Research into comprehensive gas extraction technology of single coal seams with low permeability in the Jiaozuo coal mining area

For a low permeability single coal seam prone to gas outbursts, pre-drainage of gas is difficult and inefficient, seriously restricting the safety and efficiency of production. Radical measures of increasing gas extraction efficiency are pressure relief and infrared antireflection. We have analyzed the effect of mining conditions and the regularity of mine pressure distribution in front of the working face of a major coal mine of the Jiaozuo Industrial （Group） Co. as our test area, studied the width of the depressurization zone in slice mining and analyzed gas efficiency and fast drainage in the advanced stress relaxation zone. On that basis, we further investigated and practiced the exploitation technology of shallow drilling, fan dril- ling and grid shape drilling at the working face. Practice and our results show that the stress relaxation zone is the ideal region for quick and efficient extraction of gas. By means of an integrated extraction technology, the amount of gas emitted into the zone was greatly reduced, while the risk of dangerous outbursts of coal and gas was lowered markedly. This exploration provides a new way to control for gas in working faces of coal mines with low permeability and risk of gas outbursts of single coal seams in the Jiaozuo mining area.

Evaluation of roof cutting by directionally single cracking technique in automatic roadway formation for thick coal seam mining

Automatic roadway formation by roof cutting is a sustainable nonpillar mining method that has the potential to increase coal recovery,reduce roadway excavation and improve mining safety.In this method,roof cutting is the key process for stress relief,which significantly affects the stability of the formed roadway.This paper presents a directionally single cracking(DSC)technique for roof cutting with considerations of rock properties.The mechanism of the DSC technique was investi-gated by explicit finite element analyses.The DSC technique and roof cutting parameters were evaluated by discrete element simulation and field experiment.On this basis,the optimized DSC technique was tested in the field.The results indicate that the DSC technique could effectively control the blast-induced stress distribution and crack propagation in the roof rock,thus,achieve directionally single cracking on the roadway roof.The DsC technique for roof cutting with optimized parameters could effectively reduce the deformation and improve the stability of the formed roadway.Field engineering application verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluated DSC technique for roof cutting.

Reflectivity forward modeling and a CSSI method seismic inversion study of igneous intrusive area,coked area,and gas-enriched area located within a coal seam

We applied the reflectivity method and the constrained sparse spike inverse modeling(CSSI) method to the interpretation of coal field lithologic seismic data.After introducing the principles of these two methods we discuss some parameters of a geological model involving possible gas enriched areas or intruded igneous rock.The geological model was constructed and a 60 Hz seismic response profile was obtained looking for igneous rock intrusion and coked areas of the coal seam using the reflectivity method.Starting from synthesized logging data from two wells and a synthesized seismic wavelet we calibrated the model to show accurate strata.Finally,we predicted the lithology within a 10 m igneous rock area,a 3 m coal seam area,and a coked area using the CSSI technique.The results show that the CSSI technique can identify hard to recognize lithologic features that normal profil-ing methods might miss.It can quantitatively analyze and evaluate the intrusive area,the coked area,and the gas-enriched area.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

Numerical simulation and damage analysis of fissure field evolution law in a single coal seam mining

Based on the different deformation and failure laws of coal and rock materials under tensile or compressive loads,the damage variable was defined to divide three phases from the damage and rupture point of view in order to reveal the fissured field evolution characteristics and spatial distribution of coal and rock in the single coal seam mining with low permeability and rich methane.According to the corresponding damage constitutive equations,the secondary development of the finite element program was completed.The fissures field evolution law of a coal mine with single coal seam mining was calculated and analyzed by this new program and the distribution areas and failure degree of the surrounding coal and rock structures with damage,fissure or rupture are given on the condition of mining.This paper provides a scientific basis for quantitative research and evaluation of the safe simultaneous production of coal and gas.

