Experimental study of rock-breaking with an offset single cone bit

An experimental study of rock-breaking with an offset single cone bit was completed on the bit bench test equipment. Data such as transmission ratio, weight on bit （WOB）, rate of penetration （ROP） and torque on bit were acquired in the experiments. Based on analyzing the experimental results, several conclusions were drawn as follows. The transmission ratio of the offset single-cone bit changed slightly with rotary speed of bit, weight on bit and offset distance. The rate of penetration of the offset singlecone bit increased with increase of WOB and off＇set distance. The torque on bit increased with increase of offset distance under the same WOB and bit rotary speed, decreased with increase of bit rotary speed under the same WOB. The rock-breaking mechanism of the offset single-cone bit was a scraping action. This indicates that the offset single-cone bit is a chipping type bit.

Core discing characteristics and mitigation approach by a novel developed drill bit in deep rocks

Core discing often occurs in deep rocks under high-stress conditions and has been identified as an important characteristic for deep rock engineering.This paper presents the formation mechanism of core discing firstly.Then,the interaction between diamond drill bits and rock was analyzed based on numerical modeling.A novel drill bit with an inner conical crown for the mitigation of core discing was designed and verified by simulation experiments.The mitigation method was applied in the cavern B1 of CJPL-Ⅱand satisfactory results had been achieved.The percentage of core discing had been obviously decreased from 67.8%when drilling with a rectangular crown drill bit,to 26.5%when an inner conical crown drill bit had been adopted.This paper gives full insight into core discing characteristics and provides a new method for core discing mitigation;it will potentially contribute to stress measurement in deep rock engineering.

A new diamond bit for extra-hard, compact and nonabrasive rock formation

A new impregnated diamond bit was designed to solve the slipping problem when impregnated diamond bit was used for extra-hard, compact, and nonabrasive rock formation. Adding Si C grits into matrix, Si C grits can easily be exfoliated from the surface of the matrix due to weak holding-force with matrix, which made the surface non-smooth. Three Ф36/24 mm laboratorial bits were manufactured to conduct a laboratory drilling test on zirconiacorundum refractory brick. The laboratory drilling test indicates that the abrasive resistance of the bit work layer is proportional to the Si C concentation. The higher the concentration, the weaker the abrasive resistance of matrix. The new impregnated diamond bit was applied to a mining area drilling construction in Jiangxi province, China. Field drilling application indicates that the ROP(rate of penetration) of the new bit is approximately two to three times that of the common bits. Compared with the common bits, the surface of the new bit has typical abrasive wear characteristics,and the metabolic rate of the diamond can be well matched to the wear rate of the matrix.

The Principle of the Drilling by Impregnated Diamond Bits and the Classification of Rocks

Recently impregnated diamond bits have been widely applied in drilling hard and medium - hard formations in the world . It is quite necessary to study the fracturing mecha-nism of the impregnated diamond bit and the classification of rocks , which can realize optimum drilling . Using multi - parameter rotary test stand can monitor and print nine parameters . The diamond size and concentration for experiment are various and there are nearly 200 types of samples , numbering over 1000 pieces . The results of laboratory are the same as those in the field . Besides , this paper expresses that the diamond concentration of impregnated diamond bits effect the bonding strength of diamond imbedded in ma-trix . During drilling by impregnated diamond bits three ways are used to cool the bits . The contact area between impregnated diamond layer and flow , and the drilling flow through annulus carrying away heat with conduction form can be shown by equations . It is impossible to classify the rock drillability only by using single factor . The best method is to use main factors to analyse the drillability of rocks. Only in this way , the results can be applied to practice .

THREE DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC ELASTICPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF A SET OF PERCUSSION BITS WITH ROCK MASSES

A three dimensional dynamic elastic-plastic finite element analysis of the interaction of percussion bits with rock masses is presented. The dynamic contact problem was investigated with the numerical method developed for high velocity impact calculations[1]. The numerical analysis was carried out for three simultaneously loaded percussion bits arranged on a straight line on the rock surface, the loading time was kept constant throughout this work. The numerical calculation for various strengths of the dynamic load tm the percussion bits shows that a critical minimum dynamic load exists for the generation of plastic deformations in the rock. For this critical value of the load the maximum normal stress of the longitudinal wave in the percussion bit exceeds the yield stress of the rock mass.

