Eco-physiological characteristics of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.saplings in response to different light intensities

The regeneration of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.is poor in the understory and in open areas due to the charac-teristics of natural regeneration of the species on forest edges and in gaps.It is unclear whether different light intensities in various habitats affect eco-physiological characteristics of saplings and their natural regeneration.In this study,the light intensity in T.sinense habitats was simulated by artificial shading(L1:100%NS(natural sunlight)in the open;L2:50%NS in a forest gap or edge;L3:10%NS in understory)to investigate differences in morphology,leaf structure,physiology,and photosynthesis of 2-year-old sap-lings,and to analyze the mechanism of light intensity on sapling establishment.Significant differences were observed in morphology(including leaf area,and specific leaf area)under different light intensities.Compared to L1 and L3,chloroplast structure in L2 was intact.With increasing time,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in L2 became gradually higher than under the other light intensities,while malondialdehyde(MDA)content was opposite.Shading decreased osmoregulation substance contents of leaves but increased chlorophyll.The results suggest that light intensities significantly affect the eco-physiological characteristics of T.sinense saplings and they would respond most favorably at intermediate levels of light by optimizing eco-physiological characteristics.Therefore,50%natural sunlight should be created to promote saplings establishment and population recovery of T.sinense during in situ conservation,including sowing mature seeds in forest edges or gaps and providing appropriate shade protection for seedlings and saplings in the open.

Effects of Different Fertilization Modes on Growth of Cymbidium sinense ‘Qihei'

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen the best fertilization mode for potted Cymbidium sinense ＇Qihei＇. [Method] According to the contents of the N, P and K elements in C. sinense ＇Qihei＇ and the main fertilization modes used by producers and related literature information, the effects of 8 kinds of fertilization models on the growth of C. sinense ＇Qihei＇ were studied. Twenty six morphologic and physiological indexes of C. sinense ＇Qihei＇ growth were measured. [Result] Significant differences were shown on 21 indexes. [Conclusion] Based on the 26 in- dexes, the best fertilization mode included the steps of applying 14-14-14 （N-P20^- K20） slow-release fertilizer particles （8 g per bag） once in April, July and October, respectively; drip-applying 800 times of 30-10-10 water-soluble fertilizer once every half a month from April to September; and drip-applying 800 times of 15-5-30 wa- ter-soluble fertilizer （150 ml） once every half a month from October to December.

Cloning of Syntaxin Gene in Limonium sinense Kuntzet

[Objective] The aim was to clone Syntaxin genes in Limonium sinense Kuntze. [Method] Limonium sinense Kuntze leaves were used as materials and total RNA was extracted and transcribed reversely. Nested primers were designed based on EST sequences at 5’ region of Syntaxin, and cDNA obtained through reverse reaction was taken as the template. Sequences of Syntaxin gene at 3’ region were obtained through two rounds of PCR amplifications. [Result] DNA fragments （1 096 bp） were obtained. For LsSyntaxin, open reading frame （ORF） was 816 bp and the encoded amino acids were 271. The relative molecular weight of Syntaxin was 30 254.3 Da and isoelectric point in theory was 5.55. [Conclusion] Syntaxin genes from Limonium sinense Kuntze were cloned. The research laid foundation for the study on Syntaxin gene function in Limonium sinense Kuntze and salt-secreted process.

A novel alkaloid from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang

A new alkaloid,sinensine(1),had been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang.Its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D spectral analysis.This alkaloid exhibited activity in protecting the injury induced by hydrogen peroxide oxidation on HUVEC,with EC_(50) value 6.2μmol/L.

Leaf phenotypic variation of endangered plant Tetracentron sinense Oliv.and influence of geographical and climatic factors

To analyze the degree and pattern of phenotypic variation in leaves of Tetracentron sinense Oliv from the perspective of genetic and environmental adaptation and thus contribute to effective evidence-based conservation and management strategies for germplasm resources,we measured 17 morphological and epidermal micromorphological leaf traits from 24 natural populations of T.sinense.Nested analysis of variance,multiple comparison,principal component analysis(PCA),cluster analysis,and correlation analysis were used to explore phenotypic leaf variation among and within populations and potential correlations with geographic and environmental factors.There were significant differences in 17 leaf phenotypic traits among and within populations.The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient of the 17 traits was 56.34%,and the variation among populations(36.4%)was greater than that within populations(27.2%).The coefficient of variation(CV)of each trait ranged from 4.6 to 23.8%,and the mean was 11.8%.Phenotypic variation of leaves was related to environmental factors such as average annual sunshine hours,average July temperature,and average annual rainfall.The variation changed along gradients of longitude,latitude,and altitude.The PCA clustered the 24 natural populations into four groups.Our study suggests that phenotypic variation in T.sinense occurred primarily among populations,with moderate levels of phenotypic differentiation among populations and low levels of phenotypic variation within populations.The plant’s poor adaptability to the environment is likely an important contributor to its endangerment.Accordingly,conservation strategies are proposed to protect and manage the natural populations of T.sinense.

