Recent progress of SiC UV single photon counting avalanche photodiodes

4H-SiC single photon counting avalanche photodiodes(SPADs)are prior devices for weak ultraviolet(UV)signal detection with the advantages of small size,low leakage current,high avalanche multiplication gain,and high quantum efficiency,which benefit from the large bandgap energy,high carrier drift velocity and excellent physical stability of 4 H-SiC semiconductor material.UV detectors are widely used in many key applications,such as missile plume detection,corona discharge,UV astronomy,and biological and chemical agent detection.In this paper,we will describe basic concepts and review recent results on device design,process development,and basic characterizations of 4 H-SiC avalanche photodiodes.Several promising device structures and uniformity of avalanche multiplication are discussed,which are important for achieving high performance of 4 HSiC UV SPADs.

Fast Fourier single-pixel imaging based on Sierra–Lite dithering algorithm

The single-pixel imaging(SPI) technique is able to capture two-dimensional(2 D) images without conventional array sensors by using a photodiode. As a novel scheme, Fourier single-pixel imaging(FSI) has been proven capable of reconstructing high-quality images. Due to the fact that the Fourier basis patterns(also known as grayscale sinusoidal patterns)cannot be well displayed on the digital micromirror device(DMD), a fast FSI system is proposed to solve this problem by binarizing Fourier pattern through a dithering algorithm. However, the traditional dithering algorithm leads to low quality as the extra noise is inevitably induced in the reconstructed images. In this paper, we report a better dithering algorithm to binarize Fourier pattern, which utilizes the Sierra–Lite kernel function by a serpentine scanning method. Numerical simulation and experiment demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher quality under different sampling ratios.

Single pixel imaging based on semi-continuous wavelet transform

Single pixel imaging is a novel imaging technique,and it becomes a focus of research in recent years due to its advantages such as high lateral resolution and high robustness to noise.Imaging speed is one of the critical shortcomings,which limits the further development and applications of this technique.In this paper,we focus on the issues of imaging efficiency of a single pixel imaging system.We propose semi-continuous wavelet transform(SCWT)protocol and introduce the protocol into the single pixel imaging system.The proposed protocol is something between continuous wavelet transform and discrete wavelet transform,which allows the usage of those smooth(usually non-orthogonal,and they have advantages in representing smooth signals compressively,which can improve the imaging speed of single pixel imaging)wavelets and with limited numbers of measurements.The proposed imaging scheme is studied,and verified by simulations and experiments.Furthermore,a comparison between our proposed scheme and existing imaging schemes are given.According to the results,the proposed SCWT scheme is proved to be effective in reconstructing a image compressively.

The intensity detection of single-photon detectors based on photon counting probability density statistics

Single-photon detectors possess the ultra-high sensitivity, but they cannot directly respond to signal intensity. Conven- tional methods adopt sampling gates with fixed width and count the triggered number of sampling gates, which is capable of obtaining photon counting probability to estimate the echo signal intensity. In this paper, we not only count the number of triggered sampling gates, but also record the triggered time position of photon counting pulses. The photon counting probability density distribution is obtained through the statistics of a series of the triggered time positions. Then Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation （MVUE） method is used to estimate the echo signal intensity. Compared with conventional methods, this method can improve the estimation accuracy of echo signal intensity due to the acquisition of more detected information. Finally, a proof-of-principle laboratory system is established. The estimation accuracy of echo signal intensity is discussed and a high accuracy intensity image is acquired under low-light level environments.

Detailed calibration of the PI-LCX：1300 high performance single photon counting hard x-ray CCD camera