Ground pressure law of fully mechanized large cutting height face in extremely-soft thick seam and stability control in tip-to-face area

When stepped coal getting technology was applied to high seam mining working face, with field observations the following aspects of working face were analyzed based on the inherent conditions of extremely soft thick seam mined by Liangbei Mine, such as the brokenness and activity law of rock seam in the working face, the law of load-bearing of its supports, and the instability character of coal or rock in tip-to-face area. The following are the major laws. Pressure intensity of roof in high seam mining with extremely soft thick seam is stronger than one in slicing and sublevel-caving as a whole. But the greater crushing deformation of coal side makes pressure intensity of roof in the middle of working face be equivalent to one in sublevel-caving. In the middle of working face the roof brokenness has less dynamic load effect than roof brokenness in the two ends of working face. The brokenness instability of distinct pace of roof brings several load-bearings to supports. In condition of extremely soft thick seam, the ratio of resistance increment of supports in two ends of working face is obviously greater than that of supports in the middle. Most sloughing in coal side is triangular slop sloughing caused by shear slipping in high seam mining with extremely soft thick seam. Ultrahigh mining is the major reason for roof fall. Instability of coal or rock in tip-to-face area can be controlled effectively with the methods such as improving setting load of supports, mining along roof by reinforcing floor and protecting the immediate roof in time, and so on.

Determining areas in an inclined coal seam floor prone to water-inrush by micro-seismic monitoring

The failure depth of the coal seam floor is one important consideration that must be kept in mind when mining is carried out above a confined aquifer.Determining the floor failure depth is the essential precondition for predicting the water-resisting ability of the floor.We have used a high-precision microseismic monitoring technique to overcome the limited amount of data available from field measurements. The failure depth of a coal seam floor,especially an inclined coal seam floor,may be more accurately estimated by monitoring the continuous,dynamic failure of the floor.The monitoring results indicate the failure depth of the coal seam floor near the workface conveyance roadway（the lower crossheading） is deeper and that the failure range is wider here compared to the coal seam floor near the return airway（the upper crossheading）.The results of micro-seismic monitoring show that the dangerous area for water-inrush from the coal seam floor may be identified.This provides an important field measurement that helps ensure safe and highly efficient mining of the inclined coal seam above the confined aquifer at the Taoyuan Coal Mine.

Controlling Effects of Surrounding Rock to Coal Seam Gas Occurrence

Surrounding rock of coal seam was one of the important factors to gas occurrence. The coal seam gas occurrence was studied by the index of roof strata thickness or sand content rate;we found that there were certain shortcomings. In order to reasonably evaluate the influence of coal seam surrounding rock on gas occurrence in Panji mining area, we quantitatively evaluated the effect of coal seam surrounding rock on gas occurrence by influence coefficient of roof strata thickness, and built six mathematical models of the variational gas content in the mining area which is divided into six gas geological units. The results shows that the coal seam gas content is mainly influenced by 20 mroof strata in each gas geological unit, the gas content presents the tendency of increase, and with the influence coefficient of strata thickness increases, they exist a significant linear relationship.

Study and application of the influence of inclination angle on the cross-fusion mechanism of high gas thick coal seam

In this study,to better decide the effect of coal seam dip angle upon the dynamic change of the crossfusion in gas transport and storage areas during the progress of working face in the high gas thick coal seam,a two-dimensional physical simulation experiment regarded as the theoretical research was conducted to properly explore the variation law of overburden fracture.The results demonstrated that the boundary of the gas transport zone was located in the region of fracture separation.The boundary of the gas storage area was located in the abrupt penetration zone.Also,according to the information theory,the state of the gas transport and storage areas was determined by the changing trend of the fracture rate and fracture entropy.The mathematical representation model of the dip effect in gas transport and storage areas was established.The criteria upon which the regional location of the gas transport area and gas storage area can be based were put forward.The cross-fusion evolution process of the dip effect in gas transport and storage areas was revealed as well.The research results could provide guidance for realising directional and accurate gas extraction.

