Crustal Structure Revealed by a Deep Seismic Sounding Profile of Baijing-Gaoming-Jinwan in the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Estuary area, located in the middle part of the southern China coastal seismic belt, has long been considered a potential source of strong earthquakes above magnitude 7.0. To scientifically assess the potential strong earthquake risk in this area, a three-dimensional artificial seismic sounding experiment, consisting of a receiving array and seabed seismograph, was performed to reveal the deep crustal structure in this region. We used artificial ship-borne air-gun excitation shots as sources, and fixed and mobile stations as receivers to record seismic data from May to August 2015. This paper presents results along a line from the western side of the Pearl River Estuary to the western side of the Baijing-Gaoming-Jinwan profile. A two-dimensional velocity structure was constructed using seismic travel-time tomography. The inversion results show that the Moho depth is 27 km in the coastal area and 30 km in the northwest of the Pearl River Estuary area, indicating that the crust thins from land to sea. Two structural discontinuities and multiple low-velocity anomalies appear in the crustal section. Inside both discontinuity zones, a low-velocity layer, with a minimum velocity of 6.05 km s^(-1), exists at a depth of about 15 km, and another, with a minimum velocity of 6.37 km s^(-1), exists at a depth of about 21.5 km between the middle and lower crust. These low velocities suggest that the discontinuities may consist of partly molten material. Earthquakes with magnitudes higher than 5.0 occurred in the low-velocity layer along the profile. The deep Kaiping-Enping fault, rooted in the crust, may be one of the most important channels for deep material upwelling and is related to tectonic movement since the Cretaceous in the Pearl River Delta tectonic rift basin.

Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses Modeling Study of Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile Data at CO_2 Geological Storage Site,Ketzin,Germany

An important component of any CO_2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties,such as velocity and density.Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset(AVO) responses,which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile(VSP) AVO response to CO_2 injection at the Ketzin site,the first European onshore CO_2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO_2.First,we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO_2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation.On the basis of this model,the seismic response for different CO_2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling.We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data,which we then processed.In contrast,synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data.Finally,we found that the amplitude of CO_2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer.This is the typical classⅢAVO anomaly for gas sand layer.The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well.Therefore,walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO_2 distribution in the Ketzin area.

Characteristics of crustal variation and extensional break-up in the Western Pacific back-arc region based on a wide-angle seismic profile

The marginal sea and back-arc basins in the Western Pacific Ocean have become the focus of tectonics due to their unique tectonic location.To understand the deep crustal structure in the back-arc region,we present a 545-kmlong active-source ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle reflection/refraction profile in the East China Sea.The P wave velocity model shows that the Moho depth rises significantly,from approximately 30 km in the East China Sea shelf to approximately 16 km in the axis of the Okinawa Trough.The lower crustal high-velocity zone(HVZ)in the southern Okinawa Trough,with V_(p) of 6.8-7.3 km/s,is a remarkable manifestation of the mantle material upwelling and accretion to the lower crust.This confirms that the lower crustal high-velocity mantle accretion is developed in the southern Okinawa Trough.During the process of back-arc extension,the crustal structure of the southern Okinawa Trough is completely invaded and penetrated by the upper mantle material in the axis region.In some areas of the southern central graben,the crust may has broken up and entered the initial stage of seafloor spreading.The discontinuous HVZs in the lower crust in the back-arc region also indicate the migration of spreading centers in the back-arc region since the Cenozoic.The asthenosphere material upwelling in the continent-ocean transition zone is constantly driving the lithosphere eastward for episodic extension,and is causing evident tectonic migration in the Western Pacific back-arc region.

