Combined Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Hybrid Rice (Palethwe-1)

We investigated the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) in the dry and wet seasons of 2015. Four quantities of inorganic fertilizer were used in the main plot [0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] based on the recommended amounts of 150 kg N ha-1, 70 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 120 kg K2O ha-1, while different organic manures were applied to subplots [no organic manure (O0), cow manure (Oc), poultry manure (Op), and vermicompost (Ov);all at 5 t·ha-1] as part of a split-plot experimental design with three replicates. In both seasons, significant differences in growth parameters including number of tillers hill-1, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values, total dry matter, yield, and yield components were observed in plants supplied with different inorganic fertilizers. The 100% NPK (I100) fertilizer produced the maximum yield but similar yields were achieved in plots supplied with 50% NPK (I50) and 75% NPK (I75). Significant differences in growth and yield parameters were also found in crops supplied with organic manures. Although identical quantities were supplied, Op produced the best growth parameters in both seasons including total dry matter, yield, and yield components. Oc also performed well. Combining inorganic and organic fertilizers demonstrated that I50 together with Op (5 t·ha-1) provided similar growth, total dry matter, and yield parameters to I100 in both seasons. Oc (5 t·ha-1) plus I75 also achieved similar yields to I100. This study demonstrates that the combined application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures has the potential to reduce chemical fertilizer usage without decreasing the yield of hybrid rice, and can enhance the growth, yield, and yield components of Palethwe-1.

Effects of Integrated Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Growth Parameters of Rice Varieties

We investigated the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of indica rice variety Manawthukha and japonica rice variety Genkitsukushi.In a split-plot design,the two rice varieties were assigned as main plot factors,and the integrated treatments were the subplot factors,including no-N fertilizer(N0),50%chemical fertilizer(CF)(CF50),100%CF(CF100),50%CF+50%poultry manure(PM)(CF50PM50),50%CF+50%cow manure(CM)(CF50CM50),and 50%CF+50%compost(CP)(CF50CP50).CF100 was equivalent to N at 85 kg/hm2.Manure was applied based on the estimated mineralizable nitrogen(EMN)level,which is dependent on total N(%)of each manure type.Manawthukha rice plants were taller with higher tiller number and dry matter content.However,higher soil-plant analysis development(SPAD)values were measured in Genkitsukushi throughout the crop growth period,resulting in higher seed-setting rate(%)and greater yield.At the same N level,CF50PM50 application in both rice varieties resulted in higher SPAD values,plant height and tiller number than CF100.CF50PM50 containing total N more than 4%supplied synchronized N for the demands of the rice plants,resulting in maximum dry matter,yield and yield components.CF50CM50 and CF50CP50 treatments containing total N less than 4%resulted in lower yields which were similar to CF100.These results indicated that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced growth parameters and yields of Manawthukha and Genkitsukushi,while reducing the dose of chemical fertilizer.

Mitigation of N_(2)O emissions in water-saving paddy fields:Evaluating organic fertilizer substitution and microbial mechanisms

Water-saving irrigation strategies can successfully alleviate methane emissions from rice fields,but significantly stimulate nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions because of variations in soil oxygen level and redox potential.However,the relationship linking soil N_(2)O emissions to nitrogen functional genes during various fertilization treatments in water-saving paddy fields has rarely been investigated.Furthermore,the mitigation potential of organic fertilizer substitution on N_(2)O emissions and the microbial mechanism in rice fields must be further elucidated.Our study examined how soil N_(2)O emissions were affected by related functional microorganisms(ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA),ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB),nirS,nirK and nosZ)to various fertilization treatments in a rice field in southeast China over two years.In this study,three fertilization regimes were applied to rice cultivation:a no nitrogen(N)(Control),an inorganic N(Ni),and an inorganic N with partial N substitution with organic manure(N_(i)+N_(o)).Over two rice-growing seasons,cumulative N_(2)O emissions averaged 0.47,4.62 and 4.08 kg ha^(−1)for the Control,Ni and N_(i)+N_(o)treatments,respectively.In comparison to the Ni treatment,the N_(i)+N_(o)fertilization regime considerably reduced soil N_(2)O emissions by 11.6%while maintaining rice yield,with a lower N_(2)O emission factor(EF)from fertilizer N of 0.95%.Nitrogen fertilization considerably raised the AOB,nirS,nirK and nosZ gene abundances,in comparison to the Control treatment.Moreover,the substitution of organic manure for inorganic N fertilizer significantly decreased AOB and nirS gene abundances and increased nosZ gene abundance.The AOB responded to N fertilization more sensitively than the AOA.Total N_(2)O emissions significantly correlated positively with AOB and nirS gene abundances while having a negative correlation with nosZ gene abundance and the nosZ/nirS ratio across N-fertilized plots.In summary,we conclude that organic manure substitution for inorganic N fertilizer decreased soil N_(2)O emissions primarily by changing the soil NO_(3)^(−)-N,pH and DOC levels,thus inhibiting the activities of ammonia oxidation in nitrification and nitrite reduction in denitrification,and strengthening N_(2)O reduction in denitrification from water-saving rice paddies.

