Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Current perspectives

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is one of the important causes of chronic kidney disease(CKD)and end-stage renal failure(ESRF).Even with the best available treatment options,management of T1DM poses significant challenges for clinicians across the world,especially when associated with CKD and ESRF.Substantial increases in morbidity and mortality along with marked rise in treatment costs and marked reduction of quality of life are the usual consequences of onset of CKD and progression to ESRF in patients with T1DM.Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant(SPK)is an attractive and promising treatment option for patients with advanced CKD/ESRF and T1DM for potential cure of these diseases and possibly several complications.However,limited availability of the organs for transplantation,the need for long-term immunosuppression to prevent rejection,peri-and post-operative complications of SPK,lack of resources and the expertise for the procedure in many centers,and the cost implications related to the surgery and postoperative care of these patients are major issues faced by clinicians across the globe.This clinical update review compiles the latest evidence and current recommendations of SPK for patients with T1DM and advanced CKD/ESRF to enable clinicians to care for these diseases.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF REJECTION AFTER SIMULTANEOUS PANCREAS-KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

Objective To explore methods of preventing and reversing rejection after simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) tran- splantation. Methods Seventeen patients underwent SPK transplantation from September 1999 to September 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Immunosuppression was achieved by a triple drug regimen consisting of cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofteil (MMF), and steroids. Three patients were treated with anti-CD3 monoclone antibody (OKT3, 5 mg·d-1) for induction therapy for a mean period of 5-7 days. One patients received IL-2 receptor antibodies (daclizumab) in a dose of 1 mg·kg-1 on the day of transplant and the 5th day posttransplant. One patient was treated with both OKT3 and daclizumab for induction. Results No primary non-functionality of either kidney or pancreas occurred in this series of transplantations. Function of all the kidney grafts recovered within 2 to 4 days after transplantation. The level of serum creatinine was 94 ± 11 μmol/L on the 7th day posttransplant. One patient experienced the accelerated rejection, resulting in the resection of the pancreas and kidney grafts because of the failure of conservative therapy. The incidence of the first rejection episodes at 3 months was 47.1% (8/17). Only the kidney was involved in 35.3% (6/17); and both the pancreas and kidney were involved in 11.8% (2/17). All these patients received a high-dose pulse of methylprednisone (0.5 g·d-1) for 3 days. OKT3 (0.5 mg·d-1) was administered for 7-10 days in two patients with both renal and pancreas rejection. All the grafts were successfully rescued. Conclusion Rejection, particularly acute rejection, is the major cause influencing graft function in SPK transplantation. Monitoring renal function and pancreas exocrine secretion, and reasonable application of immunosuppressants play im- portant roles in the diagnosis and treatment of rejection.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in a single center： 10-year retrospective analysis

Background Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation （SPKT） is the best treatment option for diabetic patients with advanced chronic renal failure. The current study aimed to analyze the surgical indications, treatments and prognosis of SPKT.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 40 cases of SPKT performed between December 1999 and January 2010 in our center, including the survival rate, complications and the reasons of reoperation.Results Of all the 40 SPKT cases, the one-year survival rates of the recipients, kidney and pancreas transplant graft were 97.6%, 97.6% and 92.7%, while 97.6%, 91.1%, 92.7% at 3 years and 83.6%, 78.0%, 79.4% at 5 years, respectively. After SPKT, 10 patients need reoperation because of surgical complications （14 operations）. The reoperation rate was 25%, including 2 patients （4 operations） with hematuria, 4 patients with abdominal hemorrhage, 2 patients （3 operations） with abdominal infection, 1 patient with pancreatic venous thrombosis, 1 patient with anastomotic leakage, and 1 patient with fistula.Conclusion Although SPKT provides a successful and effective treatment for diabetics with end-stage renal disease, how to reduce the complications of this treatment still need further effort.

Establishment of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) model with cuff technique and portal venous drainage in rats

To establish a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation （SPK） model in the rat. Methods： SD rats served as donors and recipients. The donor portal vein and the recipient superior mesenteric vein were anastomosed and the donor renal veins and recipient renal veins were anastomosed by cuff method. Arterial reconstruction was carried out by end to side anastomosis of the donor abdominal aorta to the recipient abdominal aorta. Enteric drainage was performed by side to side anastomosis between donors＇ duodenum and recipients＇ jejunum. The donor ureter -bladder valve was anastomosed to the bladder of recipients. Results： Out of 30 cases of SPK transplantation, 24 had normal serum glucose and serum creatinine after operation. The successful rate was 80 %. Conclusion： This model of SPK in rats is stable and reliable, which could be applied for further scientific research.

Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation:Single-center study

Objective To analyze the curative effect of simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation ( SLKT) for patients with end - stage liver and kidney diseases and liver cirrhosis patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Methods All SLKTs ( n = 21) performed at our center from January 1999 to December 2010 were reviewed and

The Current State of Pancreas-kidney Transplantation in China:The Indications,Surgical Techniques and Outcome

It is currently estimated that 50 million Chinese have diabetic mellitus （DM） with more than 90% of these being afflicted with type 2 DM. Concomitantly, the socio-economic improvements in China are supporting the adoption of pancreas-kidney transplantations as a treatment option for these patients. Recipient candidate pool has yet to be expanded and the final effect to be improved in clinical practice. To date, more than 250 pancreas-kidney transplants have been performed on patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. To improve the outcome, a new surgical technique that involves anastomosis of the graft duodenum to recipient jejunum side-to-side but not Roux-en-Y, has been devised for enteric drainage. Furthermore, the systemic venous drainage （SVD） has been used as the method of choice for endocrine secretions. Graft and recipient long-term survival in China was similar to that in America and Europe. Three-year survival rate of pancreas and kidney grafts was 92.2% and 90.2%, respectively, in our center. No difference in survival and graft function between type 1 and type 2 DM recipients was noted. It is concluded that pancreas-kidney transplantation is an effective way for the treatment of type 1 DM and some type 2 DM complicated with uremia.

A mathematical model for shortening waiting time in pancreas-kidney transplantation

AIM: To simulate a hypothetical increase of 50% in the number of pancreas-kidney (PK) transplantations using less-than-ideal donors by a mathematical model. METHODS: We projected the size of the waiting list by taking into account the incidence of new patients per year, the number of PK transplantations carried out in the year and the number of patients who died on the waiting list or were removed from the list for other reasons. These variables were treated using a model developed elsewhere. RESULTS: We found that the waiting list demand will meet the number of PK transplantation by the year 2022. CONCLUSION: In future years, it is perfectly possible to minimize the waiting list time for pancreas transplantation through expansion of the donor pool using less-than-ideal donors.

Mycophenolic Acid Absorption Profiles in Patients with Kidney or Combined Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation

Background: Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) is widely used in organ transplant patients to avoid calcineurine inhibittor-associated side effects. Therapeutic monitoring of MMF is up to now perform by using trough level measurements (measurements before drug administration). The present study was designed to characterize potential differences in MMF absorption kinetics between patients with allogenic kidney transplantation [kidney Tx] and simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation [PK Tx], which might for example occur due to diabetic gastrointestinal atony. Methods: A total of 64 pharmacokinetic profiles were prospectively studied in 44 adult kidney Tx and 20 PK Tx patients. To calculate AUC by the trapezoidal rule, mycophenolic acid (MPA) levels were measured in EDTA-plasma by an EMIT assay at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 6, and 12h after oral MMF administration between postoperative day 14 to 28 instable patients. Results: Substantial differences between kidney Tx and PK Tx patients were evident concerning: donor age, recipient age, number of mismatches, and kidney function (serum creatinine). Despite these dissimilarities pharmacokinetic absorption profiles did not significantly differ between patient groups as measured by AUC, C2, maximum MPA concentration (Cmax), and time until maximum absorption (Tmax). Astonishingly, concomitant cyclosporine and tacrolimus medication did not influence adsorption profiles. Only MPA concentrations 6h post administration correlated closely with AUC in both patient groups, whereas trough levels failed to be predictive for AUC. Conclusions: In our study population, MMF absorption kinetics did not differ between kidney and PK Tx patients and did not seem influenced by concomitant immunosuppressive medication. Therefore, MPA measurements during the absorption phase could be useful to better estimate AUC in patients with kidney Tx and PK Tx.