Research on Lubrication Model of Rock Bit Bearings with Non-Newtonian Medium

Lubrication media of rock bit journal bearing is non-Newtonian fluid, and because of structure limitations, lubricant supply is only from the inside track and its rheological properties are relatively complex. In general studies, the non- Newtonianism of lubrication media of rock bit journal bearing is neglected to simplify the research process. Based on the universal Reynolds equation of non-Newton media, the mathematical model of lubrication analysis was suitable for the rock bit bearing working conditions was established. Then according to the experimental results of rheological properties of RB-type lubricating grease, the equivalent viscosity of the model was established and this model can be solved by the method used in solving the Reynolds equation of Newton fluid.

孕镶金刚石钻头磨损研究现状与发展趋势

孕镶金刚石钻头广泛应用于各种硬岩钻进,尤其是深部硬岩钻探钻井的工程实践活动中,其碎岩机制表现为金属胎体包裹的金刚石出刃后压入、刻划和破碎岩石。金刚石钻头的磨损形式反映了孔底钻头-岩石的相互作用过程,以及磨粒(包括岩屑、胎体碎屑和金刚石碎屑等)在孔底的存在状态,它决定了金刚石钻头的钻进效率和使用寿命。目前关于孕镶金刚石钻头磨损理论、方法的研究大部分属于定性判断,且常局限于区域特殊情况,无法形成统一或可借鉴的实用指导体系。以地质钻探领域的孕镶金刚石钻头磨损相关研究文献为主,讨论了孕镶金刚石钻头磨损的研究现状。首先结合地质钻探工业实践和行业规程归纳了钻头的非正常磨损类型,然后从磨损图像、钻进信号2个方面介绍了钻头磨损评价方法,从钻头整体、金刚石和金属胎体3个方面梳理了钻头钻进过程磨损机理与影响因素,另外列举了主流的钻头磨损性能调控方法,介绍了磨损分析方程的研究进展,并探讨了机器学习方法如何辅助钻头磨损研究。孕镶金刚石钻头在深部硬岩钻探中有极大的潜力,而其磨损性能是决定其最终使用效果的关键。为此,对人工智能方法辅助数据分析、微观尺度计算模拟、增材制造和材料处理改性等研究方向进行了分析展望,探索先进的金刚石钻头的磨损监测分析和调控方法,以期满足地质深部钻探和地外星系钻探等远程监控钻进的需求。

Tooth arrangement design of retractable DTH hammer bit used for drilling while casing

Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer with casing while drilling(CWD)is a technology that has been proven to be able to alleviate many of the problems faced by complex formations.However,the drill bit is suffered from rapid wear,low drilling efficiency,and high energy consumption due to the unreasonable tooth arrangement and impact energy selection in drilling process,which affect the application effect of this technology.ABAQUS software was used for numerical simulation of rock breaking behavior under impact load with the single,three,and five teeth arrangement drill bit respectively,to improve the application effect and solve the aforementioned technical problems.Based on the calculated parameters of tooth arrangement,we designed a novel drill bit for hard rocks and provided a theoretical basis for the tooth arrangement of largediameter drill bits.

凸棱非平面聚晶金刚石齿的破岩机理及在含砾地层中的应用

为提高聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头在含砾、软硬交错等不均质地层中的抗冲击性能,开展了凸棱非平面PDC齿的研究。通过仿真和室内实验对比分析了凸棱非平面齿与常规平面齿的破岩机理。与平面齿相比,凸棱非平面齿与岩石的接触应力分布更均匀,切削破岩过程中的载荷波动幅度明显更小,切削稳定性更高。凸棱齿特殊的非平面结构改变了切削齿与岩石的互作用方式,在不均质地层得到成功应用。

