Herpes simplex keratitis:A brief clinical overview

The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis,clinical aspects,treatment options,management,and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis(HSK).This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus(HSV),which can affect several tissues,including the cornea.One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea.After the initial infection,the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion,a nerve cluster near the eye.The virus may remain dormant for extended periods.Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur,leading to recurrent episodes of HSK.Factors triggering reactivation include stress,illness,immunosuppression,or trauma.Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns,ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease.The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals.Severe cases of HSK,especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring,can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases.The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision,and scarring can compromise this,potentially leading to visual impairment.The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization.Antiviral medications,such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir,may be prescribed for prophylaxis.The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage.Inflammation,caused by the body's attempt to control the infection,may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues.Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation.In summary,the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.

Study on Joint Method of 3D Acoustic Emission Source Localization Simplex and Grid Search Scanning

Acoustic emission(AE)source localization is a fundamental element of rock fracture damage imaging.To improve the efficiency and accuracy of AE source localization,this paper proposes a joint method comprising a three-dimensional(3D)AE source localization simplex method and grid search scanning.Using the concept of the geometry of simplexes,tetrahedral iterations were first conducted to narrow down the suspected source region.This is followed by a process of meshing the region and node searching to scan for optimal solutions,until the source location is determined.The resulting algorithm was tested using the artificial excitation source localization and uniaxial compression tests,after which the localization results were compared with the simplex and exhaustive methods.The results revealed that the localization obtained using the proposed method is more stable and can be effectively avoided compared with the simplex localization method.Furthermore,compared with the global scanning method,the proposed method is more efficient,with an average time of 10%–20%of the global scanning localization algorithm.Thus,the proposed algorithm is of great significance for laboratory research focused on locating rupture damages sustained by large-sized rock masses or test blocks.

Interleukin 1βreceptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1

Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.

Bilateral meibomian gland morphological alterations in unilateral herpes simplex keratitis based on artificial intelligence analysis

AIM:To explore whether unilateral herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)can cause morphological changes of bilateral meibomian glands(MGs)based on artificial intelligence(AI)analytical system.METHODS:In the retrospective study,29 patients with unilateral HSK and 29 participants matched in terms of age and sex were included as control group.Meibographic images of the upper eyelid using Keratograph 5M and assessed ocular surface parameters including tear meniscus height and tear break-up time.MG density and vagueness values were automatically analyzed and calculated using an AI analytical system.We compared the differences between the affected and the contralateral unaffected eyes in HSK patients,and the normal control eyes.We employed either the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare significant difference between the affected and unaffected eyes in HSK patients or between the HSK group and control group.RESULTS:The MG density was 0.19±0.09 in the HSKaffected eye and 0.18±0.07 in contralateral unaffected eye,which had no significant difference(P=0.616).The MG density between the affected eye with HSK and the normal control group was statistically significant(P=0.028).There was a significant difference in MG density between the contralateral unaffected eye and the normal control group(P=0.012).However,no significant difference in vagueness value was observed between the eye with HSK and the control group or between HSK eye and contralateral eye.CONCLUSION:The MG density between the HSKaffected eye and the contralateral unaffected eye don’t significantly differ,whereas there is a significant decrease in the HSK group compared to that of the normal participants.Unilateral HSV keratitis may suffer from bilateral changes of MG morphology indicating bilateral dry eye.Therefore,the fellow eye of patients with unilateral HSK should be considered a potential case of MG dysfunction,necessitating early treatment for bilateral dry eye in the clinic.

Black Garlic as an Antiviral for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Lung Cells

Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-GloTM H2O2 assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.

Autoimmune complications and clinical outcomes of herpes simplex encephalitis in children: A case series

Objective:To report the neurologic prognosis and autoimmune complications of 16 cases of childhood herpes simplex virus encephalitis.Methods:The study was conducted atŞanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital,Turkey from June 2017 to August 2019.The study included 16 pediatric patients aged between 6 months and 17 years(median age 77.7 months)who were diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis by pediatric infectious disease and pediatric neurology clinics.Patients were followed using patient records,and interviews at the pediatric neurology clinic or via the telephone.Clinical and demographic data,received therapies,neurologic prognosis and complications were evaluated.Results:Patients with and without autoimmune encephalitis were compared in terms of age,sex,symptom duration before treatment,initial cerebrospinal fluid protein,glucose,red blood count and white blood count but no significant difference was found.Autoimmune complications were seen in four patients.N-methyl-D-aspartate encephalitis was observed in three patients and choreoathetosis was seen in one patient.The average follow-up period was 48.3 months.Twenty-five percent of the patients were receiving multiple antiepileptic drug(AED)treatment,43.8%were receiving single AED treatment and 31.3%were not receiving AED treatment at the end of the follow-up.Motor disability was observed in 12.5%and drug-resistant epilepsy was observed in 6.3%who had autoimmune complications.Conclusions:Seizures and movement disorders were controlled with immunotherapy and autoantibodies should be studied routinely.Treatment should be started early upon recognition of autoimmune complications through follow-up by measuring autoantibody levels and clinical examination results.Effective prevention and curative treatment modalities are needed to avoid herpes simplex virus encephalitis complications.