Outcomes of liver transplantation in patients with hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome(HRS) plays an important role in patients with liver cirrhosis on the wait list for liver transplantation(LT). The 1 and 5-year probability of developing HRS in cirrhotic with ascites is 20% and 40%, respectively. In this article, we reviewed current concepts in HRS pathophysiology, guidelines for HRS diagnosis, effective treatment options presently available, and controversies surrounding liver alone vs simultaneous liver kidney transplant(SLKT) in transplant candidates. Many treatment options including albumin, vasoconstrictors, renal replacement therapy, and eventual LT have remained a mainstay in the treatment of HRS. Unfortunately, even after aggressive measures such as terlipressin use, the rate of recovery is less than 50% of patients. Moreover, current SLKT guidelines include:(1) estimation of glomerular filtration rate of 30 m L/min or less for 4-8 wk;(2) proteinuria > 2 g/d; or(3) biopsy proven interstitial fibrosis or glomerulosclerosis. Even with these updated criteria there is a lack of consistency regarding longterm benefits for SLKT vs LT alone. Finally, in regards to kidney dysfunction in the post-transplant setting, an estimation of glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL /min per 1.73 m2 may be associated with an increased risk of patients having long-term end stage renal disease. HRS is common in patients with cirrhosis and those on liver transplant waitlist. Prompt identification and therapy initiation in transplant candidates with HRS may improve post-transplantation outcomes. Future studies identifying optimal vasoconstrictor regimens, alternative therapies, and factors predictive of response to therapy are needed. The appropriate use of SLKT in patients with HRS remains controversial and requires further evidence by the transplant community.

Pancreas transplantation in type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus

Although the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was once considered a contraindication to simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, a growing body of evidence has revealed that similar graft and patient survival can be achieved when compared to type 1 diabetes mellitus recipients. A cautious strategy regarding candidate selection may limit appropriate candidates from additional benefits in terms of quality of life and potential amelioration of secondary side effects of the disease process. Although our current understanding of the disease has changed, uniform listing characteristics to better define and study this population have limited available data and must be established.

Exocrine drainage in vascularized pancreas transplantation in the new millennium

The history of vascularized pancreas transplantation largely parallels developments in immunosuppression and technical refinements in transplant surgery. From the late-1980 s to 1995, most pancreas transplants were whole organ pancreatic grafts with insulin delivery to the iliac vein and diversion of the pancreatic ductal secretions to the urinary bladder(systemic-bladder technique). The advent of bladder drainage revolutionized the safety and improved the success of pancreas transplantation. However, starting in 1995, a seismic change occurred from bladder to bowel exocrine drainage coincident with improvements in immunosuppression, preservation techniques, diagnostic monitoring, general medical care, and the success and frequency of enteric conversion. In the new millennium, pancreas transplants are performed predominantly as pancreatico-duodenal grafts with enteric diversion of the pancreatic ductal secretions coupled with iliac vein provision of insulin(systemic-enteric technique) although the systemic-bladder technique endures as a preferred alternative in selected cases. In the early 1990 s, a novel technique of venous drainage into the superior mesenteric vein combined with bowel exocrine diversion(portal-enteric technique) was designed and subsequently refined over the next ≥ 20 years to recreate the natural physiology of the pancreas with firstpass hepatic processing of insulin. Enteric drainage usually refers to jejunal or ileal diversion of the exocrine secretions either with a primary enteric anastomosis or with an additional Roux limb. The portal-enteric technique has spawned a number of newer and revisited techniques of enteric exocrine drainage including duodenal or gastric diversion. Reports in the literature suggest no differences in pancreas transplant outcomes irrespective of type of either venous or exocrine diversion. The purpose of this review is to examine theliterature on exocrine drainage in the new millennium(the purported "enteric drainage" era) with special attention to technical variations and nuances in vascularized pancreas transplantation that have been proposed and studied in this time period.

Mortality assessment for pancreas transplants in the United States over the decade 2008-2018

