Measurements of electron-phonon coupling factor and interfacial thermal resistance of metallic nano-films using a transient thermoreflectance technique

Using a transient thermoreflectance （TTR） technique, several Au films with different thicknesses on glass and SiC substrates are measured for thermal characterization of metMlic nano-films, including the electron phonon coupling factor G, interfazial thermal resistance R, and thermal conductivity Ks of the substrate. The rear heating-front detecting （RF） method is used to ensure the femtosecond temporal resolution. An intense laser beam is focused on the rear surface to heat the film, and another weak laser beam is focused on the very spot of the front surface to detect the change in the electron temperature. By varying the optical path delay between the two beams, a complete electron temperature profile can be scanned. Different from the normally used single-layer model, the double-layer model involving interfaciM thermal resistance is studied here. The electron temperature cooling profile can be affected by the electron energy transfer into the substrate or the electron-phonon interactions in the metallic films. For multiple-target optimization, the genetic algorithm （GA） is used to obtain both G and R. The experimental result gives a deep understanding of the mechanism of ultra-fast heat transfer in metals.

Research on Full Space Transient Electro-magnetism Technique for Detecting Aqueous Structures in Coal Mines

Based on the transmitting theory of "smoke ring effect", the transient electromagnetism technique was used in coal mines to detect abnormal areas of aquiferous structures in both roofs and floors of coal seams and in front of excavated roadways. Survey devices, working methods and techniques as well as data processing and interpretation are discussed systematically. In addition, the direction of mini-wireframe emission electromagnetic wave of the full space transient electromagnetism technique was verified by an underground borehole for water detection and drainage. The result indicates that this technique can detect both horizontal and vertical development rules of abnormal water bodies to a certain depth below the floor of coal seams and can also detect the abnormal, low resistance water bodies within a certain distance of roofs. Furthermore, it can detect such abnormal bodies in ahead of the excavated roadway front. Limited by the underground environment, the full space transient electromagnetism technique can detect to a depth of only 120 m or so.

THE STUDY OF THE NON-STEADY KINETICS OF THE OXYDEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE TO ETHYLENE OVER THE CATALYST OF Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 BY THE TECHNIQUE OF TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

In this paper, instead of with the more expensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR) a new technique of Temperature Programmed Transient Response(TP-TR) has been used with gas chromatography. Therefore, the TP-TR will be applied more widespreadly than ever before. With the technique of TP-TR and electric conductivity, the study is on the reaction mechanism and the adsorption behavior of the reactants and products to the present catalyst Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 in the reaction from ethane through oxydehydrogenation to ethylene as the product. By Range-Kutta-Gill and Margarat methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction elementary steps (i.e. rate constants, active energies and frequency factors) have been evaluated. The mathematical treatment coincides with the experimental results.

Ultrasound elastographic techniques in focal liver lesions

Elastographic techniques are new ultrasound-based imaging techniques developed to estimate tissue deformability/stiffness. Several ultrasound elastographic approaches have been developed, such as static elastography, transient elastography and acoustic radiation force imaging methods, which include point shear wave and shear wave imaging elastography. The application of these methods in clinical practice aims at estimating the mechanical tissues properties. One of the main settings for the application of these tools has been liver stiffness assessment in chronic liver disease, which has been studied mainly using transient elastography. Another field of application for these techniques is the assessment of focal lesions, detected by ultrasound in organs such as pancreas, prostate, breast, thyroid, lymph nodes. Considering the frequency and importance of the detection of focal liver lesions through routine ultrasound, some studies have also aimed to assess the role that elestography can play in studying the stiffness of different types of liver lesions, in order to predict their nature and thus offer valuable non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of liver masses.

