Comparative analysis of single-crater parameters in ultrasonic-assisted and unassisted micro-EDM of Ti6Al4V using discharge plasma imaging

Ultrasonic-assisted micro-electro-discharge machining(EDM)has the potential to enhance processing responses such as material removal rate(MRR)and surface finish.To understand the reasons for this enhancement,the physical mechanisms responsible for the individual discharges and the craters that they form need to be explored.This work examines features of craters formed by single discharges at various parameter values in both conventional and ultrasonic-assistedEDM of Ti6Al4V.High-speed imaging of the plasma channel is performed,and data on the individual discharges are captured in real-time.A 2D axisymmetric model using finite element software is established to model crater formation.On the basis of simulation and experimental results,a comparative study is then carried out to examine the effects of ultrasonic vibrational assistance on crater geometry.For every set ofEDM parameters,the crater diameter and depth from a single discharge are found to be higher in ultrasonic-assistedEDM than in conventionalEDM.The improved crater geometry and the reduced bulge formation at the crater edges are attributed to the increased melt pool velocity and temperature predicted by the model.

Characteristics of Single Cathode Cascaded Bias Voltage Arc Plasma

A single cathode with a cascaded bias voltage arc plasma source has been developed with a new quartz cathode chamber,instead of the previous copper chambers,to provide better diagnostic observation and access to the plasma optical emission.The cathode chamber cooling scheme is also modified to be naturally cooled only by light emission without cooling water to improve the optical thin performance in the optical path.A single-parameter physical model has been developed to describe the power dissipated in the cascaded bias voltage arc discharge argon plasmas,which have been investigated by utilizing optical emission spectroscopy（OES） and Langmuir probe.In the experiments,discharge currents from 50 A to 100 A,argon flow rates from 800 sccm to 2000 sccm and magnetic fields of 0.1 T and 0.2 T were chosen.The results show：（a） the relationship between the averaged resistivity and the averaged current density exhibits an empirical scaling law as η∝ j^（-0.63369） and the power dissipated in the arc has a strong relation with the filling factor;（b） through the quartz,the argon ions optical emission lines have been easily observed and are dominating with wavelengths between 340 nm and 520 nm,which are the emissions of Ar^＋-434.81 nm and Ar^＋-442.60 nm line,and theintensities are increasing with the arc current and decreasing with the inlet argon flow rate;and（c） the electron density and temperature can reach 2.0 × 10^19 m^-3 and 0.48 eV,respectively,under the conditions of an arc current of 90 A and a magnetic field of 0.2 T.The half-width of the ne radial profile is approximatively equal to a few Larmor radii of electrons and can be regarded as the diameter of the plasma jet in the experiments.

Numerical simulation of the initial plasma formation and current transfer in single-wire electrical explosion in vacuum

In this paper, a computational model is constructed to investigate the phenomenon of the initial plasma formation and current transfer in the single-wire electrical explosion in a vacuum. The process of the single-wire electrical explosion is divided into four stages. Stage Ⅰ： the wire is in solid state. Stage Ⅱ： the melting stage. Stage Ⅲ： the wire melts completely and the initial plasma forms. Stage IV： the core and corona expand separately. The thermodynamic calculation is applied before the wire melts completely in stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ. In stage Ⅲ, a one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics model comes into play until the instant when the voltage collapse occurs. The temperature, density, and velocity, which are derived from the magnetohydrodynamics calculation, are averaged over the distribution area. The averaged parameters are taken as the initial conditions for stage Ⅳ in which a simplified magnetohydrodynamics model is applied. A wide-range semi-empirical equation of state, which is established based on the Thomas-Fermi-Kirzhnits model, is constructed to describe the phase transition from solid state to plasma state. The initial plasma formation and the phenomenon of current transfer in the electrical explosion of aluminum wire are investigated using the computational model. Experiments of electrical explosion of aluminum wires are carried out to verify this model. Simulation results are also compared with experimental results of the electrical explosion of copper wire.