TLE orbit determination using simplex method

Two-Line Element(TLE)datasets are the only orbital data source of Earth-orbiting space objects for many civil users for their research and applications.The datasets have uneven qualities that may affect the reliability of the propagated positions of space objects using a single TLE.The least squares approach to use multiple TLEs also suffers from the poor quality of some TLEs,and reliable error information cannot be available.This paper proposes a simplex algorithm to estimate an optimal TLE from multiple TLEs and obtain the uncertainty of each element.It is a derivative-free technique that can deal with various orbit types.Experiments have demonstrated that using the TLE estimated from the simplex method is more reliable,stable,and effective than those from the batch least squares method.As an application example,the optimal TLE and its uncertainty are used for predicting the fallen area,keeping the actual fallen site in the prediction areas.

Antiviral activity of mangiferin from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides against herpes simplex virus type 1

Objective:To evaluate the antiviral activity of pure compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.Methods:Bioassay-guided isolation was conducted to separate the active compound and its chemical structure was elucidated by spectral analysis.In vitro antiviral efficacy of active compound was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,plaque reduction assay,and fluorescence observation.RT-PCR was used to determine the viral load and the cytokine-related gene expression after HSV-1 infection.In vivo study was also conducted to further determine antiviral efficacy of an active compound against HSV-1.Results:An active compound was isolated and elucidated as mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly inhibited the replication of HSV-1 in Vero cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))of 64.0 mg/L.Time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays demonstrated that mangiferin could effectively inhibit the replication of HSV-1 in the early stage(8 h).UL12,UL42,and UL54 gene expression levels of HSV-1 in the 64 mg/L mangiferin-treated group were markedly reduced as compared with the HSV-1 group(P<0.01).Fluorescence observation showed that mangiferin attenuated the mitochondrial damage maintainingΔΨm induced by HSV-1 in Vero cells.The expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 was remarkably increased in the virus-infected group as compared with that in the normal group(P<0.05),the levels of these inflammatory factors dropped after treatment with mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly decreased the viral load and attenuated the HSV-1-induced up-regulation of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6.The relative protection rate of HSV-1-infected mice could reach up to55.5%when the concentration of mangiferin was 4 g/kg.Conclusions:Mangiferin exhibits promising antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo and could be a potential antiviral agent for HSV-1.

Optimization of a Single Flash Geothermal Power Plant Powered by a Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Using Genetic Algorithm and Nelder-Mead Simplex Method

The usage of renewable energies,including geothermal energy,is expanding rapidly worldwide.The low efficiency of geothermal cycles has consistently highlighted the importance of recovering heat loss for these cycles.This paper proposes a combined power generation cycle(single flash geothermal cycle with trans-critical CO_(2) cycle)and simulates in the EES(Engineering Equation Solver)software.The results show that the design parameters of the proposed system are significantly improved compared to the BASIC single flash cycle.Then,the proposed approach is optimized using the genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead Simplex method.Separator pressure,steam turbine output pressure,and CO_(2) turbine inlet pressure are three assumed variable parameters,and exergy efficiency is the target parameter.In the default operating mode,the system exergy efficiency was 32%,increasing to 39%using the genetic algorithm and 37%using the Nelder-Mead method.

Malignant form of hidroacanthoma simplex:A case report

BACKGROUND This paper presents a case of malignant hidroacanthoma simplex(HAS)and review the literature of previous cases to summarize the histopathological and immunohistochemical features and display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS.CASE SUMMARY We present an 88-year-old Asian female with malignant HAS.The diagnosis was made according to the histopathological and immunohistochemical results after biopsy.Previous case reports of malignant HAS were retrieved from PubMed to characterize the histopathological and immunohistochemical features.We also display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS that have not been reported.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that prompt surgical treatment is an effective strategy for malignant HAS.Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are valuable diagnostic tools.This is the first case report to display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS,and we speculate that dermoscopy may contribute to the diagnosis of malignant HAS.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Central Nervous System Co-Infection

Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.