减氮配施有机粪肥对土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为提高畜禽粪便等农业废弃物在农业生产过程中循环利用效率,改善土壤肥力,促进作物增产增收,于2022年春季在宝泉岭农场开展有机粪肥还田减施氮肥试验,设置生育期不施化肥(CK)、当地常规施肥(FFP)、优化施肥(OPT)、有机粪肥替代15%N(OPT-1)、有机粪肥替代30%N(OPT-2)5个处理,研究有机粪肥和减施氮肥对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,与常规施肥(FFP)相比,有机粪肥替代30%氮肥处理(OPT-2)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高14.28%和6.71%,有机粪肥替代15%氮肥处理(OPT-1)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.20%和11.32%;与优化施肥处理(OPT)相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质含量显著提高7.63%,OPT-1处理土壤速效钾含量显著提高7.01%。在成熟期,与FFP处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别提高15.60%、9.64%和6.83%,玉米产量显著提高8.46%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.33%、5.26%和10.62%,玉米产量显著提高5.14%;与OPT处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮含量分别显著提高11.09%和8.93%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高6.03%、4.57%和5.80%。综合分析,施用有机粪肥可以改善土壤理化性质,提高玉米产量,改善籽粒品质,其中,30%有机粪肥替代氮肥(OPT-2)施用效果最优。

Dynamics of Microbial Biomass in a Rainfed Soil Under Wheat Cultivation

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil microbial biomass in a rainfed soil under wheat cultivation at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The treatments applied were: 1) a control (CK), 2) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 3) farmyard manure (FYM, 110 g pot-1), 4)poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1), 5) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 6) poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot-1) + NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1), 7) FYM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK at sowing and the other half one month after sowing), and 8) PM (110 g pot-1) + NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot-1, one half of the NPK applied at sowing and the other half one month after sowing). The experiment was laid out using a completely randomized design with three replications. Microbial biomass C, N and P contents increased continuously from the beginning of the experiment up to the three-leaf stage. A slight decline was observed at the tillering stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. After tillering there was an increase in all treatments to the recorded maximum point at the full heading stage in all treatments except with the organic manures + NPK(S) treatments. In the FYM + NPK(S) and PM + NPK(S) treatments; however, there was a continuous increase in microbial biomass up to the heading stage. At the harvesting stage a sharp decline was noted in all treatments. The C:N ratio of microbial biomass in tested soil ranged from 7.8 to 11.3, while C:P ratio of microbial biomass in the tested soil ranged from 22.6 to 35.1 throughout all growth stages of the wheat crop.

