Newly Discovered Native Gold and Bismuth in the Cihai Iron-Cobalt Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Cihai iron-cobalt deposit is located in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan iron- polymetallic metallogenic belt. Anomalous native gold and bismuth have been newly identified in Cinan mining section of the Cihai deposit. Ore formation in the deposit can be divided into three stages based on geological and petrographical observations： （I） skarn, with the main mineral assemblage being garnet-pyroxene-magnetite; （II） retrograde alteration, forming the main iron ores and including massive magnetite, native gold, native bismuth, and cobalt-bearing minerals, with the main mineral assemblage being ilvaite-magnetite-native gold-native bismuth; and （III） quartz-calcite- sulfide assemblage that contains quartz, calcite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, and safflorite. Native gold mainly coexists with native bismuth, and they are paragenetically related. The temperature of initial skarn formation was higher than 340~C, and then subsequently decreased to -312~C and ~266~C. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during the iron ore depositional event was higher than the melting point of native bismuth （271~C）, and native bismuth melt scavenged gold in the hydrothermal fluid, forming a Bi-Au melt. As the temperature decreased, the Bi-Au melt was decomposed into native gold and native bismuth. The native gold and native bismuth identified during this study can provide a scientific basis for prospecting and exploration for both gold- and bismuth-bearing deposits in the Cihai mining area. The gold mineralization in Cihai is a part of the Early Permian Cu-Ni-Au-Fe polymetallic ore-forming event, and its discovery has implications for the resource potential of other iron skarn deposits in the eastern Tianshan.

Microbial oxidation of refractory gold sulfide concentrate by a native consortium

A defined mesophilic consortium including an iron oxidizing bacterium and a sulfur oxidizing bacterium was constructed to evaluate its ability for bioleaching a flotation concentrate from Andacollo mine in Neuquén,Argentina.Experiments were performed in shake flasks with a pulp density of10%(w/v),using a basal salt medium containing ferrous iron at pH1.8.The leaching solutions were analyzed for pH,redox potential(using specifics electrodes),ferrous iron(by UV-Vis spectrophotometry)and metal concentrations(by atomic absorption spectroscopy).The results showed that the consortium was able to reduce the refractory behavior of the concentrate,allowing91.6%of gold recovery;at the same time,high dissolution of copper and zinc was reached.These dissolutions followed a shrinking core kinetic model.According to this model,the copper solubilization was controlled by diffusion through a product layer(mainly jarosite),while zinc dissolution did not show a defined control step.This designed consortium,composed of bacterial strains with specific physiological abilities,could be useful not only to optimize gold recovery but also to decrease the leachates metallic charge,which would be an environmental advantage.

The Discovery of Native Ruthenium in Nuanquanzi and Tuling-Shihu Gold Deposits: Implications for Source of Gold

Native ruthenium and platinum-bearing hedleyite were recognised in two gold deposits contained inArchaean metamorphic rocks in northern China. They are coexistent with native gold, quartz andpyrite. The high W content of native ruthenium may reflect the precipitation of ores in a W-richhydrothermal system at moderate to high temperatures. The presence of plahnum-group ndner-als (PGM ) in the two deposits suggests that Au and PGE were both derived from mantlosourcerocks.

Survival of Seedlings of Native Woody Species in the Rehabilitation of Gold Mined-Site within a Three Years Old Acacia mangium Willd Plantation of St. Elizabeth-Mahdia, Guyana

Active restoration is a critical component of biodiversity conservation for degraded tropical forest ecosystems caused by artisanal gold mining, and the success of restoration is dependent on native species selection. However, significant knowledge gaps exist regarding when and where to plant trees. This article reports on a revegetation trial undertaken in St Elizabeth, Mahdia, Guyana, to assess the survival and RGR (Relative Growth Rate) of three native woody trees and shrubs planted within three years old Acacia mangium Willd trees pruned and unpruned blocks. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for a completely randomized block design with four blocks, two pruned and two unpruned, within A. mangium plots. Biochar treatment was added to the plants during transplanting. Thirty-six (36) wildlings of Humiria balsamifera (Aublet.) (Tauroniro), Goupia glabra Aublet (Kabukalli), and Vismia guianensis (Aublet.) Choisy (Bloodwood) were collected and raised in a tree nursery for two weeks. The native plants were transplanted 3 m apart, survival observations and each seedling’s initial height and diameter were measured and recorded. After the experiment, 13% of seedlings from a population of 720 had died, with the highest mortality being experienced at the 92 days of the experiment (t ≤ 122 days). While the overall survival rates were high, emphasizing the importance of field trials on native and exotic species in different environments is essential to fill the knowledge gaps on suitable species for restoration in degraded areas with other land use histories.