Herpes simplex virus gene therapy for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB)

The FDA has recently approved Krystal biotech's beremagene gep erpavec (B-VEC, Vyjuvek) to treat the wounds of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) patients. This represents a giant step, not only toward the treatment of this devastating disease, but also for the whole field of non-replicative (nr) recombinant HSV-1vectors for gene therapy. To view this Bench to Bedside, open or download the PDF.

A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between Herpes Simplex Virus Type II Infection and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in China

Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between herpes simplex virus type II(HSV-2)infection in pregnant women and the adverse pregnancy outcomes(preterm delivery,spontaneous abortion,stillbirth,monstrum,low birth weight,intrauterine growth retardation,premature rupture of membranes),so as to provide clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by HSV-2 infection in pregnant women.Methods:2140 articles were collected from PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and other databases for the past 20 years.According to the inclusion criteria,the literatures about the relationship between HSV-2 infection of pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes were screened.The effect model was determined by heterogeneity test results,and the meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:The results of meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of HSV-2 was higher in the adverse pregnancy group than in the control group(odds ratio[OR]:7.92,95%confidence interval[Cl]:3.91-16.01),and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:HSV-2 infection will increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Prevention and effective control of HSV-2 infection in early pregnancy can reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy outcome,which is of great significance to the promotion of eugenics.

单纯型大疱性表皮松解症患儿的角蛋白5基因突变研究

目的:对1例单纯型大疱性表皮松解症(EBS)患儿及其家系进行基因突变检测和致病性分析。方法:应用高通量二代测序技术捕获目标序列,对患儿进行全外显子组测序。发现致病位点后,应用Sanger测序法进行家系验证,查阅人类基因突变数据库(HGMD),运用生物信息学蛋白功能预测软件,分析变异位点的致病性。结果:患儿角蛋白5(KRT5)基因的第一外显子检出杂合变异c.536T>C(p.F179S),该变异造成KRT5蛋白的第179位氨基酸改变,患儿父母均未检测到相同突变。结论:患儿KRT5基因的杂合变异c.536T>C(p.F179S)为新发致病性变异,导致患儿KRT5缺陷,进而引发疱疹样型EBS(DM-EBS)。该变异位点在国内未见报道,扩大了我国人群KRT5的基因突变谱,为家系的遗传咨询和产前诊断提供依据。

抗单纯疱疹病毒1型的IgY制备及其生物学活性检测

目的:制备抗单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)的卵黄抗体(IgY),探讨该抗体的生物学活性,阐明其抗HSV-1的能力。方法:制备HSV-1灭活疫苗,采用鸡胸多点注射法免疫高产蛋鸡,采用聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)法提纯IgY,采用间接ELISA法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术和蛋白浓度定量试剂盒测定IgY效价、纯度及蛋白水平,采用间接ELISA法检测IgY中和病毒的能力,测定病毒阻断率,以Vero细胞为病毒感染靶细胞,测定不同抗体浓度(0.01560、0.03125、0.06250、0.12500、0.50000、和1.00000 g·L^(-1))作用后细胞病变效应(CPE),根据CPE程度测定IgY体外抗HSV-1能力。结果:制备的IgY效价随免疫时间逐渐升高,达到1/1024000后保持稳定;IgY轻链重链条带清晰;IgY平均蛋白水平为11.544 g·L^(-1);IgY对HSV-1的阻断率可高达77.90%;HSV-1致CPE程度随抗体浓度升高而逐渐降低,当IgY浓度达到0.50000g·L^(-1)及以上时,25%以下细胞(甚至无细胞)发生病变。结论:成功制备出抗HSV-1的IgY,该抗体对HSV-1具有明显的中和阻断能力和体外抑制活性,可用于药物及诊断方法的开发。

融合历史记忆的单纯形引导鲸鱼优化算法

针对鲸鱼优化算法存在易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢等缺点,提出一种融合历史记忆的单纯形引导鲸鱼优化算法。首先,为了避免初始化种群过于集中而陷入局部最优,提出了使用混沌映射对初始化种群进行改进,增加了种群多样性;其次,为了解决算法收敛精度低和收敛速度慢的问题,提出了融合历史记忆的单纯形引导策略,利用单纯形法和构建的历史记忆表求解出一个虚拟最优解作为下次随机搜索阶段的引导者,帮助种群在前期的勘探过程中进行细致地搜索;最后提出一种新的非线性参数策略,平衡算法的开发和勘探能力。将算法应用于12个典型的复杂函数优化问题,并与其他5种智能算法比较,实验结果表明,改进后的算法在收敛精度与速度方面均为第一,具有良好的全局搜索能力和局部开发能力。

继发于单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的抗NMDAR和抗GABA_(BR)双阳性自身免疫性脑炎1例报告及文献复习