有机肥替代部分化肥对稻麦轮作系统产量及土壤微生物区系的影响

[目的]本文旨在研究不同有机肥替代部分化肥对稻麦轮作系统产量及其构成因素、土壤微生物区系的影响,为找到合适的施肥措施来提高作物产量,培育高产土壤微生物区系提供理论依据。[方法]以江苏省金坛市的长期肥料试验点为研究对象,设置6个施肥处理:不施肥(CK),常规氮、磷、钾化肥(NPK),3 000 kg·hm^(-2)猪粪有机肥替代30%常规化肥施用量(NPKM1),6 000 kg·hm^(-2)猪粪有机肥替代50%常规化肥施用量(NPKM2),1 800 kg·hm^(-2)猪粪有机无机复合肥替代50%常规化肥施用量(NPKMOI1),3 600 kg·hm^(-2)猪粪有机无机复合肥替代70%常规化肥施用量(NPKMOI2)。测定水稻、小麦的有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒质量、理论产量和实际产量;并利用氯仿熏蒸-硫酸钾浸提法和高通量测序测定土壤微生物生物量及微生物群落结构。[结果]与NPK处理相比,猪粪有机肥(NPKM1、NPKM2)和猪粪有机无机复合肥(NPKMOI1、NPKMOI2)替代部分化肥对水稻和小麦的产量构成因素、理论产量和实际产量无显著降低,且均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮。NPKMOI1和NPKMOI2处理能够增加土壤细菌丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数,显著改变土壤细菌区系,且这种改变随着化肥替代量的增加而变大。[结论]3 600 kg·hm^(-2)猪粪有机无机复合肥替代70%常规化肥施用量处理能够提高作物产量,是一种具有培育高产土壤微生物区系潜力的施肥措施。

长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

通过对山西省寿阳长期定位试验田0—20 cm和20—40 cm的土壤测定和分析,探讨了长期有机无机肥配施下褐土微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的变化以及相关性。结果表明,褐土微生物生物量碳、氮变化基本一致。褐土微生物生物量碳、氮从0—20 cm到20—40 cm土层均呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥、有机无机肥合理配施都能提高褐土微生物生物量碳、氮;不同用量的长期单施化肥处理不能使微生物生物量碳、氮显著增加。脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性从0—20 cm到20—40 cm土层呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥和有机无机肥合理配施可使褐土脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增加。脲酶活性随单施化肥量的增加有增加趋势,而碱性磷酸酶活性则呈减小趋势。土壤微生物量碳、氮、土壤酶活性及土壤养分之间的显著相关性表明,微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性可以判断褐土土壤有机质和N素状况,可作为评价褐土肥力水平和土壤培肥效果的生物学指标,同时也为提高褐土肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照(CK,不施肥)、不施氮肥(PK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮>酸解氨基酸氮>酸解铵态氮>酸解未知氮>酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作（3a）为一个周期,选取对照（不施肥,记作CK）、常量氮磷钾化肥配施（小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK）、常量有机肥（施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M）、常量化肥有机肥配施（化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK）和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施（小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2）5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明：1）较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%（小麦）和35.6%~40.9%（玉米）之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2〉MNPK〉NPK〉M,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2）长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/（hm2·a）,大豆则以7.409 kg/（hm2·a）的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3）在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理（NPK）和常量化肥有机肥配施处理（MNPK）土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4）作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系（P〈0.05）。5）在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出＂稳氮、减磷和增钾＂的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。

生物有机肥和有机无机复混肥的研制及应用

介绍了利用麦草、鸡粪生产生物有机肥、有机无机复混肥的方法,并在多种农作物上进行了应用效果试验。结果表明,生物有机肥和有机无机复混肥不仅可以提高果品品质,而且在多种作物上具有明显的增产作用。因此,利用麦草、鸡粪等农业废弃物生产的生物有机肥、有机无机复混肥的应用能够减少目前我国农业生产对化肥的过度依赖,有助于我国绿色农业产业的发展。

长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了长期有机无机肥配施下双季稻增产潜力和土壤有机碳变化特征。31年的试验结果表明,1)施肥能促进水稻早晚稻稻谷和地上部产量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理促进作用最大,NPKM处理下稻谷年均产量比NPM、NKM、PKM、M和NPK分别高5.8%、10.9%、16.2%、15.9%和20.4%。2)施肥能促进水稻土有机碳含量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理提升效果最为明显,NPKM处理下所测年度土壤有机碳平均含量比NPM、NKM、PKM、M和NPK分别高出2.5%、3.5%、2.0%、0.6%和32.8%。3)随着试验的进行,单施有机肥对早、晚稻稻谷和地上部产量的促进效果逐步优于单施化肥氮、磷、钾处理(NPK),对土壤有机碳的提升效果也明显优于单施化肥氮、磷、钾。红壤性稻田双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐,但需均衡配施化肥氮、磷、钾。