Reconstruction of the Indigenous Sources of Gold of the Glu-Kharinsky Placer (Kolyma River Basin, Magadan Region, Russia)

A comparative analysis of typomorphic features of gold placers and indigenous sources of gold was carried out for the Glukharinsky ore-placer node (the Nadezhda deposit and Glukharinskoye, Tyomnoye, and Tyi-Jurye ore occurrences). A correlation between fineness of placer native gold and composition of relic minerals preserved inside gold particles was obtained for the first time. This made it possible to establish mineral parageneses of native gold from potential indigenous sources. The study of placer gold fineness in combination with com-position of mineral inclusions allowed us to identify seven types of gold paragenesis: petzite-hessite with a fineness of 855‰, pyrite-polybasite-galena (a fineness of 670‰), bismuth telluride (900‰), cosalite-vikingite (790‰), galena (870‰), glaucodot (950‰), and hydrohematite (840‰). It was also shown that the placer contains the material from ore occurrences of different formation: gold-quartz-porphyry occurrences in granitoids (Au-Te-Bi type) and gold-silver occurrences. The method developed by us allows one to estimate the percentage of each ore source in placer formation.

A New Mechanism of Formation of the Silver-Rim Structure on Primary Gold Grains

Gold minerals in the Baochun skarn\|type gold deposit are Au\|Ag alloys with Ag contents within the range of 15-35.5 wt% and the minerals vary from 5μm to 50μm in size. As viewed from the electron microprobe images, most gold grains show silver rims with a high Ag content as compared with the core, ranging generally from 2 to 3μm in width. From dynamic calculations based on the mass action and mass balance constraints on the crystallization of native gold, it is considered that the enrichment of silver in the rim of gold minerals is due to gradual enrichment of silver in the ore\|forming solutions with its evolution from the early to the late metallogenic stage.

四川丹巴金矿床金矿物学特征及黑铋金矿的指示意义

丹巴金矿床是位于松潘—甘孜造山带东南缘典型的碲化物型金矿床。该矿床中发育大量明金与碲铋矿物。以叶碲铋矿和自然金为主要研究对象,通过显微岩相学观察、扫描电镜能谱分析,对自然金的矿物学特征进行了较为详细的研究。结果显示,丹巴金矿床载金矿物主要有磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、叶碲铋矿、自然铋、黑铋金矿,大量自然金与叶碲铋矿、自然铋具有密切的时空关系,黑铋金矿的产出是铋熔体析出并清除金最直接的证据。

Significance of native arsenic in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China

Native arsenic together with comb quartz and stibnite is found in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar (Xinjiang), NW China. It is anhedral with various grain size (<0.001 to 2 mm), and contains 98 wt% to 98.7 wt% As. Micro-granular electrum, the main auriferous mineral in the Baogutu gold deposit, is commonly enclosed in or closely accompanied by native arsenic. Three ore-forming paragenetic stages could be identified. Native arsenic mainly formed at stage II which is also the major stage for gold deposition. Mineral assemblage formed at this stage is native arsenic-stibnite-electrum-arseno- pyrite-miargyrite-freibergite-pyrrhotite-pyrite. Based on native arsenic and its coexisting minerals, the temperature (230 to 170℃), oxygen fugacity (logfO2 = -42―-56.5) and sulfur fugacity (logf S2 = -13.3― -16.6) of stage II are estimated. From stage I to stage II, the temperature, sulfur fugacity and S2- concentration of hydrothermal fluid decrease obviously, whereas the As concentration increases. Coexistence with native arsenic of electrum and its contents of 0.5 wt%―1.3 wt% As suggest that As is important to transport Au when S2- concentration decrease in hydrothermal fluid. Crystallization of native arsenic induced the deposition of electrum and consequently the formation of the Baogutu gold deposit.