目的:分析1例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSVE)继发抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)和抗γ-氨基丁酸B型受体(GABA_(BR))双阳性自身免疫性脑炎(AE)患者的临床表现及诊疗经过,以提高临床医生对该类病的认识。方法:收集1例HSVE继发抗NMDAR和抗GABA_(BR)双阳性AE患者的临床资料,对其诊断和治疗经过进行总结,并结合相关文献进行复习。结果:患者,男性,36岁,以头痛起病,随后出现肢体抽搐,并进展为意识障碍。入院后脑脊液常规生化检测异常,脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1) IgG抗体阳性,脑脊液和血清NMDAR抗体检测阳性,头部磁共振成像(MRI)检查提示右侧枕叶白质异常信号,诊断为HSVE继发抗NMDAR脑炎。数月后患者出现精神行为异常、认知障碍和睡眠障碍等症状,血清NMDAR抗体和GABA_(BR)抗体均阳性,诊断为HSVE继发抗NMDAR脑炎和抗GABA_(BR)脑炎。给予激素冲击和静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)治疗后,患者病情好转出院。随访1年,患者精神症状完全消失,遗留轻度认知功能障碍。结论:HSVE抗病毒治疗有效的恢复期患者临床症状再度恶化时,应高度怀疑继发AE的可能,应尽快完善自身免疫性抗体检测,以期早期诊断,早期治疗,以改善患者预后。

单纯疱疹病毒2型ICP27_(377-513)核酸疫苗联合IL-15核酸疫苗免疫效果的观察

目的构建表达单纯疱疹病毒2型感染细胞蛋白27(infected cells protein 27,ICP27)的重组质粒pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513并观察白细胞介素(IL)-15核酸疫苗联合HSV-2-ICP27377-513核酸疫苗的免疫效果。方法采用分子克隆技术构建pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513重组质粒。将BALB/c雌性小鼠随机分为pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513联合pcDNA3.1-IL-15(pIL-15)组、pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513组、pcDNA3.1组和pIL-15组,共免疫3次,每次间隔2周。末次免疫后28 d取血,用微量中和实验法检测血清中特异性中和抗体,ELISA法检测血清中IL-4、IL-2和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平。阴道给予致死量HSV-2攻击小鼠,分别于接种后3 d、7 d和14 d收集阴道冲洗液,用荧光定量PCR法检测生殖道病毒载量。结果pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513联合pIL-15组和pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513组中和抗体效价分别为40.00±8.16、28.67±4.47,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513联合pIL-15组IFN-γ、IL-4水平明显高于pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513组(P<0.05),但IL-2水平两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。阴道给予致死量HSV-2攻击后,pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513联合pIL-15组和pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513组小鼠阴道冲洗液中病毒载量随着时间延长逐渐减低,pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513联合pIL-15组和pcDNA3.1-ICP27377-513组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IL-15核酸疫苗联合HSV-2-ICP27377-513核酸疫苗对小鼠有较好的免疫保护作用。

0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹的效果观察

目的:观察探讨0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹的美学效果。方法:选取2019年11月-2022年1月门诊收治的105例面部单纯糠疹患儿为观察对象,通过随机数字法随机分为联合组(n=53)和对照组(n=52),对照组给予多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗,联合组在对照组基础上加用0.03%他克莫司软膏治疗,比较两组治疗后的临床疗效、症状体征评分、皮肤生理功能指标[角质层含水量(Water content of stratum corneum,WCSC)、皮肤油脂(Skin sebum,SC)、经表皮水分流失(Transepidermal water loss,TEWL)]、复发情况、不良反应及美学效果满意度。结果:治疗4周后,联合组总有效率为88.68%,对照组为71.15%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患儿各项症状体征评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿鳞屑、瘙痒、色素减退、皮损面积及皮损数量评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组各症状体征评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前两组患儿皮肤生理功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗4周后,两组患儿WCSC和SC均显著升高(P<0.05),TEWL均显著降低(P<0.05),且联合组改善优于对照组(P<0.05);结束治疗随访4周,联合组患儿复发率(14.89%)低于对照组(27.03%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗期间,两组患儿均未出现明显不良反应;联合组患儿美学效果总满意度(96.23%)显著高于对照组(82.69%)(P<0.05)。结论:0.03%他克莫司软膏联合多磺酸粘多糖乳膏治疗面部单纯糠疹疗效显著,可有效改善患儿皮损症状和皮肤生理功能,能有效预防复发,提高美学效果,且安全性好,值得临床推广应用。

单纯形法的复杂性与计算效率

给出了三个线性规划例子,及用单纯形法求解的过程,解释了求解线性规划的单纯形法为什么属于指数算法.