Measuring Ca^(2+) influxes of TRPC1-dependent Ca^(2+) channels in HL-7702 cells with Non-invasive Micro-test Technique

AIM： To explore the possibility of using the Noninvasive Micro-test Technique （NMT） to investigate the role of Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 1 （TRPC1） in regulating Ca^2＋ influxes in HL-7702 cells, a normal human liver cell line.METHODS： Net Ca^2＋ fluxes were measured with NMT, a technology that can obtain dynamic information of specific/selective ionic/molecular activities on material surfaces, non-invasively. The expression levels of TRPCl were increased by liposomal transfection, whose effectiveness was evaluated by Western-blotting and single cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS： Ca^2＋ influxes could be elicited by adding 1 mmol/L CaCl2 to the test solution of HL-7702 cells. They were enhanced by addition of 20 μmol/L noradrenalin and inhibited by 100 μmol/L LaCl3 （a non-selective Ca^2＋ channel blocker）; 5 μmol/L nifedipine did not induce any change. Overexpression of TRPCl caused increased Ca^2＋ influx. Five micromoles per liter nifedipine did not inhibit this elevation, whereas 100 μmol/L LaCI3 did.CONCLUSION： In HL-7702 cells, there is a type of TRPCl-dependent Ca^2＋ channel, which could be detected v/a NMT and inhibited by La^3＋.

Processing and analysis of transient pressure measurements from permanent down-hole gauges

With permanent down-hole gauges （PDGs） widely installed in oilfields around the world in recent years, a continuous stream of transient pressure data in real time is now available, which motivates a new round of research interests in further developing pressure transient processing and analysis techniques. Transient pressure measurements from PDG are characterized by long term and high volume data. These data are recorded under unconstrained circumstances, so effects due to noise, rate fluctuation and interference from other wells cannot be avoided. These effects make the measured pressure trends decline or rise and then obscure or distort the actual flow behavior, which makes subsequent analysis difficult. In this paper, the problems encountered in analysis of PDG transient pressure are investigated. A newly developed workflow for processing and analyzing PDG transient pressure data is proposed. Numerical well testing synthetic studies are performed to demonstrate these procedures. The results prove that this new technique works well and the potential for practical application looks very promising.

Characteristics of Transient Outward Potassium Channel Exposed to 3 mT Static Magnetic Field

Acutely isolated mouse hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons were exposed to 3 mT static magnetic field,and the characteristics of transient outward K+ channel were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.The experiment revealed that the amplitude of transient outward potassium channel current was reduced.The maximum activated current densities of control group and exposure group were 163.62±20.68 pA/pF and 98.74±16.57 pA/pF(n=12,P<0.01) respectively.The static magnetic field exposure affected the activation and inactivation process of transient outward potassium channel current.Due to the magnetic field exposure,the half-activation voltage of the activation curves changed from 5.59±1.96 mV to 27.87±7.24 mV(n=12,P<0.05) ,and the slope factor changed from 19.43±2.11 mV to 25.87±4.22 mV(n=12,P<0.05) .The half-inactivation voltage of the inactivation curves also changed from-56.09±0.89 mV to-57.16±1.10 mV(n=12,P>0.05) and the slope factor of the inactivation curves from 8.69±0.80 mV to 10.87±1.02 mV(n=12,P<0.05) .The results show that the static magnetic field can change the characteristics of transient outward K+ channel,and affect the physiological functions of neurons.

Effect of transient space-charge perturbation on carrier transport in high-resistance CdZnTe semiconductor

The polarization effect introduced by electric field deformation is the most important bottleneck of CdZnTe detector in x-ray imaging. Currently, most of studies focus on electric field deformation caused by trapped carriers;the perturbation of electric field due to drifting carriers has been rarely reported. In this study, the effect of transient space-charge perturbation on carrier transport in a CdZnTe semiconductor is evaluated by using the laser-beam-induced current(LBIC) technique.Cusps appear in the current curves of CdZnTe detectors with different carrier transport performances under intense excitation, indicating the deformation of electric field. The current signals under different excitations are compared. The results suggest that with the increase of excitation, the amplitude of cusp increases and the electron transient time gradually decreases. The distortion in electric field is independent of carrier transport performance of detector. Transient space-charge perturbation is responsible for the pulse shape and affects the carrier transport process.

TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND RESIDUAL STRESS FIELDS OF METALLIC MATERIALS UNDER WELDING

Based on the situation of welding thermal conduction and thermo-elasto-platicity research, this paper explores some problems in this field. First, the boundary element method for nonlinear problems is improved by linearization of nonlinear problems and used in welding thermal conduction analysis. Second, the thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method is used for the welding stress calculation, in which the phase transformation is considered by the 'equivalent linear expansion coefficient method'. The comparison of the calculated results with experimental data shows that the methods provided in this paper are available.