黑龙江三道湾子碲金矿床物质组成及成因意义

三道湾子碲金矿床位于黑龙江省北部大兴安岭中段成矿带的东部,为一典型的碲化物型金矿床。笔者采用显微镜观察和电子探针分析技术,确认该矿床的矿石中存在碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、碲金矿、碲银矿和碲铅矿等碲化物。矿石中也存在大量自然金颗粒,产在石英、碲金银矿的裂隙中,或与碲化物共生产出。电子探针分析结果显示,该矿床内自然金的w（Au）=85.64%~93.41%,w（Ag）=6.17%~13.48%,为含银自然金,成色为864~938。碲在中、低温条件下易置换硫而使Te以类质同象的形式分散在硫化物的晶格中,但在高碲逸度（fTe2）的条件下,Te易与Au、Ag结合形成大量碲化物。

自然金的标型及成色特征在金矿床研究中的意义

文中主要对自然金的标型特征和金的成色两个方面的内容进行了研究 ,其中包括自然金一般物理化学特征、形态和粒度标型特征产生的原因 ,及其在不同矿床中的表现。金矿床中金的成色与矿床的成因、成矿时代、成矿深度、成矿流体的性质等多种因素有关。

新疆包古图金矿中发现的自然铋及其找矿勘探意义

包古图金矿Ⅺ区位于新疆西准噶尔包古图地区,为富金属硫化物脉型金矿床,其赋矿围岩为下石炭统希贝库拉斯组凝灰岩和安山岩。成矿过程可划分为热液演化期和表生氧化期,其中热液演化期是主要的金矿化期,由三个热液演化阶段组成:(Ⅰ)石英-硫化物阶段,形成不含金的石英-硫化物脉,主要矿物组合为石英-毒砂-黄铁矿-黄铜矿,成矿流体的温度为460～510℃,logf_(s_2)=-4.8～-6.4;(Ⅱ)硫化物-金-铋阶段,该阶段早期形成毒砂-黄铁矿组合,流体温度为420～470℃,logf_(s_2)=-5.2～-7.0,晚期沉淀了黄铜矿-辉铋矿-自然铋-自然金组合,是主要的金矿化阶段;(Ⅲ)钠长石-方解石阶段,在围岩中形成以钠长石为主,含少量方解石和石英的细脉。自然铋通常以熔滴状、不规则粒状被毒砂、黄铜矿和黄铁矿包裹,呈脉状充填于毒砂和闪锌矿裂隙中。自然金是该矿中主要的含金矿物,与自然铋共生或在自然铋中呈出溶结构,自然铋常被辉铋矿部分或全部交代。在热液演化早期(阶段Ⅰ)铋主要以Bi_2S_2(OH)_2~0、HBi_2S_4^-的形式运移,随着热液温度和硫逸度的变化Bi_2S_2(OH)_2~0、HBi_2S_4^-分解形成自然铋,但此时热液的温度(420～470℃)高于自然铋的熔点271℃,因此,自然铋主要呈熔融状态存在于热液中,熔融态的自然铋吸附热液中的金形成Bi-Au熔体体系,随着温度下降,Bi-Au熔体固结形成自然铋-自然金组合。成矿体系温度下降,液态Bi-Au合金结晶并分解是包古图金矿的重要成矿机制。

阿尔泰萨热阔布金矿床的自然铋及其与金矿化关系

萨热阔布金矿是阿尔泰山南缘金-多金属矿带中与断裂变质作用有关的石英脉蚀变岩型金矿床。本文通过电子探针的研究,在该矿区发现较多的自然铋矿物,它与金矿化关系非常密切,产出于多金属硫化物阶段,与方铅矿、黄铜矿等共生。矿区蚀变岩和矿石的微量元素R型聚类分析表明,Bi与Au相关最密切,Au、Cu、Ag、Bi是主要的成矿元素组合。Bi异常可以作为金矿化的重要指示,自然铋矿物的出现可以作为含金石英脉富矿地段的重要标志。

哈图金矿蚀变岩型矿体特征及金赋存状态研究

哈图金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型矿体组成,蚀变岩型矿体遭受了强烈黄铁矿化、毒砂化、碳酸盐化、硅化和绢云母化蚀变.成矿作用划分5个阶段:钠长石-石英阶段(I)、黄铁矿-碳酸盐-石英阶段(II)、黝铜矿-黄铜矿-自然金阶段(III)、毒砂-碳酸盐-绢云母阶段(IV)和方解石-石英阶段(V).其中,II—IV阶段是主要金成矿阶段.哈图金矿含金矿物主要为自然金,平均成色912.自然金呈裂隙金、包裹金、粒间金形式嵌布在黄铁矿和毒砂中.当载金矿物为黄铁矿时,自然金与黝铜矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿关系密切;当载金矿物为毒砂时,自然金与黄铁矿-黄铜矿关系密切.