An improved rotated staggered grid fi nite difference scheme in coal seam

A coal seam is thin compared to the wavelength of seismic waves and usually shows strong anisotropy.It may form special geological formations,such as goafs and collapses,in coal mines.The existence of these formations may lead to instability in numerical simulations of the goaf area in a coal seam.The calculation speed of simulations is always a factor that restricts the development of simulation techniques.To improve the accuracy and effi ciency of seismic numerical simulations of goaf areas,an improved vacuum method has been incorporated into a rotated staggered grid scheme and calculations implemented by combining parallel computing and task parallelism.This ensures that the proposed numerical simulation method can be utilized in a geological model with large differences in elastic parameters among layers and improve the performance of a parallel application by enabling the full use of processor resources to expedite the calculations.We set up anisotropic coal seam models and then analyze numerically the characteristics of synthetic seismograms and snapshots of diff erent goaf areas with or without collapse.The results show that the proposed method can accurately simulate the goaf area and the calculation method can run with a high speed and parallel efficiency.The research will further advance the technology of anisotropic seismic exploration in coal fi elds,provide data for seismic inversion and build a theoretical support for coal mine disaster prediction.

特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术研究

为研究特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术,以金鸡滩煤矿117大采高综放工作面主采2-2煤层为工程背景,对已揭露2-2及2-2上煤层鉴定为易燃煤层,易发生氧化作用而产生自燃且回采期间联行密闭漏风,为精准确定117工作面采空区的危险区域和采空区的浮煤自燃情况,论文采用理论分析,现场监测分析的研究方法对煤层采空区危险带进行划分,通过采空区预埋管路进行测温,分析气体的成分,得到采空区及联络巷的漏风规律,判定进风巷采空区60~145 m、回风巷采空区45~125 m这两个区域是煤自燃防治的重点区域,提出了胶体压注系统、注氮防灭火系统等相结合的集“阻化、惰化、降温”为一体的综合防灭火技术,研发适合采空区隔离墙及联络巷的密闭快速堵漏风技术及工艺,实现采空区的漏风控制和煤自燃防治成功应用,为我国类似矿井危险区判定和防(灭)火工作提供了技术参考依据。

特厚煤层褶曲构造区冲击地压主控因素分析及防治研究

针对褶曲构造区特厚煤层开采冲击地压防治问题,以孟村煤矿401103工作面为例,深入分析了该工作面褶曲构造区冲击地压的主控因素,其中坚硬顶板破断释放的强动载和巷道围岩受构造应力作用存在的高静载极易诱发冲击地压。针对坚硬顶板强动载影响,在工作面采前,先采用地面水平井分段水力压裂处理上覆高位坚硬顶板;同时运用井下定向长钻孔水力压裂处理褶曲构造区上覆中位坚硬顶板,在回采过程中,超前实施顶板深孔预裂爆破处理上覆低位顶板,达到立体防治的目的,有效降低了坚硬顶板破断释放的强动载影响。针对巷道围岩高静载状态,对巷道帮部采取大直径水力扩孔掏槽卸压措施,在底板采取“钻-爆”联合卸压的强化卸压手段,进一步增大卸压范围,降低高静载应力水平。现场实践证明,对褶曲构造区特厚煤层开采采用以上动、静载分源防控措施,能大幅降低工作面冲击危险性,对类似条件下冲击地压煤层开采具有一定的指导、借鉴意义。