垂直电性源瞬变电磁监测在典型地质构造中的应用

矿井地层中存在的地质构造易引起地质灾害的发生,对矿井安全生产造成极大威胁。为提高瞬变电磁法探测精度与探测范围,以电磁场扩散理论为基础,运用正演模拟方法,分析了垂直电性源瞬变电磁场的响应曲线衰减规律,设计了矿井地质构造致灾区垂直电性源在线监测系统,并模拟了垂直电性源TEM对典型断层地质构造的识别能力。结果表明:当发射源长度为1 000 m时,可监测的偏移距离在500~4 500 m,监测深度可达2 000 m,可以满足地质构造的探测需求。感应电动势与电场的六分量在平面图中均可对断层地质构造进行有效识别,其中z方向分量的识别效果最好。在衰减曲线图中,dBx/t与dBy/t对于断层的识别能力较弱,而其余的四个分量均可对断层构造进行有效识别。

不同配比下MWCNTs和H-BN改性PVB新型复合材料导热特性分析

采用溶液共混法制备了以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、六方氮化硼(H-BN)为填料,以聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)为基底的新型复合材料,通过瞬态电热技术研究了不同填料配比、不同环境温度下复合材料的导热性能。实验结果表明,随着环境温度从290K降低到10K,复合材料的热导率逐渐降低;复合材料的热导率随着MWCNTs含量的增加先增大后减小,且当MWCNTs和H-BN的质量分数比例为5∶5时导热系数达到最大值,是纯PVB的两倍。

石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维高灵敏度测温性能

以碳纳米管(CNT)为填料、氧化石墨烯(GO)溶液为主体,通过化学限域水热法制备了含有不同质量碳纳米管的石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维。发现石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维热电性能随着氧化石墨烯与碳纳米管质量比的增加有提升趋势。利用瞬态电热(TET)技术研究了石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维的测温性能,并分析了其导电机理。结果表明,石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维的测温性能表现良好,且随着温度的降低,测温性能进一步提升。在30 K时,电阻温度系数(TCR)为0.05 K^(-1),特征响应时间为0.56 s;电流热退火后结构尺寸增大了0.5倍。导电机理由热激活传导(150~292 K)转变为最近邻跳跃(NNH)传导(70~150 K)和可变范围跳跃(VRH)传导(30~70 K)。为石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维在高灵敏度温度传感器上的应用提供了理论支撑。

Measurement of thermal boundary conductance between metal and dielectric materials using femtosecond laser transient thermoreflectance technique

The thermal boundary conductance of Al/SiO2, Al/Si, Au/SiO2, and Au/Si are measured by a femtosecond laser transient thermoreflectance technique. The distinct differences of the interfacial thermal conductance between these samples are observed. For the same metal film, the thermal boundary conductance between metal and substrate decreases with the thermal conductivity of the substrate. The measured results are explained with the phonon diffusion mismatch model by introducing a phonon transmission coefficient across the interface.

针对样本类不平衡的深度残差网络电力系统暂态稳定评估方法

系统的量测数据可能受到噪声以及样本类分布不平衡问题的影响,导致基于数据驱动的暂态稳定评估模型性能下降。提出一种针对样本类不平衡的的深度残差网络电力系统暂态稳定评估方法。首先,利用改进过采样技术为滤除噪声的少数类样本构造所需的新样本,改善样本类不平衡问题,并减少噪声的影响;然后,基于深度残差网络构建电力系统暂态稳定评估模型,解决梯度消失导致的模型性能退化问题,提高模型的鲁棒性和准确性;最后,在新英格兰10机39节点和47机140节点系统上的仿真结果表明,所提方法能减小噪声干扰、降低不平衡数据集所带来的影响和减少计算复杂度。

电极过程动力学反应速率常数测量的若干方法

电子转移反应的标准反应速率常数是电化学反应的“本征”动力学性质,也是电极过程动力学研究的重要内容之一,对于电极反应的机理和路径的理解以及电催化剂和电池材料等的筛选和理性设计均具有重要意义。本文将主要介绍电化学反应速率常数测定的实验方法,包括极化曲线、旋转圆盘、超微电极、扫描电化学显微镜、电化学阻抗谱、电流阶跃、电势阶跃以及循环伏安等方法,以期对开展电极过程动力学研究的相关研究人员和学生有所裨益。