X-ray charge-coupled-device（CCD） camera working in single photon counting mode is a type of x-ray spectrometer with high-sensitivity and superior signal-to-noise performance. In this study, two single photon counting CCD cameras with the same mode（model： PI-LCX： 1300） are calibrated with quasi-monochromatic x-rays from radioactive sources and a conventional x-ray tube. The details of the CCD response to x-rays are analyzed by using a computer program of multi-pixel analyzing and event-distinguishing capability. The detection efficiency, energy resolution, fraction of multi-pixel events each as a function of x-ray energy, and consistence of two CCD cameras are obtained. The calibrated detection efficiency is consistent with the detection efficiency from Monte Carlo calculations with XOP program. When the multi-pixel event analysis is applied, the CCDs may be used to measure x-rays up to 60 ke V with good energy resolution（E /？E ≈ 100 at60 ke V）. The difference in detection efficiency between two CCD cameras is small（5.6% at 5.89 ke V）, but the difference in fraction of the single pixel event between them is much larger（25% at 8.04 ke V）. The obtained small relative error of detection efficiency（2.4% at 5.89 ke V） makes the high accurate measurement of x-ray yield possible in the laser plasma interaction studies. Based on the discrete calibration results, the calculated detection efficiency with XOP can be used for the whole range of 5 ke V–30 ke V.

ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY WITH CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPARISON WITH SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

客观：与 chronicischemic 心疾病在病人为对心肌的生存能力的评价把提高对比的磁性的回声成像(ceMRI ) 与原子新陈代谢的成像作比较。方法：二十个病人与怀疑长期化学家心疾病经历了单个光子的排放计算了的 ceMRI 和 technetium-99m sestamibi 断层摄影术(SPECT ) 。有积极 SPECT 结果的病人也经历了 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG ) SPECT。在 a17 片断模型，由 ceMRI 的亢奋的改进(SEH ) 的部分程度由 SPECT 与部分 FDG 和 sestamibi 举起相比。在亢奋的改进 byceMRI 和左室的功能的程度之间的关联被分析。结果：七个病人在 ceMRI 和 technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT 两个都得到了否定结果。剩余的有积极结果的 13 个病人然后经历了 18F-FDG SPECT。在 13 个病人的 221 个片断， SEH 是( 2.1 +/- 8.2 )%，( 25.0 +/- 13.7 )%，并且( 57.7 +/- 23.6 )在有正常新陈代谢/灌注，新陈代谢/灌注失配，和匹配的缺点的片断的%，分别地并且他们中的任何一个二个之间有重要差别(所有 P 【 0.05 )。由操作典型曲线分析的接收装置，在为在可行、不能生存的片断之间的区别的曲线 was0.95 下面的区域。在 34% 的截止价值， SEHoptimally 区分了从 SPECT 定义的不能生存的片断可行。用这阀值， ceMRI 的敏感和特性由 SPECT were92% 定义检测是的不能生存的心肌层并且 93% 分别地。由 ceMRI 的 Hyperenhancement 尺寸与左室的喷射部分否定地被相关(r =- 0.90， P 【 0.01 ) 并且断然与左室的体积(r= 0.62 为结束心脏舒张的体积， r = 0.75 为结束收缩的体积，两 P 【 0.05 ) 。结论: CeMRI 与 chronicischemic 在病人与高精确性允许对心肌的生存能力的评价心疾病。

High photon detection efficiency InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diode at 250 K

Planar semiconductor InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diodes with high responsivity and low dark count rate are preferred single photon detectors in near-infrared communication.However,even with well-designed structures and well-con-trolled operational conditions,the performance of InGaAs/InP SPADs is limited by the inherent characteristics of avalanche pro-cess and the growth quality of InGaAs/InP materials.It is difficult to ensure high detection efficiency while the dark count rate is controlled within a certain range at present.In this paper,we fabricated a device with a thick InGaAs absorption region and an anti-reflection layer.The quantum efficiency of this device reaches 83.2%.We characterized the single-photon performance of the device by a quenching circuit consisting of parallel-balanced InGaAs/InP single photon detectors and single-period sinus-oidal pulse gating.The spike pulse caused by the capacitance effect of the device is eliminated by using the characteristics of parallel balanced common mode signal elimination,and the detection of small avalanche pulse amplitude signal is realized.The maximum detection efficiency is 55.4%with a dark count rate of 43.8 kHz and a noise equivalent power of 6.96×10^(−17 )W/Hz^(1/2) at 247 K.Compared with other reported detectors,this SPAD exhibits higher SPDE and lower noise-equivalent power at a higher cooling temperature.