富水沟谷区浅埋煤层导水裂隙演化特征

富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。为了揭示沟谷区浅埋煤层在回采扰动作用下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以朱家峁煤矿1305-2工作面过沟谷区回采阶段为工程背景,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟与现场效果验证的方法,建立了覆岩裂隙−渗流场概念模型,开展了覆岩结构发育与微震能量演化研究,分析了覆岩变形与塑性破坏分布特征,提出了针对沟谷区下浅埋煤层导水裂隙防治措施,并应用于现场工程实践。结果表明:开采扰动下裂隙−渗流场模型呈“梯台”结构,并依次划分为初渗区域、稳渗区域、紊渗区域3个区域;将所研究矿井的工况数据代入模型结构,计算出各个渗透区域范围,并根据计算结果对矿井的稳渗区域采取注浆措施。工作面回采至沟谷区段,覆岩裂隙域形态呈现“拱形-梯形-复合梯形”的扩展演化特征,裂隙纵向发育高度达到163 m,并与沟谷区地表贯通。随工作面推进,地表裂隙依次经历“滑移-挤压-撕裂”过程;沟谷区域位移云图呈现出滞后开采“高位梯形”破断形态,在沟底处下沉位移最大,达3.47 m。针对开采导致的裂隙大范围扩展贯通,提出在地面进行采动裂缝注浆处理,在工作面上覆岩层进行注浆封堵,实现过沟谷区开采“井上−井下”联合防治,保证安全开采。该研究结果可为浅埋煤层的过沟谷区开采、采动裂隙防治及富水区“保水采煤”提供新的科学依据。

新集矿区深部1煤层底板奥灰岩溶突水危险性评价

奥灰岩溶裂隙含水层是影响华北型煤矿深部开采的重要水害,在水-岩相互作用下奥灰含水层易导致煤层底板突水。为进一步认识奥灰岩溶突水问题,文章以新集矿区深部1煤层开采为例,利用矿区近些年最新积累的奥灰钻孔资料,选取断层强度指数、断层交叉点与尖灭点、含水层水压、富水性、隔水层等效厚度、脆塑比7个因素作为奥灰岩溶突水的主控因素,并结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)确定各主控因素影响权重。运用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)空间分析功能建立各主控因素专题图,通过对专题栅格图归一化处理,将各主控因素按照权重进行空间复合叠加,最终获得1煤层底板奥灰岩溶突水危险性评价分区结果。将评价结果与突水系数法计算结果对比分析可知,基于GIS的煤层底板突水危险性评价方法更符合矿区实际地质情况,可以为矿区深部煤层开采与水害防治工作提供参考依据。

煤层底板含水层区域注浆改造浆液扩散范围现场示踪试验

近年来,为解放底板高承压灰岩水上煤炭资源,华北煤田普遍采用地面定向钻技术,对太原组薄层灰岩进行区域性注浆加固改造(习称“底板区域治理”),以全面封堵灰岩岩溶裂隙并阻断垂向导水通道。该技术中,与浆液扩散范围(半径)密切相关的“水平分支孔”孔间距设计问题,一直备受学界和业界的广泛关注。皖北矿区底板区域注浆工程量大,特别是深部资源开采,将有数十亿元的注浆工程,有必要查清浆液扩散范围真实数据。为此,以皖北矿区恒源煤矿为研究基地,依托Ⅱ63采区底板区域治理工程,设计并实施浆液扩散范围示踪试验,在中间的水平分支孔(Z8-7)投放荧光剂(示踪剂),在两侧的水平分支孔(Z8-6、Z8-8)以及交叉分支检测孔(Z8JC)取岩屑样鉴别荧光水泥,以获得浆液扩散范围,进而在浆液扩散影响因素分析基础上,构建恒源煤矿底板区域注浆治理浆液扩散范围计算公式。结果表明:①综合岩屑现场及室内鉴别结果分析,获得恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围为38.3~44.0 m,且水泥分布密集区在水平分支孔浆液扩散范围30 m以内,该区域内注浆效果最佳。②通过现场岩屑快速鉴别与室内岩屑精准鉴别,取得的浆液扩散范围基本一致,证明了荧光示踪浆液扩散范围的有效性。③通过对比分析,认为在计算参数、边界约束等符合实际注浆工况条件下,浆液扩散范围理论计算和数值模拟结果,与现场示踪试验实测结果较为接近。④利用示踪试验过程中的压水试验及注浆参数、钻遇构造及水文地质响应等数据,考虑重力、构造、地下水径流等因素影响,借助SPSS非线性拟合软件,得到恒源煤矿Ⅱ63采区底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围计算公式。⑤基于恒源煤矿受注层实际地质、水文地质条件,利用拟合的浆液扩散范围计算公式得出Ⅱ63采区Z8场地浆液扩散范围为37.8~42.9 m,与浆液扩散范围示踪试验实测结果相近,计算公式可在类似条件下推广应用。本次煤矿底板区域注浆浆液扩散范围现场示踪工程试验,不仅取得了浆液扩散范围的真实数据,而且阐明了浆液扩散与多种地质、水文地质因素之间的内在联系,揭示了超深、超长定向钻注浆浆液扩散机理,构建了浆液扩散范围计算公式,为类似条件下底板区域治理工程水平分支孔孔间距的合理设计提供了参考依据。