Structural Deformation of Zoigê Basin Along the Deep Seismic Reflection Profile

Being the core of the Songpan-Ganze block,Zoig(?) Basin is a favorable zone of oil and gas exploration. And it not only is the important deposition area of the northern Songpan-Garze in the Middle-Late Triassic, but also impacts on the formation and evolution of the structural belt.To further understand the Zoig(?) Basin, we reprocessed the 0-20.0 s data of the Tangke-Hezuo deep seismic reflection profiles across the majority

Improving signal to noise ratio of seismic profiles using an image processing technique

This paper introduces an image processing technique into seismic data processing as a noise attenuation technology. The image separation of the seismic profile is obtained by using grating operators based on different time dips and a set of relative single dip profiles is obtained. A high signal to noise ratio profile can be obtained during reconstruction by statistical weighting. With further processing analysis and geological study, a high signal to noise profile that can meet geological requirements can be produced. The real data examples show that the signal to noise ratio of the profile is greatly improved, the resolution of the profile is maintained, and the fault terminations are much clearer after using the image processing method.

Upper crustal structure under Jingtai–Hezuo profile in Northeastern Tibet from topography-dependent eikonal traveltime tomography

The Northeastern Tibetan plateau records Caledonian Qilian orogeny and Cenozoic reactivation by continental collision between the Indian and Asian plates. In order to provide the constraint on the Qilian orogenic mechanism and the expansion of the plateau,wide-angle seismic data was acquired along a 430 km-long profile between Jingtai and Hezuo. There is strong height variation along the profile,which is dealt by topography flattening scheme in our crustal velocity structure reconstruction. We herein present the upper crustal P-wave velocity structure model resulting from the interpretation of first arrival dataset from topography-dependent eikonal traveltime tomography. With topography flattening scheme to process real topography along the profile,the evenness of ray coverage times of the image area（upper crust）is improved,which provides upper crustal velocity model comparable to the classic traveltime tomography（with model expansion scheme to process irregular surface）. The upper crustal velocity model shows zoning character which matcheswith the tectonic division of the Qaidam-Kunlun-West Qinling belt,the Central and Northern Qilian,and the Alax blocks along the profile. The resultant upper crustal P-wave velocity model is expected to provide important base for linkage between the mapped surface geology and deep structure or geodynamics in Northeastern Tibet.

Identification of hidden faults using determining velocity structure profile by spatial autocorrelation method in the west of Mashhad plain(Northeast of Iran)

Characterizing the subsurface structure is an important parameter for the improvement of seismic hazard assessment.Due to the tectonic complexity of the earth,some deep fractures do not reach the earth's surface and are not detectable with visual analysis.Therefore,the lack of knowledge of faults and fractures can result in disasters,especially in urban planning.Many geophysical methods can be used to estimate subsurface structure characterization.However,a more reliable method is required to assess seismic hazards and reduce potential damage in metropolitan areas without destroying buildings and structures.This paper aims to identify hidden faults and structures using shear wave velocity sections.To do this,surface wave dispersion curve was extracted from the vertical component of microtremor array recording using the spatial autocorrelation(SPAC)method in two profiles and 13 array stations(perpendicular to the altitudes)to obtain shear wave velocity structure(Vs)in the west of Mashhad,northeast of Iran.The results of shear wave velocity profiles(Vs)indicate sudden changes in the thickness of sediments.This can be related to the displacement of a normal fault in this area causing the bottom rock to fall and an increase in the alluvial thickness in the central part of the plain.The velocity in the floor rock is 2000 meters per second in this area.According to the surface outcrops and water wells data,its material is slate and Phyllite metamorphic rocks that are exposed in the adjacent heights.Besides,the seismic profile results were well consistent with electrical resistance data and well logs indicating that the tool array method is flexible,non-invasive,relatively fast,and effective for urban areas with satisfactory accuracy.