光电压瞬态技术:实时分析膜界面动态过程的新手段

活性分子与细胞膜之间的相互作用在许多基本的生物过程中扮演着至关重要的角色,然而如何实现对此界面动力学过程的原位、实时、无标记且无侵入监测仍是生物物理研究领域所面临的一大挑战.我们与合作者开发的光电压瞬态技术,为解决这一问题提供了一种新途径.该技术利用硅片光电响应生成电荷,并将磷脂膜的充放电过程记录为电压瞬态脉冲、建立了该充放电过程与界面瞬时结构和性质之间的关联性.因此,通过对随时间演化的电压脉冲进行分析,可以揭示活性分子作用下膜结构实时动态变化情况,尤其是不同作用状态之间转换的时间信息,可作为传统技术的有益补充.同时,该技术设备搭建成本低廉,操作方便,无需复杂的数据处理过程.本综述概述了光电压瞬态技术的工作原理、设备搭建以及数据处理方法,并以经典细胞膜模型——磷脂双层膜为例,总结了该技术在探索磷脂膜水合特性及其与活性分子(如表面活性剂、聚合物、多肽和纳米颗粒)相互作用机制方面取得的最新进展.最后就该技术优缺点进行讨论并展望未来发展前景.

超高比例新能源弱电网系统供电关键问题研究

随着电力系统中新能源并网规模快速增加,系统形态特征与运行机理发生深刻变化,特别对远离主网、缺乏传统能源的地区,面临电力保供和系统安全稳定等严峻挑战。现有研究多从源网荷储某一环节切入,提出中高比例新能源电力系统供电可靠性提升方法,缺乏对超高比例新能源弱电网系统特有难题的针对性考虑及系统性、前瞻性解决方案。为此,文中以新能源电量占比超过80%、新能源并网点短路比低于1.5的弱电网系统为研究对象,提出含电源及灵活调节资源优化配置、电网组网模式、暂态稳定运行分析的总体研究框架,并以我国西部某超高比例新能源弱电网系统为例开展实证研究。研究成果表明,所提方案以超高比例新能源发电为基础,以弱联电网为载体,以多元储能及负荷柔性调节为灵活性支撑,以构网控制技术为安全支撑,能有效保障系统可靠供电,为未来超高比例新能源新型电力系统的构建提供借鉴参考。

交直流混联系统的多速率混合仿真技术研究

针对复杂电力系统仿真对有效性和精确性的统一要求,提出了综合电磁暂态仿真和机电暂态仿真优点的混合仿真方法。该方法将交直流系统合理分割为若干子系统,利用现有的程序模块采用不同时标的多速积分对各子系统进行仿真分析,考虑晶闸管的通断过程,采用波形松弛技术解决子系统之间的数据接口问题。对3机交直流系统故障的仿真结果表明了混合仿真方法的精确性和有效性。

不同孔隙率下含湿加气混凝土的有效导热系数

为研究含湿蒸压加气混凝土的保温性能,采用基于瞬态平面热源法的Hot Disk热常数分析仪测量不同孔隙率下含湿蒸压加气混凝土的有效导热系数.分析结果表明:Hot Disk热常数分析仪的测量结果具有较好的重复性,适用于含湿建筑材料导热性能的测试.含湿加气混凝土的有效导热系数随含水率的提高呈现单调增长的趋势,其增长曲线在质量含水率为15%时出现明显的拐点.当质量含水率约为25%时,含湿加气有效导热系数较干燥试样增大了近一倍;而当质量含水率高达100%时,混凝土的有效导热系数约为干燥试样的4倍.在相同含水率下,加气混凝土的有效导热系数随孔隙率的增大而逐渐降低.根据测量数据,总结得到加气混凝土有效导热系数关于孔隙率和质量含水率的预测公式.

瞬变电磁法中数据取样处理方法的研究

通过对瞬变电磁法中信号检测技术的研究 ,针对密集均匀分布的多点数据采集方式 ,提出对原始数据进行近似等对数间隔 ( 1.2倍关系 )抽道取样并采样数据窗内的数据进行几何平均的算法 ,可提高信号对噪声的抑制能力。