BACKGROUND Pancreas transplant is the only treatment that establishes normal glucose levels for patients diagnosed with diabetes.However,since 2005,no comprehensive analysis has compared survival outcomes of:(1)Simultaneous pancreas-kidney(SPK)transplant;(2)Pancreas after kidney(PAK)transplant;and(3)Pancreas transplant alone(PTA)to waitlist survival.AIM To explore the outcomes of pancreas transplants in the United States during the decade 2008-2018.METHODS Our study utilized the United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research file.Pre-and post-transplant recipient and waitlist characteristics and the most recent recipient transplant and mortality status were used.We included all patients with type I diabetes listed for pancreas or kidneypancreas transplant between May 31,2008 and May 31,2018.Patients were grouped into one of three transplant types:SPK,PAK,or PTA.RESULTS The adjusted Cox proportional hazards models comparing survival between transplanted and non-transplanted patients in each transplant type group showed that patients who underwent an SPK transplant exhibited a significantly reduced hazard of mortality[hazard ratio(HR)=0.21,95%confidence intervals(CI):0.19-0.25]compared to those not transplanted.Neither PAK transplanted patients(HR=1.68,95%CI:0.99-2.87)nor PTA patients(HR=1.01,95%CI:0.53-1.95)experienced significantly different hazards of mortality compared to patients who did not receive a transplant.CONCLUSION When assessing each of the three transplant types,only SPK transplant offered a survival advantage compared to patients on the waiting list.PKA and PTA transplanted patients demonstrated no significant differences compared to patients who did not receive a transplant.

Pancreas transplantation: The Wake Forest experience in the new millennium

AIM: To investigate the Wake Forest experience with pancreas transplantation in the new millennium with attention to surgical techniques and immunosuppression. METHODS: A monocentric, retrospective review of outcomes in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant(SKPT) and solitary pancreas transplant(SPT) recipients was performed. All patients underwent pancreas transplantation as intent-to-treat with portal venous and enteric exocrine drainage and received depleting antibody induction; maintenance therapy included tapered steroids or early steroid elimination with my-cophenolate and tacrolimus. Recipient selection was based on clinical judgment whether or not the patient exhibited measureable levels of C-peptide. RESULTS: Over an 11.25 year period, 202 pancreas transplants were performed in 192 patients including 162 SKPTs and 40 SPTs. A total of 186(92%) were primary and 16(8%) pancreas retransplants; portalenteric drainage was performed in 179 cases. A total of 39 pancreas transplants were performed in African American(AA) patients; of the 162 SKPTs, 30 were performed in patients with pretransplant C-peptide levels > 2.0 ng/m L. In addition, from 2005-2008, 46 SKPT patients were enrolled in a prospective study of single dose alemtuzumab vs 3-5 doses of rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction therapy. With a mean follow-up of 5.7 in SKPT vs 7.7 years in SPT recipients, overall patient(86% SKPT vs 87% SPT) and kidney(74% SKPT vs 80% SPT) graft survival rates as well as insulin-free rates(both 65%) were similar(P = NS). Although mortality rates were nearly identical in SKPT compared to SPT recipients, patterns and timing of death were different as no early mortality occurred in SPT recipients whereas the rates of mortality following SKPT were 4%, 9% and 12%, at 1-, 3- and 5-years follow-up, respectively(P < 0.05). The primary cause of graft loss in SKPT recipients was death with a functioning graft whereas the major cause of graft loss following SPT was acute and chronic rejection. The overall incidence of acute rejection was 29% in SKPT and 27.5% in SPT recipients(P = NS). Lower rates of acute rejection and major infection were evidenced in SKPT patients receiving alemtuzumab induction therapy. Comparable kidney and pancreas graft survival rates were observed in AA and non-AA recipients despite a higher prevalence of a "type 2 diabetes" phenotype in AA. Results comparable to those achieved in insulinopenic diabetics were found in the transplantation of type 2 diabetics with detectable C-peptide levels.CONCLUSION: In the new millennium, acceptablemedium-term outcomes can be achieved in SKPT and SPTs as nearly 2/3rds of patients are insulin independent following pancreas transplantation.

超声造影在胰腺移植中的研究进展

胰腺移植治疗糖尿病,尤其是胰肾联合移植应用于治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病的临床效果日益改善,使得越来越多的移植中心开展胰腺移植手术。但复杂的手术和各种并发症,降低了患者和移植物的生存率。特别是术后早期较高的血管并发症发生率。而超声造影在胰腺移植术后的应用越来越显示出了优越性。本文主要就超声造影在胰腺移植术后血管评估、供体胰腺评估、血栓形成、预测胰岛素分泌能力、排斥反应及并发症方面的应用加以综述,以期为胰腺移植的临床应用和深入研究提供参考。

2型糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者同期胰肾联合移植术后危险因素:UNOS数据库50230例分析