High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Profiling of the Fenhe Fault in Taiyuan City

In this paper, we demonstrate the high resolution seismic reflection data for a depth range of several hundred meters across the Fenhe fault in Taiyuan city, China. In combination with the relevant borehole logs, these data provide useful constraints on the accurate position, geometry and deformation rate of the fault, as well as the kinematics of recent fault motion. The high resolution seismic reflection profiling revealed that the western branch of the Fenhe fault is a high angle, eastward dipping, oblique normal fault, and cutting up to the lower part of the Quaternary system. It was revealed that the top breaking point of this fault is at a depth of ～70m below the ground surface. A borehole log across the Fenhe fault permitted us to infer that there are two high angle, oppositely dipping, oblique normal faults. The eastem branch lies beneath the eastern embankment of the Fenhe river, dipping to the west and cutting into the Holocene late Pleistocene strata with a maximum vertical offset of ～8m. Another borehole log across the northern segment of the Fenhe fault indicates that the western branch of this fault has cut into the Holocene late Pleistocene strata with a maximum vertical offset of ～6m. The above mentioned data provide a minimum average Pleistocene Holocene vertical slip rate of 0 06～0 08mm/a and a maximum average large earthquake recurrence interval of 5 0～6 7ka for the Fenhe fault.

地震宽角反射/折射方法发展述评

本文从地震宽角反射/折射方法的仪器装备、观测系统、观测实验、震相识别、数据分析等主要技术环节的出现、改进、发展、完善,回顾了该方法的百年发展历史.按照我们的见解,将其发展过程分为萌芽期、诞生期、成长期和发展期.对于早期的追溯,重点放在方法的孕育和诞生起到关键作用的人物和事件上,并且尽可能详细;对后期的回顾,聚焦在方法的技术内容的萌发、出现、改进、应用和重点文献等方面,如,何时出现了剖面方法、相遇和追逐观测、地震宽角反射/折射剖面数据的完备性等,成果表述不作为重点,而且叙述简略.述及了天然地震学、地震折射勘探、地震反射勘探、电子技术、通讯技术、测量技术、计算机技术、计算数学等相关学科的进步,对地震宽角反射/折射方法发展的促进作用.展望未来,宽角反射/折射方法在我国深部探测与矿产资源勘查领域大有可为.以此文致敬追寻科学真理的地学前辈.

Joint land-sea seismic survey and research on the deep structures of the Bohai Sea areas

This paper presents the survey and research work of two land-sea profiles in the Bohai Sea, China, carried out in 2010-2011, including the seismic sources on land and in the sea, the ocean bottom seismographs （OBS） and their recovery, the coupling of OBS and the environment noise in sea area, the data quality of OBSs, and the result of data analysis. We focused on the investigation of crustal structures revealed by the two NE／EW-trending joint land-sea profiles. In combination with the Pn-velocity distribution and gravity- magnetic inversion results in the North China Craton, we propose that the undulation of the Moho interface in the Bohai and surrounding areas is not strong, and the lithospheric thinning is mainly caused by the thinning of its mantle part. The research result indicates that obvious lateral variations of Moho depth and seismic velocity appear nearby all the large-scale faults in Bohai Sea, and there is evidence of underplating and reforming of the lower crust by mantle material in the Bohai area. However, geophysical evidence does not appear to support the ＂mantle plume＂ or ＂delamination＂ model for the North China Craton destruction. The crustal structure of the Bohai Sea revealed ＂a relatively normal crust and obviously thinned mantle lid＂, local velocity anomalies and instability phenomena in the crust. These features may represent a combined effect of North China-Yangtze collision at an early stage and the remote action of Pacific plate subduction at a late stage.

Shallow Water Body Data Processing Based on the Seismic Oceanography

Physical properties of sea water,such as salinity,temperature,density and acoustic velocity,could be demarcated through degradation of energy caused by water absorption,attenuation and other factors.To overcome the challenging difficulties in the quick monitoring of these physical properties,we have explored the high resolution marine seismic survey to instantly characterize them.Based on the unique wavefield propagating in the sea water,we have developed a new approach to suppress the noise caused by the shallow sea water disturbance and obtain useful information for estimating the sea water structure.This approach improves seismic data with high signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.The seismic reflection imaging can map the sea water structure acoustically.Combined with the knowledge of local water body structure profile over years,the instant model for predicting the sea water properties could be built using the seismic data acquired from the specially designed high precision marine seismic acquisition.This model can also be updated with instant observation and the complete data processing system.The present study has the potential value to many applications,such as 3D sea water monitoring,engineering evaluation,geological disaster assessment and environmental assessment.