灵宝某金矿石工艺矿物学研究

灵宝某金矿石属于石英脉型金矿石,金品位为1.94 g/t。为了给该矿石的选矿工艺研究提供依据,对矿石进行了工艺矿物学研究。结果表明:(1)矿石中有回收价值的元素为金,主要以自然金和碲金矿的形式存在,与金矿物关系密切的矿物主要有黄铁矿,其次是磁铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿等。(2)矿石中的自然金多以粒状、不规则粒状、麦粒状、棱角粒状被黄铁矿包裹,其次呈叶片状、不规则粒状以裂隙金形式产出,少量以粒间金的形式产出;碲金矿多以粒状、圆粒状、不规则粒状被硫化物包裹,其次呈不规则粒状以裂隙或粒间的形式产出。(3)矿石中71.10%的金被黄铁矿包裹,裂隙金、粒间金占总金的24.22%,仅有4.68%的金被其他脉石矿物包裹。(4)矿石中主要载金矿物黄铁矿主要呈自形—半自形粒状或他形粒状,可见方铅矿、黄铜矿沿黄铁矿粒间或裂隙充填产出及粗粒黄铁矿包裹细粒黄铜矿和脉石颗粒现象等。黄铁矿以中、粗粒为主,粒径多在0.5~2 mm,少量黄铁矿呈细粒嵌布,粒径在0.15~0.6 mm。(5)矿石在磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占60%的情况下,97.03%的黄铁矿得以解离,黄铁矿主要分布在0.10~0.037 mm粒级,+0.10、0.037~0.01 mm粒级次之。因此,采用浮选工艺富集黄铁矿并强化对裂隙金、粒间金的回收就可实现该矿石中金的充分回收。

卡林型金矿床中自然砷的特征与成矿物理化学条件示踪

在"滇黔桂"、"川甘陕"两个金三角密集区内的某些卡林型金矿床中,自然砷矿物的存在并非个别现象。自然砷呈致密块状、致密凝胶体状(肾状)、脉状或微细脉状产出。自然砷呈他形粒状,颗粒大小变化较大,一般为0.05～0.50mm,最大可达2mm。反光显微镜下为白色,显微硬度为114.21～150.60kg/mm2,相当于摩氏硬度3.27～3.59。矿物主要化学成分As的质量分数为92.74%～99.74%,并含有S0.18%～5.25%,Sb0.04%～3.65%。矿物为三方晶系,晶胞参数值a=0.3759nm,c=1.0527nm。利用矿床中含砷矿物的共生组合特点及热力学资料,探讨了卡林型金矿床形成的温度、成矿流体的f(O2)、f(S2)变化范围及金以金砷络合物形式迁移的可能性。

冀东铧尖金矿金属矿物矿物学特征及成矿作用研究

铧尖金矿位于冀东地区,该地区有丰富的铁矿、金矿资源。研究铧尖金矿床中金属矿物的矿物学特征及其成分的变化,可以深入了解该矿床的形成机制并指导后续找矿。通过野外地质观察、室内光学显微镜观察以及电子探针测试、氢氧同位素和硫同位素测试分析,研究表明:铧尖金矿的载金矿物为黄铁矿和石英,金矿物以含银自然金为主,主要存在于黄铁矿裂隙中或被黄铁矿包裹;黄铁矿中硫的含量平均为52.11%,与硫的理论值相比,黄铁矿普遍亏硫,显示出黄铁矿的形成与热液有关;氢氧同位素δD变化范围为-77.9‰～-68.1‰,δ18O变化范围为9.9‰～15.7‰,硫同位素δ34S变化范围为3.2‰～6‰,表明铧尖金矿的热液来源主要为岩浆水,硫源来自深部岩浆源。综上认为铧尖金矿应为岩浆热液型金矿床。