平顶山矿区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式与工程示范

平顶山矿区多煤层发育、含气层段多,仅靠井下进行瓦斯治理工程量大、难度高。为了开辟平顶山矿区瓦斯抽采新模式,达到“采一层抽多层”的目的,采用气测录井与含气量测试相结合的方法精准判识了煤系主要含气层段和含气量;采用体积法评价了东部5对矿井采动区和采空区的煤系气资源量。基于“O”形圈理论和“防-抗-让”思想,分别优化设计了采动井、采空井的井位、层位和井身结构,构建了采动区、采空区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式并进行了工程示范。结果表明:(1)二_(1)煤层顶板200 m范围内存在四煤组、三煤组、二_(1)煤层顶板60 m范围内的砂岩/泥质砂岩互层段等3处主要含气段。平顶山矿区东部5对矿井的采动区和采空区资源量分别为26.36×10~8 m^(3)和20.00×10~8 m^(3)。(2)采动井最佳井位为0.17~0.28倍采长,且靠近回风巷条带区域;走向上,采动井的间距一般为80~100 m。创建了“大口径、避开岩体变形强烈区、P110梯型扣套管”的采动直井稳孔技术体系和“下行水平轨迹+提高套管强度”的采动L型水平井稳产技术体系,保证了产气通道的畅通性。采空井一般布置在距离回风巷30~50 m的区域,完钻位置一般为二_(1)煤层顶板40~60 m的范围;筛管布置在四煤段顶板至裂隙带底部。(3)建立了“地面采动直井/定向井-采动L型水平井-采空井”联作的卸压立体抽采模式,实现了多气源立体抽采。截至2024年4月30日,累计抽采纯量达5258.8万m^(3),总利用量达到3735.4万m^(3),率先在河南省实现了煤系气产业化开发,示范和引领带动作用显著。

近浅埋多层厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对榆神矿区近浅埋多层厚硬顶板条件下,“大周期”来压支架立柱下缩量大、煤柱应力集中系数高、稳定性差等强矿压问题,采用了数值计算、微震和煤体应力监测等技术手段,对覆岩破断运动及工作面来压规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:覆岩破断运动上,多层厚硬顶板较大的“垂向离层空间”和“自下而上”的顺次交替垮落孕育了顶板“高+低层位组合破断”的时空基础;“高低层位顶板组合破断”是“大周期”来压增强的关键诱因;同时,煤柱应力的时空演化受控于多层厚硬顶板的破断垮落。矿压显现上,工作面“大周期”立柱下缩量平均可达945 mm,持续距离12.10 m,并可由2~5次连续强来压组成;巷道煤柱应力集中系数达到1.80~2.30,影响范围为工作面前方126 m至后方471.3 m,具有明显的“高强度、大范围、长上升期”特点。针对该条件下的强矿压防治,分别提出了“弱化低位顶板、优化破断结构”和“弱化高位顶板、改变破断次序”的技术思路,并取得的了较好的应用效果。