Statistical determination of significant curved I-girder bridge seismic response parameters

Curved steel bridges are commonly used at interchanges in transportation networks and more of these structures continue to be designed and built in the United States. Though the use of these bridges continues to increase in locations that experience high seismicity, the effects of curvature and other parameters on their seismic behaviors have been neglected in current risk assessment tools. These tools can evaluate the seismic vulnerability of a transportation network using fragility curves. One critical component of fragility curve development for curved steel bridges is the completion of sensitivity analyses that help identify influential parameters related to their seismic response. In this study, an accessible inventory of existing curved steel girder bridges located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic United States （MAUS） was used to establish statistical characteristics used as inputs for a seismic sensitivity study. Critical seismic response quantities were captured using 3D nonlinear finite element models. Influential parameters from these quantities were identified using statistical tools that incorporate experimental Plackett-Burman Design （PBD）, which included Pareto optimal plots and prediction profiler techniques. The findings revealed that the potential variation in the influential parameters included number of spans, radius of curvature, maximum span length, girder spacing, and cross-frame spacing. These parameters showed varying levels of influence on the critical bridge response.

Using large dynamite shots to image the structure of the Moho from deep seismic reflection experiment between the Sichuan basin and Qinling orogen

The Qinling orogen was formed as a result of the collision between the North and South China blocks. The Qinling orogen represents the location at which the southern and northern parts of the Chinese mainland col- lided, and it＇s also the intersection of the Central China orogen and the north-south tectonic belt. There is evidence of strong deformation in this orogen, and it has had a long and complex geological history. We investigated the structure of the Moho in the southern Qinling orogen using large dynamite shot imaging techniques. By integrating the analysis of the single-shot and the move-out corrections profile, we determined the structure of the Moho beneath the northern Dabashan thrust belt and the southern Qinling orogen, including the mantle suture beneath Fenghuang mountain. The Moho is divided into two parts by the mantle suture zone beneath Fenghuang mountain： （1） from Ziyang to Hanyin, the north-dipping Moho is at about 45-55 km depth and the depth increases rapidly; and （2） from Hanyin to Ningshan, the south-dipping Moho is at about 40-45 km depth and shallows slowly. The mantle suture is located beneath Fenghuang mountain, and the Moho overlaps at this location： the shallower Moho is connected to the northern part of China, and the deeper Moho is connected to the southern part. This may indicate that the lithosphere in the Sichuan basin subducts to the Qinling block and that the subduction frontier reaches at least as far as Fenghuang mountain.

Mounded seismic units in the modern canyon system in the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea:Sediment deformation,depositional structures or the mixed system?

The canyon system,including 17 small slope-confined canyons in the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea,is significantly characterized by mounded or undulating features on the canyon flanks and canyon heads.However,the mechanism underlying the formation of these features has yet to be elucidated.In previous studies,most of them were interpreted as sediment deformation on the exploration seismic profiles.In this paper,we collected high-resolution bathymetric data,chirp profiles and geotechnical test data to investigate their detailed morphology,internal structures,and origin.The bathymetric data indicated that most mounded seismic units have smooth seafloors and are separated by grooves or depressions.The distance between two adjacent mounded units is only hundreds of meters.On chirp profiles,mounded seismic units usually exhibit chaotic reflections and wavy reflections,of which the crests migrate upslope.The slope stability analysis results revealed that the critical angle of the soil layers in the study area tends to be 9°,indicating that most mounded seismic units on the canyon flanks and heads are stable at present.The terrain characteristics and seismic configurations combined with the slope stability analysis results indicated that most mounded seismic units are not sediment deformation but depositional structures or mixed systems composed of deformation and depositional structures.