云南某金矿选矿试验研究

针对云南某金矿石金以细粒、微细粒赋存于石英、黄铁矿的性质,在磨矿细度-74μm75%、T31为活化剂、丁基黄药与A25为捕收剂的条件下,采用一粗一扫两精的工艺流程,获得了金精矿品位79.30g/t,回收率89.45%的较好指标。

黄铁矿中不同赋存状态金的测试及意义—以胶莱盆地金矿中黄铁矿为例

本文论述了黄铁矿中晶格金、自然金、石英包体金的分离技术及测试方法,它可用于研究金矿载金矿物黄铁矿中不同赋存状态金与成矿的关系。运用本方法对胶莱盆地典型金矿中主成矿阶段黄铁矿三种赋存状态的金进行了测试,发现以自然金为主,且自然金含量比例差别不大,说明盆地中的金矿可能具有相同成矿流体和环境。通过对含矿与不含矿黄铁矿中离子晶格金含量研究,进行了靶区预测验证。研究发现黄铁矿中存在石英包体金,且部分金矿中石英包体金含量较高,普通测试方法可能丢失该类金,造成样品分析结果偏低,进而出现丢矿或资源量估算不准确的现象。

中印度洋海岭Edmond热液区块状硫化物中自然金的发现及其意义

位于中印度洋中速扩张洋脊的Edmond热液区块状硫化物矿石样品主要分为以黄铁矿-黄铜矿为主的富Fe块状硫化物、热水沉积成因的富含硅质块状矿石和以硬石膏为主的硫酸盐矿石等3种不同类型。通过扫描电镜观察和X射线光电子能谱分析,在硫酸盐矿石和富Fe块状硫化物中首次发现了自然金,最大粒径可达20μm左右,主要呈不规则粒状或板状与硬石膏、闪锌矿等硫化物颗粒紧密共生,少量以次显微金形式沉淀在自形黄铁矿晶体表面。电子探针分析结果显示,晚期形成于中低温条件下的贫Fe闪锌矿中Au富集程度普遍较高(平均含量约为6700×10-6);Ag主要以类质同象形式赋存于与闪锌矿、黄铜矿伴生的硫盐矿物中(5.0%～6.7%Ag),这表明贵金属元素的富集成矿作用与海底热液活动晚期的中低温成矿阶段有关。推断Au在该研究区以高温、酸性和氯度较高为特征的热液流体中主要呈AuCl2-或AuHS0形式迁移。而海水与热液流体混合、喷口流体发生相分离以及传导冷却作用,被认为是导致Au有效沉淀的重要控制因素。

人工重砂在蚀变岩金矿勘查中的应用——以宁夏树龙沟金矿为例

蚀变岩型金矿床中金常以"大颗粒金"形式存在,但针对其在蚀变矿化带中分布规律的研究相对缺乏。而且,采样及分析化验方法选择不当会导致测试结果与真实情况存在较大偏差,影响客观准确地评价找矿潜力。本文对宁夏树龙沟金矿床开展人工重砂研究,以期确定金的赋存状态、研究自然金的分布规律,以此指导区内相关勘查工作的具体部署。树龙沟金矿床为蚀变岩型金矿,受区内NE向断裂构造控制,从蚀变中心向两侧分别发育石英黄铁矿化带-伊利石黄铁矿化带-伊利石绿泥石化带,蚀变带宽度累计约10~20 m。采集的101件人工重砂样品中含自然金样品共计74件,其中粗粒金(>0.07 mm)样品总量达62.4%。通过区内各类蚀变(矿化)相关的矿物与金含量关系的系统对比后发现:(1)自然金含量与褐铁矿呈正相关关系,与石英呈负相关关系,与黄铁矿的关系复杂;(2)伊利石黄铁矿化带中的自然金含量高于石英黄铁矿化带和伊利石绿泥石化带;(3)矿区基性岩脉与金无成因联系,基性脉岩及其后期破碎为金矿化提供了构造通道。本文认为在该区找矿工作中应该将伊利石黄铁矿化及石英黄铁矿化作为重要的找矿标志。本矿床自然金属于粗粒-巨粒,矿石中金含量的测定应选用针对明金的过筛火试金等分析方法。