Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature: graphical representation

Ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｔｒａｉｎａｎｄｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ：ｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ⒇ＷＪｉｎ（Ｄｅｐｔ．Ｅｌｅｃｔｒ．Ｅｎｇ．，ＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖ．）ＷＣＭｉｃｈｉｅ...

A dual measurement method of strain and temperature

With the rapid development of China's foreign trade, the coastal and inland waterway transport has been increased rapidly. The potential market for marine engines is more and more obvious. The measurement of the engine temperature and strain becomes very important. The fluorescence fiber sensors are broadly used to measure temperature, concentration, and pH value, etc. The fluorescence sensing systems are based on different principles, namely fluorescence intensity, fluorescence intensity ratio, and fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence lifetime is an effective parameter for sensing purpose, because it is independent of the intensity of the pumping source and does not need expensive narrow-band filters. An experiment system has been established, in which some samples were produced to measure the fluorescence lifetime and temperature characteristics and the relationship of the strain and temperature versus the fluorescence lifetime was achieved at the same time. The experiment result was fitted and analyzed. The test results show that the fluorescence lifetime decreases with the increasing of temperature. The change of fluorescence lifetime with the strain is inconspicuous comparing to that with the temperature.

Simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature based on twisted fiber structure

In this Letter, an alternative solution is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature. This sensor consists of two twisted points on a commercial single mode fiber introduced by flame-heated and rotation treatment. The fabrication process modifies the geometrical configuration and refractive index of the fiber. Different cladding modes are excited at the first twisted point, and part of them are coupled back to the fiber core at the second twisted point. Experimental results show distinct sensitivities of 34.9 pm/με with 49.23 pm/℃ and -36.19 pm/με with 62.99 pm/℃ for the two selected destructive interference wavelengths.

Liquid modified photonic crystal fiber for simultaneous temperature and strain measurement

A liquid modified photonic crystal fiber(PCF)integrated with an embedded directional coupler and multi-mode interferometer is fabricated by infiltrating three adjacent air holes of the innermost layer with standard 1.48 refractive index liquids.The refractive index of the filled liquid is higher than that of background silica,which can not only support the transmitting rod modes but also the"liquid modified core"modes propagating between the PCF core and the liquid rods.Hence,the light propagating in the liquid modified core can be efficiently coupled into the satellite waveguides under the phase-matching conditions,resulting in a dramatic decrease of the resonant wavelength intensity.Furthermore,there is a multi-mode interference produced by modified core modes and rod modes.Such a compact(~0.91 cm)device integrated with an embedded coupler and interferometer is demonstrated for high-sensitivity simultaneous temperature(~14.72 nm∕℃)and strain(~13.01 pm∕με)measurement.

Fiber in-line Fabry–Pérot interferometer for simultaneous measurement of reflective index and temperature

A fiber in-line Fabry-Perot interferometer is presented. The sensing head consists of a micro ellipsoidal air cavity and a small section of solid-core photonic crystal fiber. The reflective index （RI） and temperature can be interrogated simultaneously through a fast Fourier transform and by tracing the dip wavelength shift of the reflective spectrum. Experimental results show that the RI amplitude and wavelength sensitivities are 5.30/ RIU and 8.46 × 10-1 nm/RIU in the range from 1.34 to 1.43, and the temperature amplitude and wavelength sensitivities are 6.8 × 10-4/℃ and 2.48 × 10-3 nm/℃ in the range from 15℃ to 75℃, respectively. Easy fabrication, a simple system, and simultaneous measurement make it appropriate for aluM-parameter sensing application.