Seismic-gravimetric analysis of the subducted Nazca plate 1 between 32°S and 36°S

The study region is seismically and tectonically characterized by the angle variations in the subduction of the Nazca plate. The results obtained from earthquakes location between 32° and 36°S latitude and67°-71°W longitude are presented in this work. The presence of a wedge of asthenospheric materials and the partial or total eclogitization of the subducted Nazca plate and its relation with isostatic cortex models published was analyzed. In addition, a gravimetric profile obtained from gravity forward modeling is presented at 33.5°S, proposing a new configuration at depths for the main tectonic components： Nazca plate, asthenospheric wedge and South American plate. Also, a new density scheme using recently published velocity models was obtained.

HSP超前探测技术在煤矿TBM掘进巷道中的应用研究

随着全断面掘进机TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)逐渐应用于煤矿岩巷掘进,对不良地质构造进行超前准确快速预测的需求日益迫切。通过对主动源地震波超前探测方法的特点和TBM破岩震源超前探测技术的适用性进行分析,结合煤矿巷道地质和生产条件,提出了适用于煤矿巷道TBM掘进的HSP超前探测方法。以河南平顶山首山一矿TBM掘进底板瓦斯治理巷道为工程背景,选用防爆硬件一体化设计的探测仪器在煤矿巷道中进行应用。构建了空间型观测方式对煤矿巷道近水平煤线进行探测,优化了双护盾TBM掘进巷道狭小空间检波器阵列式布置参数;基于时频分析、互相关干涉处理、反射与散射联合反演等方法处理原始信号并进行探测结果成像。研究表明:采用空间型观测方式可实现与巷道小角度斜交煤线的识别,设计震源与首检波器间距离为15 m时最优。通过时频分析提取有效信号,利用互相关干涉法获取虚拟震源道和反射特征曲线,并结合反射与散射联合反演成像得到探测区域地层反射能量分布图,能够较准确地推测得到围岩存在的不良地质构造。通过比较现场开挖揭露情况与探测结果发现两者吻合度较高,表明HSP超前探测方法可实现掘进工作面前方100 m范围内超前无损地质预测,有助于提高煤矿岩巷TBM掘进速度。

基于广义Curvelet变换和相空间特征聚类的VSP波场分离方法

垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profiling,VSP)蕴含大量的地层地质信息,是连接地震反射数据与测井资料之间的桥梁.VSP数据分辨率高,资料丰富,包括上行波、下行波、转换波等多种类型的波场,常被用于地层反射界面标定、介质衰减参数反演等.其中,如何有效地分离波场是将VSP资料应用于油气勘探的关键之一.广义Curvelet变换是一种具有多尺度、多角度的相空间变换,能够进行相空间域波场特性的提取.本文聚焦于VSP波场的上下行波分离问题,提出一种基于广义Curvelet变换和相空间特征聚类方法.首先,采用广义Curvelet变换对VSP波场进行特征提取,构造融入相空间角度信息的特征数据集;然后,利用K-means聚类算法在相空间对波场特征进行分类;最后,对分类结果进行反变换,完成VSP上下行波波场的自适应分离.为了验证方法的有效性,本文将所提出的方法用于合成数据和实际VSP数据的波场分离,并与常用的基于F-K变换的波场分离方法进行对比.处理结果表明,本文方法角度分辨率高、抗噪能力强,波场分离结果的保真保幅性好,这为后续的成像与地层的特征分析提供了重要基础资料.