有机肥和无机肥配施对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为了研究洞庭湖区双季稻田不同有机、无机肥配施对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响,设置不施肥处理(WF)、不施氮处理(WN)、纯化肥处理(CF)、猪粪代替20%化肥氮肥处理(ZF)、猪粪堆肥代替20%化肥氮肥处理(DF)、沼渣沼液代替20%化肥氮肥处理(ZYF),在湖南洞庭湖区进行大田试验。结果表明:①有机、无机肥配施较单施化肥可有效提高水稻的株高、有效穗数,结实率和千粒质量,从而提高水稻的子粒产量;②4个施氮处理(CF、ZF、DF、ZYF)与不施氮处理(WN)和不施肥处理(WF)的全年双季稻产量差异极显著,4个施氮处理之间的差异无统计学意义,处理CF、ZF、DF、ZYF比处理WN分别增产53.03%、48.35%、55.65%、48.49%,其中,处理DF的产量和增产率最高,年产量达14 039.80 kg/hm2,处理CF的次之,达13 803.43 kg/hm2;③年平均氮肥利用率以处理DF的最高,达20.23 g/kg,较处理CF、ZF、ZYF分别提高了11.46%、12.64%和14.04%。有机、无机肥配施能有效提高双季稻的产量和氮肥利用率,其中以处理DF的效果较好。

有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响

采用2年的田间小区试验,研究猪粪、猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施对春玉米-小白菜轮作地氮磷径流损失与肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施可明显减少旱地氮素流失,NH4+-N和NO3--N流失量占总氮流失的比例为49.08%～52.02%,且地表氮素径流损失量随着猪粪堆肥用量的增加而降低;与施纯化肥相比,以20%的猪粪堆肥N与80%化肥N配施可分别降低氮素径流损失28.95%,2年总氮肥利用率提高8.13%。以猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施可明显降低磷素径流损失,并提高磷、钾肥利用率;与施纯化肥相比,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮或沼渣沼液氮与80%的化肥氮配施可分别减少磷素流失4.74%和2.76%,2年总磷肥利用率分别提高1.06%和2.75%,2年总钾肥利用率分别提高2.62%和11.48%。

不同比例有机肥替代化肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

在江西双季稻区进行30 a的田间定位试验,比较不施氮肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)施肥条件下水稻产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用率的变化。结果表明:与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理能显著提高30 a双季稻平均产量(P<0.05),增产幅度在2.47%~5.73%,其中30F+70M处理产量最高,且不同比例有机无机肥配施处理之间有显著差异,30F+70M处理显著高于50F+50M处理(P<0.05)。在不同时间段,不同有机无机肥配施处理产量表现不同,低量有机肥配施处理在试验前期具有明显的增产优势,高量有机肥配施处理在试验中后期增产效果明显。与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均吸氮量无显著差异,不同施肥处理每生产1 t籽粒对氮素的需求不同,有机无机肥配施处理(20.57~20.94 kg)低于NPK处理(21.77 kg),其中30F+70M、70F+30M处理具有较高的氮素生产效率。有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均氮肥吸收利用率与等养分条件下NPK处理无显著差异,但氮肥生理利用率显著提高。有机无机肥配施能提高双季稻产量、氮素利用效率,不同肥力水平稻田应选择适合的比例,中低肥力水平稻田以30%有机肥配施较为合适,而高肥力水平稻田宜选择50%、70%有机肥配施较为合适。

有机肥无机肥配施对玉米生长期土壤水解酶活性的影响

为了探讨有机无机肥配施对土壤水解酶活性动态变化的影响以及土壤水解酶活性之间的相关性,在陕西省眉县进行田间试验,研究和分析土壤水解酶活性变化。结果表明,玉米生育期内,土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶在拔节期出现活性高峰,土壤脲酶活性在大喇叭口期达到玉米生育期最高峰。单施低量有机肥处理(M1N0)、单施中量氮肥处理(M0N2)和有机无机肥配施处理(M1N2、M2N2、M3N2),土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性比不施肥处理(M0N0)高,其中M2N2处理蔗糖酶活性最高26.56 mg glucose/(g土.24h),比M0N0处理高出48.63%,M3N2处理脲酶活性最高0.80 mg NH3-N/(g土.24h),比M0N0处理高出25.00%,碱性磷酸酶活性以M2N2处理最高2.21mg酚/(g土.24h),比M0N0处理高出0.16 mg酚/(g土.24h)。蔗糖酶与碱性磷酸酶活性、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性之间的相关性均达显著水平(P<0.05),而蔗糖酶与脲酶活性之间的相关性未达显著水平(P>0.05)。