Optical characterization of single-crystal diamond grown by DC arc plasma jet CVD

Optical centers of single-crystal diamond grown by DC arc plasma jet chemical vapor deposition(CVD) were examined using a low-temperature photoluminescence(PL) technique. The results show that most of the nitrogen-vacancy(NV) complexes are present as NV-centers, although some H2 and H3 centers and B-aggregates are also present in the single-crystal diamond because of nitrogen aggregation resulting from high N_2 incorporation and the high mobility of vacancies under growth temperatures of 950–1000°C. Furthermore, emissions of radiation-induced defects were also detected at 389, 467.5, 550, and 588.6 nm in the PL spectra. The reason for the formation of these radiation-induced defects is not clear. Although a Ni-based alloy was used during the diamond growth, Ni-related emissions were not detected in the PL spectra. In addition, the silicon-vacancy(Si-V)-related emission line at 737 nm, which has been observed in the spectra of many previously reported microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD) synthetic diamonds, was absent in the PL spectra of the single-crystal diamond prepared in this work. The high density of NV-centers, along with the absence of Ni-related defects and Si-V centers, makes the single-crystal diamond grown by DC arc plasma jet CVD a promising material for applications in quantum computing.

Storage time affects the level and diagnostic efficacy of plasma biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases

Several promising plasma biomarker proteins,such as amyloid-β(Aβ),tau,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein,are widely used for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.However,little is known about the long-term stability of these biomarker proteins in plasma samples stored at-80°C.We aimed to explore how storage time would affect the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers using a large cohort.Plasma samples from 229 cognitively unimpaired individuals,encompassing healthy controls and those experiencing subjective cognitive decline,as well as 99 patients with cognitive impairment,comprising those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia,were acquired from the Sino Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Decline project.These samples were stored at-80°C for up to 6 years before being used in this study.Our results showed that plasma levels of Aβ42,Aβ40,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein were not significantly correlated with sample storage time.However,the level of total tau showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.Notably,in individuals without cognitive impairment,plasma levels of total protein and tau phosphorylated protein threonine 181(p-tau181)also showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.This was not observed in individuals with cognitive impairment.Consequently,we speculate that the diagnostic accuracy of plasma p-tau181 and the p-tau181 to total tau ratio may be influenced by sample storage time.Therefore,caution is advised when using these plasma biomarkers for the identification of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease.Furthermore,in cohort studies,it is important to consider the impact of storage time on the overall results.

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.

Expansion of Plasma of Electrically Exploding Single Copper Wire Under 4.5kA～9.5kA/Wire

The experimental system for electrically exploding single metal wire has been designed and manufactured. Expansion of the dense plasma column formed from an electrically exploding Cu wire of diameter 30 μm has been studied with a high-speed photographer to obtain the time-dependent radius (R-t) curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean expansion rate of the dense plasma column is 1.94 μm/ns, 2.6 μm/ns and 3.75 μm/ns according to the peak pulse current 4.5 kA, 7 kA and 9.5 kA respectively. The results can be beneficial to giving a profound understanding of the early stage of wire-array Z-pinch physics and to improvement on their design.

Characterization of Oxygen Plasma Modified Polyimide Fibers Interfacial Adhesion Performance by Single Fiber Fragmentation Test

The application of polyimide( PI) fibers in the field of composite materials has been limited because of their smooth surface and chemical inertness. In order to overcome these problems,oxygen plasma was used to modify the surface of fibers. The single fiber fragmentation test( SFFT) was used to characterize the interfacial adhesion performance of PI fiber as a simple and accurate analysis method. It was found that the interfacial shear strength between the fiber and resin after oxygen plasma modification was increased by 54% compared to the untreated fiber. Meanwhile, the surface micromorphology,chemical composition, wettability of fibers and the interface morphology at the fiber fracture were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope( FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy( XPS),contact angle measurement and polarizing microscope,respectively. All of these results demonstrated that the single fiber fragmentation test for analyzing the interfacial adhesion of PI fibers was effective.

Simulated and Experimental Study of Single Particle Measurement Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

A droplet carrying particle is desolvation, vaporization, ionization, and diffusion in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) to form a cloud of ions. It then is detected as a mass-spectrum peak of individual particle. The diameter of the particle is derived from its mass, which is calibrated using the peak area. This is the basic principle of measuring single particles using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this paper, a mathematical model describing single particles in plasma is investigated. This makes it possible to investigate the process and contributing factors of single particles measurement by ICP-MS. A series of processes are investigated, which include increasing the droplet temperature to the boiling point, desolvation of the droplets, increasing the particle temperature to the melting point, the particles are melted from a solid to the liquid, increasing the particle temperature to the boiling point, and particle vaporization. The simulation shows that both the atomic (ion) diffusion in the plasma and the incomplete vaporization of the particles are two important factors that limit the signal intensity of the particle’s mass spectrum. The experiment reveals that ICP-MS is very linear for Ag nanoparticles below 100 nm and SiO2 particles below 1000 nm. Both the simulation and experiment reveal the measurement deviation for large particles and that an increase of sampling depth can extend the diffusion time and cause signal suppression. The model can be used to study the mechanisms of monodispersed droplet or single-particle mass spectrometry, analyze the contributing parameters for single particle measurements by ICP-MS and provide a theoretical base for the optimization of single particle measurements in the practical application, such as nanoparticle devices, magnetic materials, biomedical materials additives and consumer products.