Dark count rate and band to band tunneling optimization for single photon avalanche diode topologies

This paper proposes two optimal designs of single photon avalanche diodes(SPADs) minimizing dark count rate(DCR). The first structure is introduced as p^+/pwell/nwell, in which a specific shallow pwell layer is added between p^+and nwell layers to decrease the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 19.7%and 8.5% reduction of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. Moreover, a new structure is introduced as n+/nwell/pwell, in which a specific shallow nwell layer is added between n+and pwell layers to lower the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 29.2% and 5.5% decrement of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. It is shown that in higher excess biases(about 6 volts), the n+/nwell/pwell structure is proper to be integrated as digital silicon photomultiplier(dSiPM) due to low DCR. On the other hand, the p^+/pwell/nwell structure is appropriate to be utilized in dSiPM in high temperatures(above 50?C) due to lower DCR value.

Internal cancellation of spikes using two avalanche photodiodes in series for single photon detection

We propose a method of improving the performance of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes by using two avalanche photodiodes in series as single photon detectors for 1550-nm wavelength. In this method, the raw single photon avalanche signals are not attenuated, thus a high signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained compared with the existing results. The performance of the scheme is investigated and the ratio of the dark count rate to the detection efficiency is obtained to be 1.3×10^-4 at 213 K.

Numerical analysis of In_(0.53) Ga_(0.47) As/InP single photon avalanche diodes

A rigorous theoretical model for Ino.53Gao.47As/InP single photon avalanche diode is utilized to investigate the dependences of single photon quantum efficiency and dark count probability on structure and operation condition. In the model, low field impact ionizations in charge and absorption layers are allowed, while avalanche breakdown can occur only in the multiplication layer. The origin of dark counts is discussed and the results indicate that the dominant mechanism that gives rise to dark counts depends on both device structure and operating condition. When the multiplication layer is thicker than a critical thickness or the temperature is higher than a critical value, generation-recombination in the absorption layer is the dominative mechanism; otherwise band-to-band tunneling in the multiplication layer dominates the dark counts. The thicknesses of charge and multiplication layers greatly affect the dark count and the peak single photon quantum efficiency and increasing the multiplication layer width may reduce the dark count probability and increase the peak single photon quantum efficiency. However, when the multiplication layer width exceeds 1 μm, the peak single photon quantum efficiency increases slowly and it is finally saturated at the quantum efficiency of the single photon avalanche diodes.

基于多尺度Scale-Unet的单样本图像翻译

随着生成对抗网络(GAN)的发展,基于单样本的无监督图像到图像翻译(UI2I)取得了重大进展。然而,以前方法无法捕获图像中的复杂纹理并保留原始内容信息。为解决这个问题,提出了一种基于尺度可变U-Net结构(Scale—Unet)的新型单样本图像翻译结构SUGAN。所提出的SUGAN使用Scale—Unet作为生成器,利用多尺度结构和渐进方法不断改进网络结构,以从粗到细地学习图像特征。同时,提出了尺度像素损失scale-pixel来更好地约束保留原始内容信息,防止信息丢失。实验表明,与SinGAN、TuiGAN、TSIT、StyTR2等公共数据集Summer■Winter、Horse■Zebra上的方法相比,该方法生成图像的SIFID值平均降低了30%。所提方法可更好地保留图像内容信息,同时生成详细逼真的高质量图像。

基于亚像素定位的图像边缘检测策略研究

针对图像处理与计算机视觉技术中低对比度、边缘模糊图像的边缘检测问题,参考局部极值与梯度方向两种因素,并结合图像边缘方向趋势,提出了一种单像素边缘跟踪策略。相较于应用广泛的Canny算法,该跟踪策略无需设置全局阈值,实现方式更为简洁、高效;提取的图像边缘连续、平滑、完整,并有效地减少了图像边缘的冗余像素,进而提升了图像后续处理的效率;边缘跟踪方向抗干扰性强,具有较强的鲁棒性。为了减小检测的图像边缘与真实图像边缘之间的偏差、提高图像边缘检测的精度,参考边缘像素点的相邻区域灰度,以边缘像素点的梯度分布为依据对该像素点进行亚像素定位。经实验验证,经过亚像素优化的图像边缘检测策略可用于检测边缘模糊、对比度低的图像,检测的图像边缘完整、连续且平滑。该策略有效地消除了程序运算中引入的截断误差,提升了图像边缘检测精度,且适用于亮度5~100000 lx的高动态成像场景中。