New alkaloids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense

Four new alkaloids,sinensines B-E(1-4),together with one known alkaloid,sinensine(5),were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra analysis.The structure of sinensine E was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its acetyl product(4a).

Anatomical and FTIR analyses of phloem and xylem of Tetracentron sinense

The fast growth of Tetracentron sinense is a potential valuable timber resource, but whether its anatomy and chemical components are suitable for timber is unknown. We used light microscopy and SEM to examine the anatomical structure and FITR to measure the chemical components of the phloem and xylem of this tree. Radial variations in growth ring width and tracheid dimensions were also evaluated. The sieve tube, phloem parenchyma cell and sclereids clusters were the main cells in phloem, and the tracheid was the fundamental cell in xylem. An unusual tracheid type, fiber-tracheids or vessel-liked elements was visible. Wood rays nonstoried, uniseriate and multiseriate, including heterogeneous II, occasionally I, and usually 3-6 cells wide. The mean growth-ring width was 2.53 +/- 0.46 mm, and the percentage of late wood was over 60%. For radial variation, growth-ring width increased at an early growth stage, and reached the largest increment during years 11-15, then decreased. The maximum growth-ring width was 5.313 mm. During late growth (60-85 years), trees also maintained a high radial growth increment. Radial variation in the percentage of late wood was uniform, about 50-70%, throughout the growth years. Growth patterns in the length and width of early and late wood were similar as the trees aged. From the FTIR results, the chemical components differed significantly between xylem and phloem, hemicellulose in particular was higher in the xylem than in the phloem, where it was apparently absent. All of these suggest that the composition of phloem in T. sinense is very similar to that of hardwood, and it has higher growth ratio and uniform wood properties.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TETRACETRON SINENSE MWL

The Structural nature of Tctracctron sinense MWL is characterized by means of Chemical analysis.GC,IR,’H NMR and C（13） NMR spectra.The researches indicated that the MWL is of guaiacyl—syringyl type.The main connective form between structural units is β—O—4aryl ether bonds.The quantity of β—O—4 and 5—5 substructures is 0.53/C9 and 0.06/C9,respectively.The alipatic and phenolic hydroxy contents are respectively.The OCH3 content is estimated by C（13）NMR is spectrum （1.14/C9）,which is con-sistent with chemical method（1.11/C9） The degree of condensetion of the MWL is 0.51/C9（from ’HNMR）,which is consistent with the result from C（13）NMR.

STUDY ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF BENZENE AND ALCOHOL EXTRACTIVES OF TRACEUTRON SINENSE OLIVE

The wood powder of Tetracentron Sinense Olive was extracted with the benzene and alcohol (2:1 v/v). Then, the extractive is analyzed in Gc and Gc-Ms.Twenty chemical constitutions of the extractive are separated and identified, which are as follows: calamenene; 2. 6,10-trimethyldihexyl; 3 -methoxybenzaldehyde; Methyl- 4- methox- ybenzoate; 4- methoxyphenylacetone; 3. 4- dimethoxybenzaldehyde;. 3. 4 -dimethoxyhypnone; methyl-3. 4-dimethoxybenzoate, Methyl-4-methoxyphenylacrylate,4,4-dimethoxycabonyl-diphenylethane; Methyl-3, 4,5 - erimethoxybenzoate; Methyl - 3. 4 -dimethoxyphenylacrylate; Methyl-myristate; Methyl - palmate, Methyl- zoomarate;Methyl-stearate; Methyl-oleate; Methyl-arachidate; Methyl-behenate, Dimethyl -azelate.