基于仿真的复合冲击破岩流固热耦合场分析

为了揭示复合冲击载荷下全尺寸PDC钻头破岩机理,以温度为纽带,通过迭代算法建立复合冲击载荷下PDC钻头破岩流固热耦合仿真分析模型,同时以PDC钻头切削齿温度为评价指标验证仿真模型;从动态破岩过程、力学变化行为、温度演化规律和流场分布特征等4个方面完成复合冲击载荷下全尺寸PDC钻头破岩工作特性分析。分析结果表明:PDC钻头破岩流固热耦合仿真分析模型误差在10%以内,满足工程分析精度需求;PDC钻头破岩过程分为单齿破岩、平面破岩和深度破岩3个阶段,增加复合冲击载荷后PDC钻头最大扭矩增大66.3%,平均扭矩增大28.0%;PDC钻头的高温区域分布在钻头最底部切削齿表面,最高温度达到166.9℃;钻井液在PDC钻头刀翼外侧切削齿产生高压区域,最大压力达到107.9 kPa;钻井液在喷嘴出口处流速最大,达到6.1 m/s。研究结果可为揭示复合冲击破岩机理、开发高效PDC钻头提供理论指导和技术支持。

差压步进钻头提高破岩速度原理及现场试验

井底岩石承受较大的原地应力作用,且随着井深增加原地应力呈增大趋势。原地应力的存在增加了岩石的压实程度,导致岩石坚硬、可钻性差、研磨性强等问题,成为破岩工具切削效率低、使用寿命短和钻井速度慢的最主要原因之一。针对此背景,提出释放井底部分原地应力弱化地层抗钻特性提高破岩速度的理念,研发一种可释放井底部分原地应力弱化地层抗钻特性且能够集中钻压强化攻击能力的差压步进钻头,该钻头充分利用钻井过程中的井底钻压波动,实现扩眼钻头与领眼钻头钻压动态分配及钻进过程交替进行的目标,通过弱化地层、强化攻击及转化振动三重效果提高破岩速度。为验证差压步进钻头的应力释放效应,建立三维流固耦合的阶梯井底应力场模型,并在江苏油区某区块砾石层井段开展3口井的实钻试验。结果表明:阶梯井底能够使阶梯处岩石更易破碎;小直径领眼钻头应力释放效果较好;随着地层深度的增加,差压步进钻头应力释放效果更加显著,应力释放比约为60.2%;差压步进钻头提速效果显著,砾石层钻速较牙轮钻头提升可达161.89%,最高提速318.11%。

顺北油气田二叠系火成岩钻井技术研究与应用

塔里木盆地顺北区块二叠系火成岩地层厚度大、硬度高、裂缝发育、非均质性强,导致机械钻速低与堵漏耗时长,相比邻区平均钻井周期增加达1.5倍。近几年,通过持续强化钻井液堵漏技术与优选高效钻井工艺,漏失量与堵漏时间逐步缩短,钻井指标逐年提高。本文分析了影响堵漏时间长与机械钻速低的主控因素,提出堵漏浆中加入竹纤维、变形颗粒以改善堵漏工艺技术,明确了冲击工具的适用条件,优选攻击性与抗冲击性的PDC钻头,改进混合钻头结构以及配套大扭矩、长寿命螺杆等技术对策,提速降本成效显著,为加快顺北油气田的高效勘探开发提供了指导。

异形齿切削破碎页岩的试验与数值模拟研究

针对PDC钻头在页岩气钻井中破岩效率低和寿命短的问题,开展异形齿切削破碎页岩机理研究。选用凹面齿、斧形齿、三棱齿等典型异形齿开展切削页岩过程、切削载荷的试验研究,利用数值模拟分析异形齿切削过程中岩石的损伤特性。试验结果表明:切削齿切削页岩过程中,出现了镜面和“卷屑”等硬塑性特征;凹面齿切削载荷和破岩比功小于其他齿型;平面齿和三棱齿随着前倾角的增加,切削载荷呈增大趋势;凹面齿和斧形齿对前倾角的变化不敏感,且凹面齿在前倾角为10°时破岩效果最好;在相同条件下,4种齿型中凹面齿形成的岩屑最大,利于破岩效率的提高。模拟结果表明:切削过程中凹面齿以“铲削”的方式破碎岩石,三棱齿和斧形齿的棱脊对岩石产生明显的挤压效果;三棱齿沿着棱脊将岩屑一分为二向两侧排出,而斧形齿在块体岩屑的中间部分形成了明显的塑性变形。研究结果可为页岩气钻井提速增效提供基础支撑。

