study on disaster risk reduction and urban planning.展开更多
This research paper proposes a filter to remove Random Valued Impulse Noise (RVIN) based on Global Threshold Vector Outlyingness Ratio (GTVOR) that is applicable for real time image processing. This filter works with ...This research paper proposes a filter to remove Random Valued Impulse Noise (RVIN) based on Global Threshold Vector Outlyingness Ratio (GTVOR) that is applicable for real time image processing. This filter works with the algorithm that breaks the images into various decomposition levels using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and searches for the noisy pixels using the outlyingness of the pixel. This algorithm has the capability of differentiating high frequency pixels and the “noisy pixel” using the threshold as well as window adjustments. The damage and the loss of information are prevented by means of interior mining. This global threshold based algorithm uses different thresholds for different quadrants of DWT and thus helps in recovery of noisy image even if it is 90% affected. Experimental results exhibit that this method outperforms other existing methods for accurate noise detection and removal, at the same time chain of connectivity is not lost.展开更多
We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation (PA) spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube....We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation (PA) spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the PA spectra is strongly dependent on the integration time and the sensitivity of the lock-in amplifier, and our results show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analyses of the SNR with the demodulation parameters. Meanwhile, we investigate the effect of the interaction time of the PA laser with the colliding Na-Cs atom pairs on the SNR of the PA spectra. The atom loss rate is dependent on both the PA-induced atom loss and the loading of the MOT. The high-sensitive detection of the excited ultracold NaCs molecules lays a solid foundation for further study of the formation and application of ultracold NaCs molecules.展开更多
Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are imp...Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping (PS) is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography (ASR) is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.展开更多
The frequency band between 5 010 MHz and 5 030 MHz allocated as C band has been used as a candidate in the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) along with more and more naviga- tion services in L band. The pot...The frequency band between 5 010 MHz and 5 030 MHz allocated as C band has been used as a candidate in the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) along with more and more naviga- tion services in L band. The potential benefits and technical requirements of C band for satellite navi- gation have been analyzed before. However the degradation of effective carrier-power-to-noise densi- ty ratio( A (C/No )eu) based on code tracking spectral sensitivity coefficient( CT_SSC ) as a compati- bility assessment methodology for potential GNSS radio frequency compatibility in C-Band has not been discussed clearly. So the compatibility of the signals in the C band between BeiDou (BD) B1 C and GPS L1C, L1C/A, Galileo E1Os as the interoperability or classical signals in L band is analyzed. Simulation results reveal the interference degree between BD III B1C and GPS L1C/A, L1C, Galileo E1OS. The results can also reveal that the multiplexed binary offset carrier (MBOC) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation is not appropriate for C band.展开更多
We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theor...We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theory, we obtained the analytic expression of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulation results show that the rms amplitude of internal noise can be increased up to?an optimal value where the output SNR reaches a maximum value. Due to the existence of the local spatially correlated noise in the units of the ensemble, the SNR gain of the collective ensemble response can exceed unity and can be optimized when the nearest-neighborhood correlation is negative. This nonlinear collective phenomenon of SNR gain amplification in an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units can be related to the array stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. Furthermore, we also show that the SNR gain can also be optimized by tuning the number of neuron units, frequency and?amplitude of the weak periodic signal. The present study illustrates the potential to utilize the local spatially correlation noise and the number of ensemble units for optimizing the collective response of the neuron to inputs, as well as a guidance in the design of information processing devices to weak signal detection.展开更多
This paper investigates the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)driven by colored noise and weak input signals.Based on the Cauchy-Schwarz and Rayleigh quotients inequalities,an analytical expression of SNR is developed,and its...This paper investigates the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)driven by colored noise and weak input signals.Based on the Cauchy-Schwarz and Rayleigh quotients inequalities,an analytical expression of SNR is developed,and its upper band is closely related to the Fisher information of noise.For mimicking the colored noise,we adopt the first-order moving-average model and propose the optimal input signal waveform.The stochastic resonance effect in threshold systems is demonstrated for the Gaussian mixture colored noise.The obtained results will be interesting in the case of improving the nonlinear filter performance by adding noise to the weak signal corrupted by the colored noise.展开更多