目的比较2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并终末期肾病(ESRD)患者行同期胰肾联合移植(SPKT)或尸体肾移植(DDKT)后的移植肾及患者生存情况,并分析SPKT术后影响患者存活的危险因素。方法获取美国器官资源共享网络(UNOS)数据库中2003年1月27日-2021年1月1日接受肾脏移植患者的临床及预后资料。根据纳入、排除标准最终纳入50230例,其中DDKT组48669例,SPKT组1561例。采用Kaplan-Meier法比较两组受者的移植肾及患者存活情况,并通过倾向性评分匹配(PSM)均衡组间混杂因素。采用Cox回归模型分析SPKT术后影响患者生存的独立危险因素。结果与DDKT组比较,SPKT组受者的中位年龄小(P<0.001)、男性占比高(P<0.001)、BMI低(P<0.001)、透析时间和移植等待时间短(P<0.001)、私人医保占比高(P<0.001)、既往移植占比低(P<0.001)、糖尿病确诊年龄低(P<0.001)、外周血管病史少(P=0.033);与DDKT组比较,SPKT组供者的中位年龄小(P<0.001)、男性占比高(P<0.001)、BMI低(P<0.001)、高血压病史和糖尿病史少见(P<0.001);在移植相关因素上,与DDKT组比较,SPKT组的供肾冷缺血时间短(P<0.001)、HLA错配程度高(P<0.001)、KDPI低(P<0.001)。与DDKT组比较,SPKT组出院时血肌酐水平低(P<0.001)、术后移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)发生率和AR发生率低(P<0.001),住院时间长(P<0.001)。原始和PSM后的Kaplan-Meier生存分析曲线均显示SPKT组的移植肾和患者存活率明显高于DDKT组(P<0.001)。Cox回归模型分析显示,受者年龄、受者种族、供者年龄和供肾冷缺血时间是影响SPKT术后患者存活的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论T2DM合并ESRD患者行SPKT较DDKT的远期移植肾和患者存活率高。受者年龄、受者种族、供者年龄和供肾冷缺血时间是影响SPKT术后患者存活的独立危险因素。

Alcohol associated liver disease and bariatric surgery:Current perspectives and future directions

Bariatric surgery is a routinely performed procedure and is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in patients with obesity.However,bariatric sur-gery has also been linked to increased alcohol use with up to 30%of these patients developing alcohol use disorder(AUD).The mechanism of AUD after bariatric surgery is multifactorial and includes anatomic,metabolic,and neurohumoral changes associated with post-surgical anatomy.These patients are at increased risk of alcohol associated liver disease and,in some cases,require liver trans-plantation.In this article,we provide a scoping review of epidemiology,patho-physiology,and clinical outcomes of alcohol-related health conditions after bariatric surgery.

胰肾联合移植受者病原菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的探讨胰肾联合移植供、受者病原菌分布特点及耐药特征。方法回顾性分析231例胰肾联合移植供、受者的临床资料。供、受者标本采用VITEK-2分析仪进行病原菌鉴定,K-B法进行药敏试验。分析供受者标本病原菌来源分布与构成比、多重耐药菌分布特征、受者感染发生情况及病原菌耐药特征。结果供者1294份标本共培养出395株病原菌,检出率为30.53%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌主要为白假丝酵母菌。受者10507份标本共培养出2690株病原菌,检出率为25.60%。革兰阴性菌以嗜麦芽假单胞菌为主,革兰阳性菌以屎肠球菌为主,真菌主要为白假丝酵母菌。供者395株病原菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)15株、产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)阳性耐药菌16株、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CR-PA)8株、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CR-AB)21株、耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)2株、多重耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDR/PDR-PA)1株;受者2690株病原菌中,ESBL阳性耐药菌73株、CR-PA 44株、CR-AB 31株、MDR/PDR-PA 3株。受者发生供者来源性感染1例,术后1年内发生肺炎69例、泌尿系统感染52例、腹腔感染35例、血行感染2例。革兰阴性菌对部分抗生素耐药;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感;真菌对两性霉素B敏感。结论革兰阴性菌是SPK受者主要感染病原菌,对部分抗生素耐药,未获得培养结果前可经验性应用抗生素,后根据结果合理选用敏感抗生素以提高SPK受者生存率。