PDC钻头钻进岩石破碎过程及其与钻进规程参数关系的分析研究

PDC复合片钻头在地质勘探和石油天然气钻井等领域得到了广泛的应用,取得了很好的技术经济效果。但是,对于其碎岩过程及其与钻进规程参数间的关系研究不够深入,影响了技术经济指标的进一步提高。俄罗斯钻探工作者在这方面做了很多工作,取得了一定效果,值得引起我们的注意。例如,他们建议,由于岩石破碎方式是变化的,所以,尽量使岩石破碎处于体积破碎状态;如果把钻头每转进尺能耗量指标作为一个评价指标考虑进去,则评价系统会更加科学和更加全面;钻头每转进尺,不是越高越好,有一个最优值,这个最优值与钻进规程参数密切相关;提出了临界钻进规程的概念,即当轴载和转速的乘积高达一定数值时,切削具温度急剧上升、钻头磨损明显加剧,冲洗液量再大也无济于事,因此,此时应该采取措施,及时调整规程参数,避免钻进过程处于临界规程状态,以便使钻进处于正常状态,继续钻进下去。

多热源影响下双深双高钻井井筒瞬态传热模型

为准确分析钻井液高温高压物性参数、钻柱偏心、旋转和钻头破岩多种热源因素对环空温度剖面的影响,基于井筒和周围环境传热机理和流动过程,建立了一种适用于双深双高钻井的井筒瞬态传热模型。利用有限体积法对该模型进行数值求解,并将现场实测数据分别与软件Drillbench和该模型进行对比验证。结果表明,该模型的预测与现场实测数据拟合效果更佳。研究发现:综合考虑多种热源因素会使环空温度更接近井筒真实值,井底环空温差达到8.43℃;当考虑钻井液高温高压物性参数变化时,下段环空温度随井深的增加而显著减小,井底处环空温差为3.48℃;相较钻柱偏心,旋转和钻头破岩作用对环空温度的影响更显著,井底环空温差分别为6.20和6.56℃。研究结果可为双深双高钻井井筒温度预测和控制提供理论指导。

三棱形PDC齿破岩特性数值模拟研究

常规PDC钻头在研磨性地层中面临磨损严重、吃入困难、机械钻速低等问题。三棱形PDC齿较常规平面PDC齿具有更好的破岩效果,但是关于三棱形PDC齿的布齿参数、齿形参数的优选缺乏依据。为此,通过有限元仿真分析软件建立了破岩仿真模型,开展了三棱形PDC齿破岩机理研究,剖析了在垂向压入和刮切破岩时三棱形PDC齿的力学特性和破岩规律。研究结果表明:垂直压入破岩时,在相同压力作用下,三棱形PDC齿吃入岩石的深度大于常规平面PDC齿,当前倾角γ<15°时,三棱形PDC齿的破岩效果优于常规平面PDC齿;刮切破岩时,三棱形PDC齿的最优前倾角为10°,最优脊面倾角为3°,最优侧转角为2°。现场试验结果表明,在研磨性地层中三棱形PDC齿比常规平面PDC齿表现出更好的耐磨性和耐冲击性,三棱形齿PDC钻头的机械钻速达到常规平面齿PDC钻头的2.37倍。研究结果可为高研磨性地层的PDC钻头优选提供指导和参考。