A new phase-shifted long-period fiber grating for simultaneous measurement of torsion and temperature

A novel phase-shifted long-period fiber grating(PS-LPFG)for the simultaneous measurement of torsion and temperature is described and experimentally demonstrated.The PS-LPFG is fabricated by inserting a pretwisted structure into the long-period fiber grating(LPFG)written in single-mode fiber(SMF).Experimental results show that the torsion sensitivities of the two dips are?0.114 nm/(rad/m)and?0.069 nm/(rad/m)in the clockwise direction,and?0.087 nm/(rad/m)and?0.048 nm/(rad/m)in the counterclockwise direction,respectively.The temperature sensitivities of the two dips are 0.057 nm/℃ and 0.051 nm/℃,respectively.The two dips of the PS-LPFG exhibit different responses to torsion and temperature.Simultaneous measurement of torsion and temperature can be implemented using a sensor.The feasibility and stabilization of simultaneous torsion and temperature measurement have been confirmed,and hence this novel PS-LPFG demonstrates potential for fiber sensing and engineering applications.

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using a microring resonator

An approach to the simultaneous optical ring resonators is proposed measurement of refractive-index （RI） and theoretically demonstrated. With and temperature changes using a liquid-core silica ring resonator as an example, two different-order whispering gallery modes （WGMs） might differ in not only RI but also temperature sensitivities. Thus, a second-order sensing matrix should be defined based on these WGMs to determine RI and temperature changes simultaneously. The analysis shows that the RI and temperature detection limits can be achieved on the order of 10.7 RI unit and 10-3 K at a wavelength of approximately 780 nm.

Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Measurement Based on Chaotic Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Analysis in Large-Effective-Area Fibers

Chaotic Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis(BOCDA)has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated with the advantage of high spatial resolution.However,it faces the same issue of the temperature and strain cross-sensitivity.In this paper,the simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain can be preliminarily achieved by analyzing the two Brillouin frequencies of the chaotic laser in a large-effective-area fiber(LEAF).A temperature resolution of 1℃ and a strain resolution of 20μξ can be obtained with a spatial resolution of 3.9cm.The actual temperature and strain measurement errors are 0.37℃ and 10μξ,respectively,which are within the maximum measurement errors.

Simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurements by using dual interference in an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer

A Fourier analysis applied to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） transmission spectrum for simultaneous refractive index （RI） and temperature measurements is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this Letter. In the fast Fourier transform （FFT） spectrum of the MZI transmission spectrum, several frequency components are generally observed, which means that the transmission spectrum of the MZI is formed by the superposition of some dual-mode interference （DMI） spectra, and each frequency component represents different core-cladding interferences. We can select some dominant frequency components in the FFT spectrum of the MZI transmission spectrum to take the inverse FFT （IFFT）. Then, the corresponding DMI patterns can be obtained. Due to the shift of the wavelength of these DMI spectra with changes in the environmental parameters, we can use the coefficient matrix of these DMI spectra for multi-parameter sensing. In this Letter, two DMI patterns are separated from the resultant transmission spectrum of the MZI. As the RI and temperature change, the shifts of the two DMI patterns with respect to the RI and temperature will be observed. The sensitivities of the RI and temperature are -137.1806 nm/RIU （RI unit） and 0.0860 nm/℃, and -22.9955 nm/RIU and 0.0610 nm/℃ for the two DMIs. Accordingly, it can be used to simultaneously measure RI and temperature changes. The approach can eliminate the influence of multiple interferences and improve the accuracy of the sensor.

高温环境下弹簧功能-传感共形位移测量装置及方法

机械装备的位移测量是状态检测和运动控制的关键,基于激光、电涡流、电感和电阻等原理的常规位移测量方法无法应对高端装备紧凑测试空间和高温、油污等恶劣环境条件下的位移测量挑战。基于材料力学与弹簧结构,构建一种新的弹簧功能-传感共形的位移测量模型,对弹簧整体受力及位移进行分析,确定位移-应变映射关系;基于有限元方法建立弹簧的应变-位移模型,分析弹簧位移测量的敏感点、不同组桥形式、位移激励频率等因素影响;通过搭建电液伺服高频冲击试验台,在扫频和加热工况下进行弹簧位移测量装置及方法的有效性和动态性能测试。试验结果表明:加载频率在100 Hz及以下时测试精度可达0.06 mm,高温适应性不低于275℃;经车用干片式制动器高温制动试验应用验证,在工作温度160℃以上仍能实时稳定获取机构的动态位移信号,为高温制动器状态检测及其故障诊断提供了嵌入式测试技术支撑;该共形位移测量方法在高温条件下具有良好的线性度和精度,为紧凑空间及高温等恶劣环境下位移测量提供了一种有效方法,尤其是在具有弹簧等弹性元件的情况下能够实现对原系统无影响的嵌入式测试。