Detailed calibration of the PI-LCX：1300 high performance single photon counting hard x-ray CCD camera

X-ray charge-coupled-device（CCD） camera working in single photon counting mode is a type of x-ray spectrometer with high-sensitivity and superior signal-to-noise performance. In this study, two single photon counting CCD cameras with the same mode（model： PI-LCX： 1300） are calibrated with quasi-monochromatic x-rays from radioactive sources and a conventional x-ray tube. The details of the CCD response to x-rays are analyzed by using a computer program of multi-pixel analyzing and event-distinguishing capability. The detection efficiency, energy resolution, fraction of multi-pixel events each as a function of x-ray energy, and consistence of two CCD cameras are obtained. The calibrated detection efficiency is consistent with the detection efficiency from Monte Carlo calculations with XOP program. When the multi-pixel event analysis is applied, the CCDs may be used to measure x-rays up to 60 ke V with good energy resolution（E /？E ≈ 100 at60 ke V）. The difference in detection efficiency between two CCD cameras is small（5.6% at 5.89 ke V）, but the difference in fraction of the single pixel event between them is much larger（25% at 8.04 ke V）. The obtained small relative error of detection efficiency（2.4% at 5.89 ke V） makes the high accurate measurement of x-ray yield possible in the laser plasma interaction studies. Based on the discrete calibration results, the calculated detection efficiency with XOP can be used for the whole range of 5 ke V–30 ke V.

基于参数标准化的单样本定标方法在微波等离子体炬水泥快速分析中的应用

流程工业颗粒物成分的在线检测具有低延时、安全可靠及低成本等要求,目前没有适合的技术手段.微波等离子炬(Microwave plasma torch,MPT)原子发射光谱法具有直接进样、成本低及装置安全可靠等优点,有潜力成为工业在线检测的重要手段.本文基于MPT装置对水泥样品进行直接进样分析,并针对工业应用场景中标准样品受限的问题,采用单样本定标技术(Single sample calibration,SSC)进行定量分析.SSC法中的线性假设容易受到等离子体参数波动的影响,导致精度下降.为此,提出了一种基于参数标准化的SSC算法PS-SSC(SSC based on parameter standardization),通过激发温度和电子数密度对谱线强度进行修正以提高SSC的定量精度.为了评估MPT和PS-SSC方法联用在水泥成分快速分析中的有效性,将GSB 08-2985-2013标准水泥粉末气溶胶直接引入MPT中进行定量分析,并将PS-SSC与现有定量方法进行比较.与传统SSC方法相比,PS-SSC方法的决定系数R2由‒0.81~0.81提高到0.39~0.88,平均相对误差由4.39%~10.33%提高到1.55%~5.83%,平均相对标准偏差由2.89%~9.40%提高到2.28%~6.50%,展现了该方法在工业在线成分检测中的应用潜力.

红色诺卡氏菌高产菌的ARTP诱变选育与发酵条件优化

以红色诺卡氏菌(Nocardia rubra)FIM-PO8为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)技术进行诱变,经筛选获得遗传较稳定的Nocardia rubra高产菌株FIM-PO8-16,并通过单因素实验和正交实验优化了菌株FIM-PO8-16的发酵工艺。确定最佳发酵培养基组分为:酵母粉2.5%、葡萄糖2.5%、蛋白胨0.5%、糊精1.0%;最佳发酵条件为:种子液菌龄30 h、初始pH值7.2、接种量2.0%、装料量100 mL/500 mL、转速230 r·min^(-1)、发酵温度32℃。在此条件下,FIM-PO8-16菌体细胞浓度大幅提高,达到8.31%。