两种胰液引流术式的胰肾联合移植临床效果比较

目的 分析53例糖尿病并终末期肾病患者行同期胰肾联合移植不同胰液引流术式的临床效果对比。方法 2010年5月至2019年12月广西医科大学第二附属医院移植医学中心完成了53例同期胰肾联合移植手术,其中胰液膀胱引流(bladder drainage,BD)术式22例,胰液空肠引流(enteric drainage,ED)术式组31例。对比两组不同胰液引流术式受者的移植肾功能延迟恢复发生率、术后移植胰腺功能延迟恢复发生率、胰腺冷缺血时间、移植胰腺1年生存率、手术时间、再手术率、术中总输血量、术后1个月血糖变化、其他并发症等。结果 53例胰肾联合移植手术成功,随访4~90个月,在22例BD术式中,有1例患者发生坏死性胰腺炎,切除胰腺。3例患者出现移植肾功能延迟恢复,有1例患者移植肾功能延迟恢复,恢复有尿后发生出血性膀胱炎,后并发肺部感染而死亡。移植后(14.2±5.1)d空腹血糖降至正常,(9.5±4.2)d停止使用胰岛素,(10.4±6.5)d肾功能恢复正常。平均住院时间为(21.4±7.3)d,术后出现并发症有移植胰腺静脉血栓2例,泌尿系感染1例,移植胰淋巴漏1例,切口感染1例,他克莫司中毒1例、移植肾急性排斥反应1例。21例患者长期存活。在31例ED术式组中,术后(12.2±5.1)d空腹血糖降至正常,(7.3±3.2)d停止使用胰岛素,(11.2±5.7)d肾功能恢复正常。平均住院时间为(18.6±6.6)d,2例患者术后出现移植胰腺静脉血栓形成,切除胰腺。2例患者出现坏死性胰腺炎,切除胰腺。移植肾急性排斥反应(经活检证实)2例,移植胰切口感染2例,他克莫司中毒1例。31例患者长期长期存活。结论 胰肾联合移植胰液空肠引流术式组受者并没有增加手术风险,且受者及移植物存活率未受影响,患者生活质量高于膀胱引流组,胰肾联合移植手术胰液空肠引流术式的临床效果和安全性较好,临床上值得推广。

胰腺移植术后早期移植胰腺血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的评估胰腺移植术后早期血栓形成的危险因素。方法选取2015年1月至2019年8月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二三医院46例脑死亡器官捐献(donation after brain death,DBD)供体同期胰肾联合移植(simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation,SPK)受者及2019年11月至2023年7月在广西医科大学第二附属医院30例DBD供体SPK受者,根据是否发生血栓分为血栓组及无血栓组。对两组受者进行回顾性研究,评估供受体的特征与胰腺移植术后早期血栓形成的危险因素。结果供受体年龄增加与胰腺血栓形成关系不大(P>0.05),受体体重指数(body mass index,BMI)与移植胰腺血栓形成关系密切(P=0.01),胰腺外分泌液引流选择方式对移植胰腺血栓关系不大(P=0.49),采用动脉或静脉来延长供胰静脉与胰腺移植术后血栓形成有关(P=0.02),接受肝素后序贯用阿司匹林比单用阿司匹林的受者血栓形成的发生率较低(P=0.04)。供者淀粉酶的变化是移植胰腺血栓形成的危险因素(P=0.04),受者术后第7天D二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)的变化提示移植胰腺血栓的形成。结论受者BMI、动脉或静脉延长供胰静脉、是否使用肝素、供体淀粉酶变化是胰腺移植术后早期血栓形成的危险因素。

单中心胰肾联合移植的远期疗效观察

目的回顾性分析单中心58例胰肾联合移植的远期疗效及相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二三医院器官移植科2010年5月至2019年12月完成的58例胰肾联合移植手术受者和移植器官的存活率,并分析移植器官功能丢失和受者死亡原因。结果1、3、5、8年受者生存率分别为98.28%、98.28%、92.24%、89.99%,移植胰腺存活率分别为86.21%、84.48%、78.40%、76.16%,移植肾存活率分别为98.28%、98.28%、82.83%、80.60%,胰液膀胱引流(bladder drainage,BD)术式1、3、5、8年生存率为96.15%、96.15%、86.73%、86.73%,胰液空肠引流(enteric drainage,ED)术式1、3、5、8年生存率为100%、100%、96.67%、93.33%(P=0.187)。结论胰肾联合移植对于终末期糖尿病肾病的远期疗效较好,ED术式可能会有更好的长期预后,外科并发症是影响胰肾联合移植远期疗效的主要因素,器官排斥反应、感染和受者带功死亡也是移植器官功能丢失的重要因素。