淮南矿区煤层顶板分段压裂水平井抽采技术及效果研究

淮南矿区为典型高瓦斯矿区,煤层碎软、渗透率低、瓦斯含量偏高、抽采难度大,为探讨地面煤层气顶板分段压裂水平井在矿区的技术可行性与瓦斯治理效果,在分析矿区主要煤层13-1煤储层特征基础上,采用应力解除法进行了煤层三向地应力测试,结果显示三向应力场类型主要为σ_(h,max)>σ_(v)>σ_(h,min),具有实施顶板分段压裂水平井技术的充分条件;利用MFrac Suite软件分别模拟了水平段距离煤层1、3、5 m时的压裂缝参数,压裂缝半长最大107.33 m、最小89.47 m,具有理想的压裂效果,说明顶板分段压裂水平井在淮南矿区具有比较好的地质适应性与可行性。以潘一煤矿13-1煤层“L”型顶板分段压裂水平井CBM01井为研究对象,采用井下钻孔检测与数值模拟等手段综合分析了瓦斯治理效果,结果显示CBM01井抽采415 d即显著降低了煤层瓦斯压力与瓦斯含量,距离水平井50、65 m处瓦斯压力由6.4 MPa分别降至2.6、2.7 MPa,降低幅度均超过55%,水平段两侧各15~20 m范围内瓦斯含量由13.5 m^(3)/t降至最大9.11 m^(3)/t、最小6.92 m^(3)/t,平均7.92 m^(3)/t,约10 m范围均降至8 m^(3)/t以下。最后,采用数值模拟方法预测了CBM01井抽采10 a的产气效果及瓦斯治理效果,气井抽采10 a累计产气约272.08×10^(4)m^(3),水平段倾向单侧约150 m范围内气含量均降至8 m^(3)/t以下、压力均降至3 MPa以下。综合研究结果表明,煤层顶板分段压裂水平井技术在淮南矿区瓦斯治理方面均具有较大的优势和应用效果。

大宁—吉县地区5号煤层现今地应力预测及其对煤层气开发的影响

现今地应力场对煤储层渗透率具有极其重要的控制作用。中国鄂东大宁—吉县地区煤层气资源丰富,然而该区现今地应力研究程度较低,限制着该区煤层气的高效开发。为查明大宁—吉县地区主采煤层现今地应力场特征,利用三维有限元数值模拟方法对下二叠统山西组5号煤层现今地应力分布进行预测。结果表明,5号煤层现今地应力表现为正断型应力机制。鄂东大宁—吉县5号煤层最大水平主应力在15.4~21.6 MPa,最小水平主应力在9.8~14.4 MPa,构造变形的复杂性影响地应力分布。现今地应力控制压裂裂缝扩展,研究区现今地应力状态下的压裂缝沿NNW-SSE向垂直扩展。研究区5号煤层应力差大部分小于6 MPa,具备形成复杂裂缝网络的地应力基础。煤层渗透率随有效地应力的增大呈指数减小,有效地应力越大,煤储层的渗透性越差。研究区东南部远离断层,地应力值相对较低,有利于形成煤层气富集区。研究成果可为大宁—吉县地区煤层气效益开发提供地质基础与科学指导。

风蚀地貌区浅埋煤层矿井水文地质结构及保水采煤方法

新疆地区气候干旱、水资源稀缺,如何保护矿区水资源成为新疆地区煤炭开采面临的重大课题。以位于风蚀地貌区的新疆榆树泉煤矿作为研究区,探讨风蚀地貌区水文地质结构与水循环规律,提出榆树泉矿区保水采煤方法。首先,通过计算煤层开采导水裂隙带高度,确定煤层开采直接充水含水层,并进行富水性分区;然后,根据研究区内水文观测孔水位数据,分析矿区水体间水力联系及开采造成的影响,确定煤层顶板含水层、烧变岩含水层为应保护的目标含水层;最后,根据煤层开采扰动程度将研究区划分为3个区域,分别采取留设煤柱、限高开采等保水采煤措施,给出矿区污水净化后再利用方案。研究结果可为新疆地区后续的开采水害防控与水资源保护提供思路与参考。