墨兰AP3基因过表达载体构建及遗传转化铁皮石斛

为探讨墨兰(Cymbidium sinense)AP3基因在兰花唇瓣中的功能,基于前期从墨兰转录组中得到的AP3基因序列,通过PCR技术构建墨兰AP3基因过表达载体,利用农杆菌EHA105转化铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)原球茎,建立遗传转化体系。经PCR验证,20棵抗性苗中获得9棵阳性苗,其阳性苗率达45%,成功将墨兰AP3基因导入铁皮石斛。

华中特有珍稀植物裸芸香的AFLP遗传多样性分析

采用选择性扩增片段多态性(AFLP)方法对华中特有单种属植物裸芸香(Psilopeganum sinense)的8个自然居群的遗传多样性进行了检测与分析。结果表明:裸芸香的遗传多样性较低,且居群内遗传多样性显著低于物种水平遗传多样性。筛选出的5对引物共得到180个位点,76个为多态位点,多态位点百分率为42.2%,8个居群多态位点百分率为:3.3%～16.7%,居群平均多态位点百分率为9.4%;8个居群Nei多样性指数为0.01987～0.06987,Shannon’s多样性指数为0.0197～0.0816。居群间分化系数Gst=0.5069,居群间基因流为0.2432,不足以维持居群间的基因交流及现有的遗传结构。AMOVA分析表明总遗传变异的13.17%存在于4个地理区域之间,50.45%存在于地理区域内的居群间,36.38%的遗传变异存在于居群内个体间。NTSYS分析表明遗传距离与地理距离不存在相关关系。UPGMA聚类结果表明长江南北两岸的居群并没有产生明显分化。最后,分析了裸芸香的濒危原因并提出了有效的保育措施。

NaCl胁迫对中华补血草活性氧清除能力的影响

[目的]探讨NaCl胁迫对中华补血草活性氧清除能力的影响。[方法]用500 mmol/L NaCl对中华补血草进行处理,分别测定叶片渗透势,MDA含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。[结果]MDA含量能维持较低水平,但在处理5 d时达到最高点,而3种抗氧化酶活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,在处理的第5天降至最低,与MDA含量测定结果一致。[结论]补血草在短时间NaCl处理时能依靠抗氧化酶系统及时清除活性氧,减少氧化损伤,维持生长。

Application of 2D-NMR Techniques in the Structure Determination of Hypodematine

A novel alkaloid,named hypodematine,was isolated from the whole plant of a fern.Htpodematium sinemse lwatsuki.Its structure has been elucidated to have a novel skeleton of benzo-azacyclooctatetraene with a phenyl substituent by means of ~1H-~1H COSY.~1H-(13)C COSY.and long-range ~1H-^(13)C COSY spectroscopy.

蛋白质变性剂和金属离子对中华皮蝇单体乳酸脱氢酶活力的影响

为了分析蛋白质变性剂和金属离子对从中华皮蝇（Hypoderma sinense）幼虫中纯化的单体乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活力的影响，分别用3种蛋白质变性剂[尿素、盐酸胍、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）]以及8种二价金属离子在体外处理纯化的中华皮蝇LDH，再测定其酶活力。结果表明，中华皮蝇LDH对蛋白质变性剂尿素有一定的耐受性，对SDS敏感；在1~20 mmol/L浓度范围内，大多数二价金属离子对LDH活力有不同程度的抑制作用，但3 mmol/L的Co2＋对LDH活力有很强的促进作用，这不同于其他来源的LDH。该研究结果提示中华皮蝇LDH具有较高的抗变性能力，对高浓度Co2＋的需求可能是其重要特征之一。

氧氟沙星与左氧氟沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

以15 mg/kg的剂量分别对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)单次肌注氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星,运用反相高效液相色谱法,测定了中华绒螯蟹血淋巴和肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢、卵巢中氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星的浓度,分别阐明了它们在中华绒螯蟹各组织中的残留消除规律。结果显示,氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星在中华绒螯蟹血淋巴内的药物-曲线时间关系符合开放性二室模型,其药代动力学方程分别为:Ct=21.31e-0.497t+9.779e-0.035t和Ct=74.938e-1.822t+20.811e-0.038t。氧氟沙星在肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢、卵巢的消除半衰期分别为88.89、65.02、83.26、114.76 h。左氧氟沙星在肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢、卵巢的消除半衰期分别为86.03、344.83、106.19、154.73 h。结果表明,相同给药剂量下,左氧氟沙星在体内浓度更高,分布更广,对于中华绒螯蟹的细菌性疾病有着更好的预防与治疗作用。

Characterization and Anti-tumor Activity of Glycopeptides from Ganoderma sinensis