航空发动机叶片微束等离子堆焊转角焊缝模型研究

航空发动机叶片修复时,将受损部位切除后在新平面上进行多层多道焊接,在焊缝转角区域特别是转角点,因焊接工艺难以匹配导致过多熔滴进入熔池增加了焊缝熔高与熔宽,造成焊缝凸起,影响焊接质量。针对微束等离子焊接叶片转角区域焊缝的这种特征,建立了转角区域焊缝模型。首先利用抛物线曲线拟合建立了单道焊缝模型,并通过实验验证该模型能准确地表征单缝外形轮廓。然后提出了一种双焊缝转角重叠的焊缝成型模型。实验表明,采用该转角焊缝模型能够极大地降低转角区域焊缝的凸起,能满足航空发动机叶片修复精度的要求。

碱熔-树脂分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定黄铜矿单矿物中8种贵金属元素的含量

黄铜矿单矿物样品中常伴有金、银等贵金属元素,在冶炼铜时,还会综合回收贵金属等伴生元素,因此准确测定样品中各贵金属元素含量具有重要意义,但是相应方法未见报道。通过优化熔融、树脂分离条件以及校正共存元素干扰,提出了题示方法。取0.2000 g样品置于刚玉坩锅中,加入0.5 g氢氧化钠,于室温升温至700℃,熔融5 min。趁热加入1.5 g过氧化钠,于700℃熔融30 min,冷却后加入50 mL热水,于200℃煮沸3 min。用水洗涤坩埚,收集洗涤液并合并于样品溶液中,用体积比3∶1盐酸-硝酸溶液(王水)调节酸度至pH 1。加入由质量比2∶8的A21型阴离子交换树脂和R1S-82聚苯乙烯骨架硫脲螯合树脂混合制成的混合树脂1.0 g,于70℃吸附60 min。取出树脂,加入10 g·L^(-1)硫脲溶液20 mL和50%(体积分数)王水溶液20 mL,于90℃解吸60 min。用3%(体积分数)硝酸溶液将解吸溶液稀释至100 mL,分取1 mL,用3 mol·L^(-1)硝酸溶液稀释至10 mL,供电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析。内标镥在线加入,用于补偿基体效应和灵敏度漂移;解吸溶液中含有微量铜、镍和铅,干扰低含量铑和钌测定,通过公式可校正相应干扰。结果显示:8种贵金属元素(铂、钯、铑、铱、钌、锇、金和银)的质量浓度均在一定范围内与质谱强度呈线性关系,7种元素的检出限(3s)为0.04~0.17 ng·g^(-1)(银的检出限为0.11μg·g^(-1))。对黄铜矿单矿物样品进行精密度和准确度考察,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.47%~4.4%,加标回收率为97.2%~102%。

基于电感耦合等离子体质谱的大气细颗粒物的多维表征研究进展

大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))作为影响全球人群健康的主要污染物之一,在环境中高度动态且其化学组成、形貌特征及来源非常复杂。对复杂环境基质中PM_(2.5)关键组分的实时分析、粒径表征、精准溯源及原位识别等多维表征一直存在严峻的方法学挑战。电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术具有高灵敏度、高通量、线性范围宽等优势,是分析PM_(2.5)的有力工具。近年来,ICP-MS技术在进样系统、碰撞反应池技术、单颗粒分析、多接收器检测技术、激光剥蚀联用技术等方面取得了快速发展,实现了对PM_(2.5)中关键组分的实时和原位分析,并能够对其粒径、数量和同位素指纹进行准确识别。为此,该研究综述了近年来ICP-MS技术在PM_(2.5)多维分析中的最新应用进展,总结了相应的原理及注意事项,并针对未来的研究进行了展望。为丰富PM_(2.5)溯源、转化及健康风险研究提供了参考。

Single Fe atom-anchored manganese dioxide for efficient removal of volatile organic compounds in refrigerator

The efficient and rapid removal of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)holds significant importance for ensuring food quality and human health,particularly within the low-temperature confined spaces in refrigerators.However,achieving effective VOCs degradation under such conditions poses challenges in terms of activating inert bonds and facilitating mass transfer.In this study,we propose a novel solution by designing a cleaner module that incorporates 1.07%single Fe atom-anchored manganese dioxide catalysts(FeSAs-MnO_(2)).The combination of single Fe atoms and defect-rich MnO_(2) substrate efficiently activates molecular oxygen,leading to enhanced generation of highly reactive oxygen species(ROS).Non-thermal plasma(NTP)and circulating fan are introduced to facilitate the regeneration of catalytic activity and improve mass transfer.The FeSAs-MnO_(2) cleaner module demonstrates exceptional performance in trimethylamine(TMA)removal,achieving a conversion efficiency of 98.9%for 9 ppm within just 9 min.Furthermore,accelerated aging tests predict an extended service life of up to 45 years for the FeSAs-MnO_(2) cleaner module,surpassing the expected lifespan of refrigerators significantly.