基于非球形岩屑的高压CO_(2)喷射钻井携岩试验研究

在非常规储层开采中,欠平衡气体钻井技术克服了传统钻井钻速低、建井周期长和效率低等缺点,而气体钻井技术在深部地层钻进时井底高效携岩是制约上述问题的关键之一。由于气体钻井携岩研究中多采用球形代替真实非球形岩屑,忽略岩屑非球形轮廓对岩屑运移的影响,致使井底喷射携岩特性不准确。为此,本文采用PDC钻头切削砂岩所得真实岩屑制得非球形岩屑,搭建PDC钻头高压CO_(2)喷射携岩试验平台,探究岩屑球形度φ、喷射压力、钻头转速和岩屑体积对携岩的影响。结果表明:非球形岩屑上升时轴向速度波动大,且其启动速度快于球形岩屑,但速度衰减更快;随着岩屑球形度φ值的增加,岩屑在井筒内的轴向速度先减小后增加,当φ值在0.6~0.65范围内岩屑轴向速度降低导致运移效率变差;CO_(2)喷射压力增加对岩屑轴向速度增加显著,在距离井底35 mm处岩屑轴向速度增幅可达221%;钻头转速增加使得靠近井底段的岩屑运移速度提升显著,当钻头转速在70~80 r/min范围内,平均运移速度稳定在11.88 m/s,携岩效果较好;岩屑轴向速度随岩屑体积的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势。上述研究系统阐明了PDC钻头喷射钻井携岩特性,为CO_(2)等气体喷射钻井技术应用提供了理论基础。

龙凤山气田火山岩地层个性化PDC钻头设计与应用

长岭断陷龙凤山气田主力储层主要分布在火山岩发育的营城组和火石岭组。储层岩石石英含量高、研磨性强,导致机械钻速低、单只钻头进尺短,大幅增加了起下钻换钻头等非生产时间,严重制约钻井提速。本文通过开展岩石力学实验研究,利用测井资料建立并修正岩石力学剖面,开展了异型PDC齿研发和钻头切削结构设计优化,研发出一种适合该区块火山岩地层的6刀翼异形齿PDC钻头,现场应用3井次,较其他普通PDC钻头平均进尺提高42.2%,平均机械钻速提高36%,提速降本效果显著。

冲-切混合钻头工作动态分析与破岩效率研究

针对现有钻头在深部复杂难钻地层的破岩效率低的问题,本文提出冲击-刮切分离式混合钻头,冲击齿与PDC齿相互独立工作。通过有限元分析得出冲击齿先对岩石预损伤,弱化岩石性质,再依靠PDC刮切岩石,钻头通过冲击-刮切的方式切削地层,仿真结果表明,冲切方式的破岩的最大轴向力和最大切削力都有所减小,平均轴向力减小34.93 N,降低12.1%,平均切向力减小26.09 N,降低9.1%,降低PDC齿破碎比功,从而提高混合钻头的破岩效率。根据混合钻头切削齿运动特点,运用复合坐标系统分析切削齿与钻头的几何关系,进而建立切削齿的速度、加速度以及动力学方程,通过MATLAB软件来模拟混合钻头的切削齿破碎岩石的动态过程,并得到混合钻头的井底形貌以及切削齿的切削截面、切削体积、切削力等参数,为新型混合钻头的研发提供了理论基础。

绳索取心钻头在钾盐勘探的应用及优化技术——以JG-2井为例

JG-2井是中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所为进一步查明思茅盆地勐野井组钾盐资源而布置于景谷凹陷盆地的地质调查井,设计井深1800 m。全孔取心分别采用金刚石和PDC绳索取心工艺技术,施工中出现岩盐、泥岩、砂岩及泥砾岩互层频繁、反复交替,致使岩石可钻性及研磨性变化快,钻头机械钻速快-慢不均、泥包及岩心磨损严重等问题,对钻头选型带来较大的困难、影响了钻进效率。本文针对上述问题,分析总结了钻遇地层岩性特征和使用钻头类型、结构后,优选了八刀翼PDC绳索取心钻头类型、同时优化了孕镶金刚石钻头结构与钻进参数,改善泥浆流变及清洁性能,较好地解决了上述问题,提高了钻头时效及取心质量。最后终孔深度1829.44 m,终孔直径133 mm,钻获了直径≥78 mm的优质岩盐矿心,岩矿心平均采取率达到97.51%,为类似地质条件钾盐调查勘探提供一定的借鉴依据。