In this paper the stochastic resonance (SR) is studied in an overdamped linear system driven by multiplicative noise and additive quadratic noise. The exact expressions are obtained for the first two moments and the...In this paper the stochastic resonance (SR) is studied in an overdamped linear system driven by multiplicative noise and additive quadratic noise. The exact expressions are obtained for the first two moments and the correlation function by using linear response and the properties of the dichotomous noise. SR phenomenon exhibits in the linear system. There are three different forms of SR: the bona fide SR, the conventional SR and SR in the broad sense. Moreover, the effect of the asymmetry of the multiplicative noise on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is different from that of the additive noise and the effect of multiplicative noise and additive noise on SNR is different.展开更多
The entropic stochastic resonance (ESR) in a confined system subjected to dichotomous noise and white noise and driven by a periodic sinusoidal force along the x axis of the structure and a time-dependent force in t...The entropic stochastic resonance (ESR) in a confined system subjected to dichotomous noise and white noise and driven by a periodic sinusoidal force along the x axis of the structure and a time-dependent force in the declining direction, is investigated. Under the adiabatic approximation condition and based on the two-state theory, the expression of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained. The results show that the SNR is a non-monotonic function of the strengths of dichotomous noise, white noise, and correlated strength of correlated noise. In addition, the SNR varies non-monotonically with the increase of the shape parameters of the confined structure, and also with the increase of the constant force along the y axis of the structure. The influence of the correlation rate of the dichotomous noise, and that of the frequency of the periodic force on the SNR are discussed.展开更多
文摘Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of measurements reproducibility. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from bivariate normal and bivariate lognormal distribution. We use the Pearsons system of curves to approximate the difference between the two estimates and use the bootstrap methods to validate the approximate distributions of the statistic of interest. Methods: The paper uses the delta method to find the first four central moments, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are important in the determination of the parameters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two examples;one from veterinary microbiology and food safety data and the other on data from clinical medicine. We derived the four central moments of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap method to evaluate the parameters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recommended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62001356)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar(61825104)+1 种基金in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3301300)in part by the Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62121001)。
文摘Weak signal reception is a very important and challenging problem for communication systems especially in the presence of non-Gaussian noise,and in which case the performance of optimal linear correlated receiver degrades dramatically.Aiming at this,a novel uncorrelated reception scheme based on adaptive bistable stochastic resonance(ABSR)for a weak signal in additive Laplacian noise is investigated.By analyzing the key issue that the quantitative cooperative resonance matching relationship between the characteristics of the noisy signal and the nonlinear bistable system,an analytical expression of the bistable system parameters is derived.On this basis,by means of bistable system parameters self-adaptive adjustment,the counterintuitive stochastic resonance(SR)phenomenon can be easily generated at which the random noise is changed into a benefit to assist signal transmission.Finally,it is demonstrated that approximately 8dB bit error ratio(BER)performance improvement for the ABSR-based uncorrelated receiver when compared with the traditional uncorrelated receiver at low signal to noise ratio(SNR)conditions varying from-30dB to-5dB.
文摘YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .
文摘The results of comparative theoretical analyzes of the behavior of internal low-frequency noises, signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to DNA molecules for EIS and ISFET based nanosize biosensors are presented. It is shown that EIS biosensor is more sensitive to the presence of DNA molecules in aqueous solution than ISFET sensor. Internal electrical noises level decreases with the increase of concentration of DNA molecules in aqueous solution. In the frequency range 10−3 - 103 Hz noises level for EIS sensor about in three orders is higher than for ISFET sensor. In the other hand, signal-to-noise ratio for capacitive EIS biosensor is much higher than for ISFET sensor.