The water-soluble part（GS） of Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang was divided into high molecular（GS-H） and low molecular（GS-L） parts by Cellulose Super Filtration, and GS was also fractionated into four fractions, GS-1, 2, 3, and 4 by ethanol precipitation according to their molecular weights. Chemical analysis shows that GS and GS-1, 2, 3, 4 were complexes of polysaccharide and peptide. The fractions with molecular weights over 4000, GS-1, 2, 3, and GS-H show anti-tumor activities, however, the fractions with molecular weights lower than 4000, GS-4, and GS-L have no anti-tumor activity, indicating that the anti-tumor activity of Ganoderma Sinensis was caused by glucopeptides with molecular weight ranging from 4000 to 20000. Two purified glucopeptides, GS-6b and GS-7b were obtained from GS-H by ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Their molecular weights, glycosidic linkages, and configurations were detected by means of IR spectrum, sugar composition analysis, and methylation analysis. The polysaccharide parts of GS-6b and GS-7b had glucan backbone consisting of β-1→3 Glc, and side chain containing glucosyl, mannosyl, fucosyl, xylosyl, galactosyl, and glucuronic acid residues attached on 1-2, 1-4, 1-6 positions of the backbone of GS-6b, or 1-6, 1-4 positions of the backbone of GS-7b. The peptide parts in GS-6b and GS-7b were composed of 10 kinds of amino acids, including Asp, Ser, Arg, Gly, Thr, Pro, Ala, Val, Met, and Lys.

Food web structure and trophic levels in polyculture ricecrab fields

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to investigate nutrient pathways and trophic relationships from the rice-crab system in Panjin, Liaoning Province, China. Values of 313C ranged from -27.38%±0.44%o to -18.34%±0.26%o and δ^15N ranged from 1.10%o4-0.88%o to 9.33%±0.57%. Pseudorasbora parva （Stone moroko） had the highest δ^13C and 8tSN values. The lowest δ^13C values were obtained for the macrophytes and the lowest δ^15N value was found in sediments. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the contribution of different food items to the diets of crabs. The δ^13C results indicated that the Pseudorasbora parva made the greatest contribution to the diet of Eriocheir sinensis （Chinese mitten crab）, while the δ^15N results indicated that most food items contributed more than 10% to the diet of the crab. There were three trophic levels identified in the system （Levels 0-2）. The crab Eriocheir sinensis, fish Pseudorasbora parva and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （Oriental weatherfish）, and the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri （Limnodrilus worm）, were at the second level, zooplankton were at the first level and suspended particulate matter and macrophytes were at trophic position 0.

广东地区墨兰和大花蕙兰炭疽病菌的鉴定

对广东省部分地区栽培墨兰(Cymbidium sinense(Jackson ex Andr.)Willd.)和大花蕙兰(C.hybridumL.)上普遍发生的炭疽菌(Colletotrichum)病害进行了鉴定.经病原菌分离培养、致病性测定及病原菌形态观察和内部转录间隔区(Internal transcribed space,ITS)、β-微管蛋白(β-tubulin)序列分析,结果表明,墨兰炭疽病由博宁炭疽菌(Colletotrichum boninese J.Moriwaki,Toy Sato&T.Tsukiboshi)、胶孢炭疽菌(C.gloeospori-oides Penz.)引起,而大花蕙兰炭疽病仅由胶孢炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides Penz.)引起.

墨兰和蝴蝶兰镰刀菌病害的鉴定

对广东栽培墨兰(Cymbidium sinense (Andr.) Willd.)和蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume)的镰刀菌病害进行了鉴定.经症状观察、病原菌分离培养与回接、病原菌形态观察和内部转录间隔区(Internal transcribed space,ITS)、延伸因子-1α(Elongation factor-1α,EF-1α)序列分析,鉴定出墨兰茎腐病、蝴蝶兰茎基腐病和蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病等3种镰刀菌病害,其病原菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄镰刀菌(F.solani)和藤仓镰刀菌(F.Fujikuroi).其中,蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病(F.fujikuroi)为兰花上首次报道.

附生兰科植物华石斛的克隆生长特性

华石斛为兰科石斛属多年生附生植物,其在自然条件下结实率低,种子萌发条件苛刻。除了有性繁殖,华石斛也可以克隆繁殖。本研究在海南省霸王岭设置5条样带,对样带内的华石斛进行种群监测,研究克隆生长对华石斛种群生态的影响。结果表明:华石斛属于鳞茎型的密集克隆植物,假鳞茎间隔约0.35 cm。个体通过在一年生假鳞茎的基部形成新芽并借助分株间的物质能量传递完成生根展叶,如此循环来延长基株寿命。华石斛的分枝强度随着个体年龄的增长而增强,同一基株不同的分株生长情况差异很大。华石斛基株规模不会无限扩大,植株会根据分株密度自动调节拓展速度。华石斛的克隆生长为有性繁殖提供物质能量储备,并且通过增加生长轴而创造更多的有性生殖位点。本研究有助于华石斛生态种群的保育,并对其他相似特性的种群生物学研究提供参考。