变克拉通化对盆地构造—沉积—油气成藏作用的响应:以阿富汗—塔吉克盆地为例

阿富汗—塔吉克盆地位于北特提斯构造域北缘,帕米尔突刺构造带的西侧,内部发育伴随盐构造的滑脱产生的断褶相间的独特构造地质现象,与塔里木盆地一样被称为“变克拉通化”。本文综合利用阿富汗—塔吉克盆地的地震地质资料、油气田资料,结合盆地地表及地下的构造—地层沉积类型和样式,分析盆地的构造演化特征,旨在为油气勘探的“盐相关构造”领域研究提供科学参考。研究表明,从地层结构格架来看,上侏罗统的膏盐岩作为区域性的滑脱面,控制了阿富汗—塔吉克盆地盐上、盐下两套构造层系的冲断变形,盐上构造层系属盐丘构造系统,平面上具有线形构造形态,而盐下构造层系大部分为断层滑脱褶皱的构造样式。阿富汗—塔吉克盆地在晚古生界基底之上存在3期构造运动:弧后伸展环境(中二叠世—三叠纪)、台地稳定沉积时期(侏罗纪—古近纪)、喜马拉雅造山期挤压阶段(渐新世末至今)。盆地因盐构造滑脱作用和岩层间滑移作用产生多套区域滑脱面,形成复背斜、复向斜、构造楔等多种构造样式,盆内挤压变形的最小缩短率约为13%。已发现的含油气区多位于复向斜带的隆起区,下侏罗统、下白垩统、始新统的页岩和泥质碳酸盐岩为烃源岩,白垩系碎屑岩、古近系碳酸盐岩为储集岩层,白垩系膏盐岩和始新统的区域性页岩为封盖层,发育盐下、盐上两套成藏组合,形成断背斜、地层岩性生物礁等圈闭,具有广阔的油气勘探潜力。

基于松辽盆地南部地震剖面中地质信息的砂岩型铀矿找矿预测方法研究

砂岩型铀矿勘查队伍在进行铀矿勘查的过程中收集了大量勘查区内地震剖面,部分地震剖面中隐藏的地质信息未得到充分发掘,文章从地质、物探相结合的研究视角,依托历年铀矿勘查工作经验对收集的地震剖面进行综合分析和二次开发利用,提高地震资料利用率,进一步发挥地震资料在砂岩型铀矿勘查过程中的指导作用。在地震剖面中识别构造、沉积等要素,将各类要素投影至平面图中进行叠合并筛选,进而确定铀成矿有利部位。该找矿预测方法综合反转与走滑构造预测成果、辫状河砂体预测成果、削截不整合预测成果、隆起构造预测成果、洼地预测成果,以岩性地化环境作为控制性指标,结合周围钻孔单孔、连孔信息,实现对铀成矿有利砂体的预测。文章提出松辽盆地南部坳陷期沉积地层处于右旋走滑构造背景下,走滑断裂的局部地区形成挤压应力场造成反转构造,进而形成了古隆起,这一过程同时伴生形成拉伸应力场,进而形成了深洼地,古隆起和深洼地之间过渡带形成一系列发育辫状河的山间河谷地形,应力场的转换形成一系列不整合界面和局部隆起构造,控制了铀矿化的具体位置,其能否最终形成富矿体取决于该具体位置是否处于氧化—还原的过渡带。文章预测了13片外围铀成矿潜力较大且可供下一步钻探工程查证的砂体,预测结果与部分外围铀矿体位置一致,在其中两片有利砂体附近勘查发现两处铀矿产地。文中基于地震剖面中地质信息的找矿预测方法对铀矿找矿具有一定指导和借鉴意义。

三门峡断陷盆地及邻区深部结构及成因——来自深地震反射与大地电磁测深的证据

近年来,围绕三门峡断陷盆地中的油气、地热资源做了大量的工作,成因机制研究较少,严重制约了矿产资源的勘探开发。本文在前人研究工作基础上,结合野外地质调查并利用高精度深反射地震剖面、大地电磁(MT)、重磁等地球物理探测技术,对三门峡盆地进行综合研究。发现三门峡盆地主要由东、西2个负花状构造构成,西花状构造体大于东花状构造体;盆地东部边缘以观音堂隆起与洛阳凹陷相邻,观音堂隆起发育有壳内透镜状低速体,其东、西两侧均发育有规模较大的隐伏逆断层。研究区内莫霍面为大约5 km厚度滑脱层,在深反射地震剖面上表现为蚯蚓状反射特征,指示滑脱层为西向运动。莫霍面滑脱层上部与下部新发现多条弧形断层。地质与地球物理资料综合研究表明,莫霍面滑脱层的解耦作用是三门峡断陷盆地花状构造形成的主因;在不同时空构造力系作用下,形成研究区新生代全地壳旋转花状构造盆地。