基于深度学习的光纤光栅锅炉状态监测研究

为实时监控锅炉工作的健康状态,精准获取锅炉管道的温度和受力情况,提出基于深度学习的光纤光栅锅炉状态监测技术。设计了一种双光纤光栅级联封装的传感器结构及其固定方法,用以提高传感器的测量性能。构建特征融合并行transformer回归预测模型对传感器的温度和应变信号进行处理,实现了对传感单元温度和应变的准确识别。实验结果表明,传感器中的两光栅对温度的灵敏度为12.31 pm/℃和11.63 pm/℃,对应变的灵敏度为1.2 pm/με和0,消除温度对应变测量的影响,具有温度补偿作用。通过引入深度学习算法,解决了高温环境下光纤光栅对温度和应变混合敏感存在高阶混合项而难以求解的难题,模型的决定系数大于0.9、平均绝对误差和均方误差分别为0.23和0.31,有效地提高了传感器对温度和应力的识别精度。综上所述,该技术实现了高温环境下温度和应变的准确测量,弥补了传统测量方式高温失效、单点测量等不足,为锅炉工作健康状态的实时监控提供了有效的解决方案。

基于多模干涉的光纤冰体应变传感器

基于“单模-无芯-单模”光纤传感器对冰体进行应变测量研究。传感器以“分层冰冻”的方法植入冰体,冰体应变变化导致传感器干涉光谱波长偏移,通过监测光谱波长实现冰体应变测量。对于实际环境中已经存在的冰体,对“分层冰冻”方法进行优化,通过在冰面上铺设光纤,之后注水冰冻的方式,实现光纤在已有冰体中的植入。利用光谱相邻波谷温度灵敏度相近的特点,将相邻波谷波长差应用于应变测量,可以不受冰体温度变化影响。实验结果显示,冰体承载力大于500 g时,其应变显著增加,当承载力大于600 g时,冰体出现脆性断裂,传感器有效提取了该区间内冰体“韧-脆”转变过程中的应变信号。融化实验显示,传感器可以监测到冰体自然融化过程中完整的应变变化过程,测量结果不受冰体内部温度变化的影响。

Strain and Temperature Discrimination Based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Cascaded Single Mode Fibers

An in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed for the discrimination of strain and temperature.The sensor is based on two cascaded standard single mode fibers using three peanut tapers fabricated by simple splicing.The cascaded structure excites more frequency components,which induce four sets of interference dips in the transmission spectrum.One set of the spectrum dips have different sensitivities to temperature and strain from those of the other three.The sensor can discriminate strain and temperature by monitoring the wavelength shifts of two spectrum dips.Repeated experiments are taken both for strain and temperature increasing and decreasing scenarios.Experimental results show that Dip 1 has an average strain sensitivity of-0.911 pm/με and an average temperature sensitivity of 49.98pm/℃.The strain sensitivity for Dip 2 is negligible and its average temperature sensitivity is 60.52pm/℃.The strain and temperature resolutions are±3.82με and±0.33℃.