文摘Objective To quantitatively compare and determine the best pancreatic tumor contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in different dual-energy derived datasets. Methods In this retrospective, single center study, 16 patients (9 male, 7 female, average age 59.4±13.2 years) with pathologically diagnosed pancreatic cancer were enrolled. All patients received an abdominal scan using a dual source CT scanner 7 to 31 days before biopsy or surgery. After injection of iodine contrast agent, arterial and pancreatic parenchyma phase were scanned consequently, using a dual-energy scan mode (100 kVp/230 mAs and Sn 140 kVp/178 mAs) in the pancreatic parenchyma phase. A series of derived dual-energy datasets were evaluated including non-liner blending (non-linear blending width 0-500 HU; blending center -500 to 500 HU), mono-energetic (40-190 keV), 100 kVp and 140 kVp. On each datasets, mean CT values of the pancreatic parenchyma and tumor, as well as standard deviation CT values of subcutaneous fat and psoas muscle were measured. Regions of interest of cutaneous fat and major psoas muscle of 100 kVp and 140 kVp images were calculated. Best CNR of subcutaneous fat (CNR F ) and CNR of the major psoas muscle (CNR M ) of non-liner blending and mono-energetic datasets were calculated with the optimal mono-energetic keV setting and the optimal blending center/width setting for the best CNR. One Way ANOVA test was used for comparison of best CNR between different dual-energy derived datasets. Results The best CNR F (4.48±1.29) was obtained from the non-liner blending datasets at blending center -16.6±103.9 HU and blending width 12.3±10.6 HU. The best CNR F (3.28±0.97) was obtained from the mono-energetic datasets at 73.3±4.3 keV. CNR F in the 100 kVp and 140 kVp were 3.02±0.91 and 1.56±0.56 respectively. Using fat as the noise background, all of these images series showed significant differences (P<0.01) except best CNR F of mono-energetic image sets vs. CNR F of 100 kVp image (P=0.460). Similar results were found using muscle as the noise background (mono-energetic image vs. 100 kVp image: P=0.246; mono-energetic image vs. non-liner blending image: P=0.044; others: P<0.01). Conclusion Compared with mono-energetic datasets and low kVp datasets, non-linear blending image at automatically chosen blending width/window provides better tumor to the pancreas CNR, which might be beneficial for better detection of pancreatic tumors.
文摘This work gives an analytical theory of the signal-to-thermal-noise ratio (SNR) of classical Hall plates with four contacts at small magnetic field. In contrast to previous works, the symmetry of the Hall plates is reduced to only a single mirror axis, whereby the average of potentials of the two output contacts off this mirror axis differs from the average of potentials at the two supply contacts on the mirror axis, i.e. the output common mode differs from 50%. Surprisingly, at fixed power dissipated in the Hall plate, the maximum achievable SNR is only 9% smaller for output common modes of 30% and 70% when compared to the overall optimum at output common modes of 50%. The theory is applied to Vertical Hall effect devices with three contacts on the top surface and one contact being the buried layer in a silicon BiCMOS process. Geometries are found with large contacts and only a moderate loss in SNR.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11074307 and 10774192)the Opening Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy,ECNU
文摘Factors influencing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lensless ghost interference with thermal incoherent light are investigated. Our result shows that the SNR of lensless ghost interference is related to the transverse length of the object, the position of the object in the imaging system and the transverse size of the light source. Furthermore, the effects of these factors on the SNR are discussed in detail by numerical simulations.
基金Sponsored by the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(Grant No.613188020201)
文摘Aerodynamic noise control is one of the key technologies in the development of stealth technology of torpedo. The noise producing mechanism in an ultra-high expansion ratio turbine with partial admission were discussed. Wide wakes originating from non-outlet region between elliptical nozzles,circumferential non-uniformity owing to partial admission design and complex shock system formed in narrow space between nozzles and rotors are three main sources of aerodynamic noise in this turbine. Thus,two kinds of aerodynamic noise control methods were put forward,namely adding axial gap between the nozzle and rotor,nozzle-down,bilateral repair and trailing edge blowing. Steady annulus simulation results showed that the aerodynamic noise was significantly reduced by more than 10 dB after optimization,which had little impact on the aerodynamic performance of the turbine.
文摘Local geology or local site effect is a crucial component while conducting seismic risk assessment studies. Investigations made by utilization of ambient noise are an effective tool for local site estimation. The present study is conducted to perform site response analysis at 13 different sites within urban settlements of Fateh jang area (Pakistan). The aim of this study was achieved by utilizing Nakamura method or H/V spectral ratio method. Some important local site parameters, e.g., the fundamental fre- quencies f0 of soft sediments, amplitudes A0 of corre- sponding H/V spectral ratios, and alluvium thicknesses over 13 sites within the study area, were measured and analyzed. The results show that the study area reflects low fundamental frequency fo. The fundamental frequencies of the sediments are highly variable and lie in a range of 0.6-13.0 Hz. Similarly, amplification factors at these sites are in the range of 2.0-4.0.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11874350)Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDPB22 and ZDBS-LY-SLH004).