基于质谱的单细胞分析技术研究新进展

细胞是生物体最基本的结构和功能单位。近年来,人们对细胞异质性的关注越来越多。为了分析细胞的这种异质性,避免单细胞信息被群体细胞的平均值所淹没,单细胞分析技术不断发展起来。由于单细胞的体积小,内含物质含量低且种类繁多,某些物质在细胞内的变化迅速,分析过程中不同物质之间相互干扰,造成了单细胞分析极具挑战性。基于质谱的单细胞分析技术具有通用性强、无需标记、高灵敏度、高分辨率、高选择性的优点,已逐渐在单细胞分析技术中脱颖而出,成为单细胞分析的理想工具。本文系统地总结了近5年来基于质谱的单细胞分析技术的最新进展,包括电喷雾电离质谱、激光解吸电离质谱、二次离子质谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱,并对未来的研究和技术方向进行展望,希望为单细胞质谱分析技术的研究提供参考。

单头部模型燃烧室滑动弧等离子体点火数值仿真研究

针对航空发动机燃烧室内滑动弧等离子体点火的特性,采用数值模拟的方法对航空发动机单头部模型燃烧室进行滑动弧等离子体点火研究,将滑动弧等离子体简化为动态热源,并将滑动弧等离子体点火与电火花点火对比,归纳2种点火方式下燃烧室点火过程中温度分布与火焰演化的规律,总结滑动弧等离子体点火的特性。计算结果表明,电火花点火和滑动弧等离子体点火2种点火方式所能达到的平均温度峰值基本相同。在滑动弧等离子体点火过程中,放电功率为200 W、空气流量为25 m^(3)/h条件下,余气系数为1时,着火延迟时间为224.6 ms;余气系数为2时,着火延迟时间为324.9 ms;余气系数为4时,着火延迟时间为878.7 ms。另外,在放电功率为200 W、余气系数为1的条件下,当空气流量为15 m^(3)/h时,着火延迟时间为194.8 ms;空气流量为35 m^(3)/h时,着火延迟时间为298.9 ms。结果表明着火延迟时间随着余气系数、空气流量的增大而增长。

Diffusion dynamics and characterization of attogram masses in optically trapped single nanoparticles using laser-induced plasma imaging

In the present work,a wavelength-selected plasma imaging analysis system is presented and used to track photons emitted from single-trapped nanoparticles in air at atmospheric pressure.The isolated nanoentities were atomized and excited into plasma state using single nanosecond laser pulses.The use of appropriate wavelength filters alongside time-optimized acquisition settings enabled the detection of molecular and atomic emissions in the plasma.The photon detection efficiency of the imaging line resulted in a signal>400 times larger than the simultaneously-acquired dispersive spectroscopy data.The increase in sensitivity outlined the evolution of diverse physicochemical processes at the single particle scale which included heat and momentum transfer from the plasma into the particle as wells as chemical reactions.The imaging detection of excited fragments evidenced different diffusion kinetics and time frames for atoms and molecules and their influence upon both the spectroscopic emission readout and fabrication processes using the plasma as a reactor.Moreover,the origin of molecular species,whether naturally-occurring or derived from a chemical reaction in the plasma,could also be studied on the basis of compositional gradients found on the images.Limits of detection for the inspected species ranged from tens to hundreds attograms,thus leading to an exceptional sensing principle for single nanoentities that may impact several areas of science and technology.

单采血浆机校准方法研究

单采血浆机是血浆采集的主要设备,被广泛应用于血站、单采血浆站等医疗单位,但目前我国没有对单采血浆机制定专门的计量校准规范,也没有企业开发相应的校准装置。单采血浆机离心机转速、血浆采集量控制称重装置、血速率(流量)、循环量(容量)、压力和温升(温度)等重要参数对血浆采集质量至关重要。通过对血浆采集机基本原理的分析,选择性地对血浆采集机的转速示值偏差、转速稳定性、称量示值误差和称量重复性提出了校准方法,并列举了称量示值误差测量不确定度评定。实验数据表明,所提校准方法具有可行性,可为各单采血浆站、医疗单位、研究机构以及生产厂家的单采血浆机提供量值溯源的技术依据。该校准方法对完善量值传递体系、确保单采血浆机的量值准确与统一具有一定的参考价值。