用可调谐F-P滤波器实现分布式应变与温度同时测量系统

理论分析了FBG光纤光栅和长周期光纤光栅应变与温度同时测量的传感原理。在分析实现光纤光栅传感技术解调的基础上,重点研究了可调谐光纤F-P滤波器解调法。提出采用可调F-P滤波器实现分布式应变与温度同时测量系统的解调方案,较好地实现了多点应变与温度的同时测量。这种方法的测量精度较高,其中测量应变的灵敏度可以达到9με,测量应变的灵敏度为15℃。

基于长期观测的混凝土箱梁温度与应变分析

基于对某预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为期5年的温度与应变观测,系统地研究了混凝土箱梁截面内最大竖向温差以及各部位混凝土应变随时间长期变化的规律.基于相关性分析提出了一种由环境最高温度对无铺装层和有100 mm沥青铺装层的混凝土箱梁竖向正温差的极限值进行预测的方法,得到的有100 mm沥青铺装层的混凝土箱梁的日最大竖向正温差和箱外日最高温度的相关系数为0.73,在此基础上得到了相应的混凝土箱梁计算梯度温度模式.通过回归分析得到了混凝土箱梁应变增量和最大竖向正温差的关系式,得到的底板纵向日最大应变增量和日最大正温差的相关系数为0.64,由此可对混凝土箱梁应变增量的大小进行评估.

光纤Bragg光栅应变、温度交叉敏感问题解决方案

应变和温度变化都会引起光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)反射波长的移动,这种交叉敏感问题是制约FBG传感检测技术实用化的"瓶颈"。从应变、温度交叉敏感的物理机制出发,分两类综述国内外关于交叉敏感问题的解决方案,介绍各类方案的工作原理,并详细分析几种近年来出现的典型方案的优缺点。

长周期光纤光栅传感器温度和应变灵敏度分析

从耦合模理论出发，分析了长周期光纤光栅的温度和应变灵敏度．结果表明，长周期光纤光栅的温度和应变灵敏度不仅与光栅周期和纤芯参数有关，还强烈依赖于包层参数．通过选择适当的参数，可以制成对温度（或应变）不敏感的应变（或温度）长周期光纤光栅传感器，从而可以解决光纤光栅传感器的温度和应变交叉敏感问题．同时，利用基模与不同包层模耦合时温度和应变灵敏度的不同。

光纤Bragg光栅温度和应变的灵敏度分析及应用探讨

本文从Ｂｒａｇｇ 光栅方程出发，推导出了光纤Ｂｒａｇｇ 光栅传感器的温度和应变一阶和二阶灵敏度以及温度－ 应变交叉灵敏度的计算公式，结合实际数据进行了计算，估计了忽略二阶和交叉灵敏度可能带来的误差。并指出改变Ｂｒａｇｇ 光栅的封装形式可以提高其温度灵敏度，用此方法同时测量温度和应变时，可以降低灵敏度矩阵的条件数。

基于单长周期光纤光栅光谱特性的温度和应变同时区分测量

根据长周期光纤光栅具有多个不同损耗峰的光谱特性提出了一种使用单个LPG对温度和应变两参数进行同时区分测量的新方案。实验选用了具有不同温度和应变传感灵敏度的第一和第四损耗峰,通过观测其相应的光谱图,得到因测量参数变化而导致的谐振波长的偏移。根据相应的参数求解矩阵方程,当被测量变化较小时,通过计算可知,交叉敏感对参数的测量基本上不产生影响;而当被测量变化较大时,可通过适当补偿消除交叉敏感而带来的偏差。实验测得的温度和应变误差分别是±0.92℃和±22με,该方案能较好地解决测量中存在的应变和温度之间的交叉敏感问题,有效地提高了系统的测量精度。实验结果表明,利用长周期光纤光栅的不同损耗峰同时测量温度和应变的方法是切实可行的,且实验系统体积小,成本较低,简单实用,具有较好的应用前景。

高温电阻应变片特性参数标定实验研究

高温环境下准确测量应力应变的难点在于应变片的灵敏度、蠕变、滞后等参数特性不能进行有效补偿,导致测量误差过大。为解决这一问题,建立高温应变标定系统,探索出一套可行的高温应变片标定技术,得到了高温应变片灵敏系数、机械滞后和蠕变等参数随温度的变化规律。实验表明:该文研究的高温应变片在800℃时具有良好的性能,验证了固定方法以及标定系统、实验方案的可行性,提出的参数标定方法也可为同类应变片实验提供依据。