文摘Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to evaluate the instrumental performance rather than Raman intensity itself.Multichannel detectors with outstanding sensitivity,rapid acquisition speed and low noise level have been widely equipped in Raman instruments for the measurement of Raman signal.In this mini-review,we first introduce the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy of 2DMs.Then we take the most commonly used CCD detector and IGA array detector as examples to overview the various noise sources in Raman measurements and analyze their potential influences on SNR of Raman signal in experiments.This overview can contribute to a better understanding on the SNR of Raman signal and the performance of multichannel detector for numerous researchers and instrumental design for industry,as well as offer practical strategies for improving spectral quality in routine measurement.
文摘A novel blind source separation (BSS) algorithm based on the combination of negentropy and signal noise ratio (SNR) is presented to solve the deficiency of the traditional independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm after the introduction of the principle and algorithm of ICA. The main formulas in the novel algorithm are elaborated and the idiographic steps of the algorithm are given. Then the computer simulation is used to test the performance of this algorithm. Both the traditional FastlCA algorithm and the novel ICA algorithm are applied to separate mixed signal data. Experiment results show the novel method has a better performance in separating signals than the traditional FastlCA algorithm based on negentropy. The novel algorithm could estimate the source signals from the mixed signals more precisely.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8212041)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41874063 and U1939203)Shanghai Sheshan National Geophysical Observatory(No.2020K02).
文摘Active faults pose a great threat to urban security.As the largest NW-trend active fault in Beijing area,the Nankou-Sunhe fault plays an important role in earthquake disaster and city construction.In this study,we collect continuous ambient noise data recorded by 43 temporary short-period seismograph between September 21th to October 12th 2019 to investigate the near-surface structure beneath the Nankou-Sunhe fault by using ambient noise tomography(ANT)and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR)method.From ambient noise processing,fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave signals are clearly observed in the frequency band of 0.4-2.5 Hz.Then direct surface-wave inversion algorithm is applied to calculate the 3D shear-wave velocity model.Our results show that there is a sharp velocity contrast across the Nankou-Sunhe fault,with low velocities down to about 2 km on the hanging wall and high velocity on the footwall of the fault.According to the geological investigation,the low velocities are related to thicker sediments and Jurassic volcanic rock below which are the cap rock of the hydrothermal system.From the HVSR analysis,the HVSR curves of the sites near the fault shows double-peak,one less than 1 Hz and the other centered 7 Hz.After converting frequency to depth by the empirical equation,the results show that the thickness of sediments is thinned from southwest to northeast,which generally agrees well to field survey.Our results provide high-resolution near-surface structure for future study on disaster risk reduction and urban planning.
文摘This research paper proposes a filter to remove Random Valued Impulse Noise (RVIN) based on Global Threshold Vector Outlyingness Ratio (GTVOR) that is applicable for real time image processing. This filter works with the algorithm that breaks the images into various decomposition levels using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and searches for the noisy pixels using the outlyingness of the pixel. This algorithm has the capability of differentiating high frequency pixels and the “noisy pixel” using the threshold as well as window adjustments. The damage and the loss of information are prevented by means of interior mining. This global threshold based algorithm uses different thresholds for different quadrants of DWT and thus helps in recovery of noisy image even if it is 90% affected. Experimental results exhibit that this method outperforms other existing methods for accurate noise detection and removal, at the same time chain of connectivity is not lost.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304203)the Chang Jiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in the University of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT13076)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91436108,61378014,61675121,61705123,and 61722507)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”Key Subjects Construction,Chinathe Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.201601D021001)
文摘We report a method of high-sensitively detecting the weak signal in photoassociation (PA) spectra of ultracold NaCs molecules by phase sensitive-demodulated trap-loss spectra of Na atoms from a photomultiplier tube. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the PA spectra is strongly dependent on the integration time and the sensitivity of the lock-in amplifier, and our results show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analyses of the SNR with the demodulation parameters. Meanwhile, we investigate the effect of the interaction time of the PA laser with the colliding Na-Cs atom pairs on the SNR of the PA spectra. The atom loss rate is dependent on both the PA-induced atom loss and the loading of the MOT. The high-sensitive detection of the excited ultracold NaCs molecules lays a solid foundation for further study of the formation and application of ultracold NaCs molecules.