低秩聚类被动压缩鬼成像

低采样率下的高质量鬼成像(GI)对于科学研究和实际应用具有重要意义,为了在低采样率条件下重建高质量图像,提出了一种高质量的被动式压缩鬼成像重构算法(PCGI-LRC)。基于图像的非局域相似块堆叠而成的矩阵具有低秩和稀疏奇异值的假设,从理论和实验上证明了一种对最小二乘问题与非局域相似块低秩近似问题进行联合迭代求解的方法,能够在低采样率(6.25%~50%)条件下实现高质量鬼成像。实验结果表明:与基于稀疏基约束的GI(GI-SBC)和基于全变分约束的GI(GI-TVC)相比,PCGI-LRC在峰值信噪比、结构相似性系数和视觉观测等方面均更优,在抑制重构噪声的同时保持了目标的细节信息,其中PSNR提升效果优于1.1 dB,SSIM提升效果优于0.04。

螺旋采集改善SPECT定量准确性及图像质量:体模研究

目的观察螺旋采集用于改善SPECT定量准确性及图像质量的价值。方法针对1个包含6个球体(直径分别为37、28、22、17、13和10 mm)的体模模型,分别向球体及体模腔内灌注640 kBq/ml及20 kBq/ml^(99)Tc^(m)O_(4)^(-)溶液,并以5、10及15秒/帧行螺旋采集与常规步进采集;比较2种采集方式所获图像质量主观评分及客观参数,包括本底变异系数(CV)、对比度噪声比(CNR)、平均放射性计数(C_(sphere))和测量定量误差百分比(Error%)的差异。结果各采集时间下,螺旋采集图像质量评分均高于常规步进采集,以5秒/帧时二者差值最大;螺旋采集的CV、CNR、C_(sphere)均优于常规步进采集(P均<0.05)。排除直径10、13 mm球体后,5、10秒/帧下,螺旋采集Error%均优于常规步进采集(P均<0.05),而15秒/帧下二者差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论相同采集时间、尤其较短采集时间下,以螺旋采集所获SPECT的定量准确性及图像质量优于常规步进采集。

室温下高探测效率InGaAsP/InP单光子雪崩二极管

描述了一种高性能平面InGaAsP/InP单光子雪崩二极管(SPAD),该二极管具有单独的吸收、分级、电荷和倍增(SAGCM)异质结构。通过电场调节和缺陷控制,SPAD在293 K的门控模式下工作,光子探测效率(PDE)为70%,暗计数率(DCR)为14.93 kHz,后脉冲概率(APP)为0.89%。此外,在死区时间为200 ns的主动淬灭模式下工作时,室温下实现了12.49%的PDE和72.29 kHz的DCR。

基于自研ASIC芯片HEPS中硅微条探测器读出电子学原型系统设计与测试

时间分辨X射线粉末衍射技术是探测物质晶体结构及其演变的重要手段。单光子计数型硅微条探测器因其灵敏度高和死时间低,在高能同步辐射光源(HEPS)的X射线粉末衍射实验中发挥着重要作用。研制适用于单光子计数型一维硅微条探测器的专用ASIC读出芯片(SSDROC)及其读出电子学系统,并采用一种新标定方法解决了SSDROC各通道对同一输入输出响应不一致的问题,该方法可显著提高各通道数据一致性并减小衍射实验数据的统计误差。探测器完成各项性能测试,结果表明整体系统线性优秀、能量分辨能力强、噪声低以及计数率高,为将来大覆盖角度一维硅微条探测器系统研制奠定坚实基础。

一种对高速运动目标的单光子测距方法

作为一种前沿的激光探测技术,单光子激光测距技术已成功应用于月球测距、卫星测距和地面测高等领域。然而,单光子测距在机载空对空、地对空平台上对高速运动目标进行跟踪测距时,回波光子落在不同的时间窗,导致直接计数无法有效提取信号的问题仍需解决。针对空对空条件下单光子激光测距的应用需求,基于时间相关光子计数技术设计一种适用于全天时、宽时域、多噪声条件下对高速运动目标的单光子测距方法。该方法采用阵列单光子探测器和相邻时间窗相关统计多帧处理算法提取激光回波光子信号,并在Matlab平台上对算法进行仿真实验,使用多元阵列单光子探测器实现最大测程百公里以上、背景噪声计数率约为5 MHz、单脉冲回波光子计数平均值为1条件下的回波光子信号提取。该方法能够克服传统单光子探测只能对准静态目标测距,只能在小接收视场和小波门范围等弱背景噪声及目标轨迹可预测条件下应用的限制,将单光子探测由只能固定平台夜晚对准静态目标测距推广至通用平台全天时对高速运动目标测距。