沼肥与生物有机无机复合肥在保护地蔬菜上应用效果研究

试验研究了化肥、生物有机无机复合肥、生物有机肥、沼肥对日光温室秋冬茬黄瓜及对土壤理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,施用沼肥、生物有机肥、生物有机无机复合肥有改善土壤理化性状、增强土壤保水保肥能力的作用。表现为与试前土壤相比较,土壤容重下降,土壤总孔隙度和土壤含水量增加,其中施用沼肥的处理影响最大,土壤容重降低了4.26%,土壤总孔隙度和土壤含水量分别提高了4.68%,10.7%;施用沼肥,耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量增加最高,而完全施用生物有机无机复合肥的处理全磷、速效磷、碱解氮增幅最大。施用沼肥和生物有机无机复合肥可以促进黄瓜的生长和提高产量,产量比对照(不施肥处理)分别增加了102.8%,123.1%。各处理除沼肥和生物有机肥两处理间产量差异不显著外,其他处理间差异均达极显著水平。另外,施用沼肥、生物有机肥、生物有机无机复合肥可以提高果实中Vc、还原糖含量,并降低硝酸盐含量,提高了果实品质。

无机肥与有机肥配施对冬小麦旗叶光合性状和产量的影响

以豫麦49-198为供试冬小麦品种,研究了大田无机肥与有机肥配施对旗叶光合性状及子粒产量的影响.结果表明,单施有机肥或无机肥与有机肥配施均能延缓旗叶后期光合速率下降,延长叶片功能期,有利于后期光合物质的积累与转运.与不施氮肥(对照)比较,单施有机肥或无机肥与有机肥配施均能提高豫麦49-198子粒产量,并以单施牛粪处理产量最高,差异达显著水平.通过分析各处理子粒产量构成因素发现,不同施肥处理产量的提高主要因该处理提高了产量三要素中的某些因子,如尿素与牛粪配施主要通过增加单穗粒数来实现产量提高.综合以上分析,单施有机肥或无机肥与有机肥配施均能提高旗叶后期光合速率和增加子粒产量.

有机无机肥配施对水稻光合特性及NR与SPS活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了有机肥(稻草、猪粪、猪粪堆肥和沼渣沼液)与化肥配施对水稻光合特性、硝酸还原酶(NR)及蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的影响。结果表明,猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理在提高水稻功能叶净光合速率、水稻碳氮代谢关键时期NR和SPS酶活性方面较其他类型的配施处理有较明显优势,并能提高水稻产量和改善品质。与施纯化肥相比,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮配施80%的化肥氮处理的早稻孕穗期功能叶NR酶活性提高了65.06%,蜡熟期SPS活性提高了7.70%,游离氨基酸含量提高43.87 mg/kg,产量增加19.65%。

长期定位试验中施肥对稻米品质的影响

探讨了连续施用有机肥、有机肥无机肥配施对水稻产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)有机肥与无机肥配合施用(MNPK、MNPK’)具有明显的增产效果;(2)稻米的加工品质受施肥制度的影响较小,对稻米的外观品质影响较大,长期施肥不同程度的降低了稻米的外观品质;(3)长期施肥直链淀粉(amylase)含量提高,这说明长期施肥对稻米的食用及蒸煮品质具有一定的提高作用;(4)MNPK’处理对稻米淀粉粘度品质有一定程度的改善,提高水稻籽粒蛋白质含量的提高,同时明显地提高了稻米籽粒总氨基酸和必需氨基酸的含量,这说明长期有机无机肥增量配施有利于改善稻米的营养品质。

石灰性土壤有机-无机肥配施对土壤供磷的影响

田间试验结果表明,有机肥料(马粪)与无机肥配合施用可以显著提高土壤的供磷水平.石灰性土壤无机磷组成以 Ca-P 为主,其中 Ca_2-P 是土壤有效磷库的主体;Ca_8-P 对土壤有效磷库起重要调节作用,AI-P 在供磷上也有一定意义.有机-无机肥配合施用能提高土壤速效磷,尤其是 Ca_2-P 和 Ca_(?)-P 的含量,降低土壤对磷的吸附,显著提高土壤微生物体磷(Biomass-P)和磷酸酶的活性。