基金Project supported by the National Research and Development Project for Key Scientific Instruments(Grant No.CZBZDYZ20140002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11535015,11305173,and 11375225)+2 种基金the project supported by Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y4545320Y2)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK2310000065)Wali Faiz,acknowledges and wishes to thank the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences(CAS-TWAS)President’s Fellowship Program for generous financial support
文摘Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping (PS) is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography (ASR) is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863Program)(2011AA120502)
文摘The frequency band between 5 010 MHz and 5 030 MHz allocated as C band has been used as a candidate in the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) along with more and more naviga- tion services in L band. The potential benefits and technical requirements of C band for satellite navi- gation have been analyzed before. However the degradation of effective carrier-power-to-noise densi- ty ratio( A (C/No )eu) based on code tracking spectral sensitivity coefficient( CT_SSC ) as a compati- bility assessment methodology for potential GNSS radio frequency compatibility in C-Band has not been discussed clearly. So the compatibility of the signals in the C band between BeiDou (BD) B1 C and GPS L1C, L1C/A, Galileo E1Os as the interoperability or classical signals in L band is analyzed. Simulation results reveal the interference degree between BD III B1C and GPS L1C/A, L1C, Galileo E1OS. The results can also reveal that the multiplexed binary offset carrier (MBOC) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation is not appropriate for C band.
文摘We theoretically investigate the collective response of an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units to a noisy periodic signal by including local spatially correlated noise. By using the linear response theory, we obtained the analytic expression of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulation results show that the rms amplitude of internal noise can be increased up to?an optimal value where the output SNR reaches a maximum value. Due to the existence of the local spatially correlated noise in the units of the ensemble, the SNR gain of the collective ensemble response can exceed unity and can be optimized when the nearest-neighborhood correlation is negative. This nonlinear collective phenomenon of SNR gain amplification in an ensemble of leaky integrate-and-fire neuron units can be related to the array stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. Furthermore, we also show that the SNR gain can also be optimized by tuning the number of neuron units, frequency and?amplitude of the weak periodic signal. The present study illustrates the potential to utilize the local spatially correlation noise and the number of ensemble units for optimizing the collective response of the neuron to inputs, as well as a guidance in the design of information processing devices to weak signal detection.
文摘This paper investigates the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)driven by colored noise and weak input signals.Based on the Cauchy-Schwarz and Rayleigh quotients inequalities,an analytical expression of SNR is developed,and its upper band is closely related to the Fisher information of noise.For mimicking the colored noise,we adopt the first-order moving-average model and propose the optimal input signal waveform.The stochastic resonance effect in threshold systems is demonstrated for the Gaussian mixture colored noise.The obtained results will be interesting in the case of improving the nonlinear filter performance by adding noise to the weak signal corrupted by the colored noise.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10472091 and 10332030) and by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No 2003A03).
文摘In this paper the stochastic resonance (SR) is studied in an overdamped linear system driven by multiplicative noise and additive quadratic noise. The exact expressions are obtained for the first two moments and the correlation function by using linear response and the properties of the dichotomous noise. SR phenomenon exhibits in the linear system. There are three different forms of SR: the bona fide SR, the conventional SR and SR in the broad sense. Moreover, the effect of the asymmetry of the multiplicative noise on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is different from that of the additive noise and the effect of multiplicative noise and additive noise on SNR is different.
基金Project supported by the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Education-Ministry Collaboration-Built (Southwest University of Science and Technology)-Manufacturing Process Test Technology,China (Grant No. 11zxzk08)
文摘The entropic stochastic resonance (ESR) in a confined system subjected to dichotomous noise and white noise and driven by a periodic sinusoidal force along the x axis of the structure and a time-dependent force in the declining direction, is investigated. Under the adiabatic approximation condition and based on the two-state theory, the expression of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained. The results show that the SNR is a non-monotonic function of the strengths of dichotomous noise, white noise, and correlated strength of correlated noise. In addition, the SNR varies non-monotonically with the increase of the shape parameters of the confined structure, and also with the increase of the constant force along the y axis of the structure. The influence of the correlation rate of the dichotomous noise, and that of the frequency of the periodic force on the SNR are discussed.