基于单光子雪崩二极管的成像技术综述

单光子成像技术涉及半导体工艺、光电器件以及集成电路设计等多个方面,基于单光子雪崩二极管的成像技术具有高动态二维灰度成像、高精度三维成像和荧光寿命成像能力,在安防监控、自动驾驶和生物医疗等领域具有广阔的应用前景。伴随着半导体工艺技术的飞速发展,单光子成像技术有望成为应用广泛的下一代视觉感知技术。本文对基于单光子雪崩二极管的成像技术进行了系统的介绍,包括单光子雪崩二极管器件、单光子成像涉及的关键电路以及二维灰度和时间分辨单光子图像传感器的最新研究进展。

影响心肌血流下降的因素及其价值研究

目的探讨传统单光子发射计算机断层成像(SPECT)获取的心肌灌注显像、半定量参数以及冠脉造影结果、临床参数对心肌缺血的影响。方法回顾性分析2022年6月至2022年10月在南京医科大学第一附属医院(江苏省人民医院)完成CZT-SPECT检查的116例临床疑似或确诊的冠心病患者临床资料,最终纳入39例患者。以三支主要冠脉区域心肌血流储备功能<2.1作为心肌缺血的诊断标准,绘制冠脉狭窄程度、区域负荷灌注积分(SS)、静息灌注积分(RS)和灌注积分差(DS)诊断心肌缺血的ROC曲线以获得最佳截断值和相应的诊断效能,通过逐步回归法建立预测模型,绘制ROC曲线。结果共计117支主要血管,其中判定为心肌缺血的有36支(30.77%)。冠脉狭窄程度、SS、RS和DS诊断心肌缺血的ROC曲线最佳截断值分别为53%、3.5、1.5、1.5,准确性分别为75.2%、74.4%、70.9%、72.6%,ROC曲线的AUC及95%CI分别为0.78(0.68~0.87)、0.64(0.53~0.74)、0.58(0.49~0.66)、0.65(0.55~0.75)。冠脉狭窄程度、血管区域心肌灌注显像、SS、RS和DS等单因素有意义的指标联合预测心肌缺血的ROC曲线的AUC及95%CI为0.79(0.69~0.88)。逐步回归法踢除变量后,最终模型预测心肌缺血的ROC曲线的AUC及95%CI为0.84(0.76~0.92)。结论SPECT心肌灌注显像中SS>3.5、DS>1.5、RS>1.5对预测心肌缺血有一定的意义,联合多个指标(冠脉造影结果、SS、DS、RS、心肌灌注显像)预测显著提高了对心肌缺血的诊断价值。

单光子计数太赫兹雷达直接探测方法与性能研究

针对远距离非合作目标探测,现有太赫兹雷达由于受到发射机功率低、大气衰减效应等因素影响,其作用距离有限,难以满足对目标的预警探测应用需求。为提升太赫兹雷达探测能力,该文研究了基于单光子探测技术的目标超灵敏探测方法,利用单光子探测器替代传统雷达接收机,有望显著提升太赫兹雷达的作用距离。首先,该文分析了太赫兹单光子雷达信号光子数的统计规律,从微观角度阐述了目标的回波特性,进一步,结合超导量子电容探测器的特点,建立了太赫兹单光子目标探测模型;此外,推导得到太赫兹单光子雷达目标检测性能数学表达式,并通过仿真实验对目标检测性能进行了验证和分析,获得了雷达检测性能曲线;最后开展了时间分辨太赫兹光子计数原理验证实验,通过回波脉冲计数的方式实现了目标高精度测距。该文工作将为太赫兹频段超灵敏探测技术及单光子雷达系统的研究与发展提供支撑。