Analysis of the Design and Application of a Novel CT Secondary Cable Line Calibrator

With the rapid development of electrical power systems,ensuring the accuracy and reliability of power transmis-sion has become particularly crucial.The secondary cable line calibrator for current transformers(CT)plays an essential role in calibrating electrical power systems.It is not only related to the safe operation of the system but also directly im-pacts the accuracy of energy metering.This study aims to design and analyze an efficient CT secondary cable line calibra-tor to explore its application effects in the power system.By thoroughly analyzing the characteristics of CT secondary ca-ble lines and the design requirements of the calibrator,this paper proposes an innovative design scheme for the calibrator.This device demonstrates significant effects in enhancing the accuracy and stability of power system calibration,providing robust technical support for the optimization and upgrade of the power system.This research not only offers a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and application of CT secondary cable line calibrators but also contributes new ideas and methods for the precise calibration and efficient management of the power system.

A Review of Medium Voltage Single-Core Cable Armouring, Induced Currents and Losses

Insulated underground cables have the potential to reduce power outages, maintenance costs, and transmission losses compared to overhead lines. On the other hand, they are exposed to several risks and physical damages, since they are buried in the ground. Though the cables are armoured in order to provide mechanical protection and achieve tensile strength, and also to provide effective conductance of earth fault currents. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce insulated underground cables, armouring process, and to analyze the induced currents in metallic parts such as sheath and armour that causeohmic losses which are categorized mainly in two groups as circulating current and eddy current. This paper presents a review on analytical techniques used to analyze the effect of magnetic fields, andcalculate the losses in the armour of the cables, besides providing the strategies and solutions used for armour loss reduction.

Nonlinear dynamical response of high-voltage transmission lines based on cable dropping

In order to study the dynamic response of high-voltage transmission lines under mechanical failure, a finite element model of a domestic 500-kV high-voltage transmission line system is established. The initial equilibrium condition of the coupling system model is verified by nonlinear static analysis. The transient dynamic analysis method is proposed to analyze the variation law of dynamic response under cable or insulator rupture, and the dynamic response of structural elements next to the broken span is calculated. The results show that upper crossarm cable rupture has no effect on cable tension at adjacent suspension points, but it has a significant influence on tension in the insulator and the tower component of the upper crossarm next to the broken span. The peak tension in the conductor of the upper crossarm at the suspension point exceeds the design value under insulator rupture. Insulator rupture has no effect on the tower component of the upper crossarm, but it has a significant influence on insulator tension of the upper crossarm. Insulator rupture should be taken into account in the design of overhead transmission lines. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the design of transmission lines.

Mechanical analysis of transmission lines based on linear sliding cable element

In order to study the sliding characteristics when the cable structures are connected with other rods, a string of sliding cable dements （SCE） consisting of one active threenode SCE passing through the sliding point and multiple inactive two-node SCEs is put forward. Based on the updated Lagrangian formulation, the geometric nonlinear stiffness matrix of the three-node straight sliding cable dement is deduced. The examples about two-span and three-span continuous cable structures are studied to verify the effectiveness of the derived SCE. Comparing the cable tension of SCE with the existing research results, the calculating results show that the error is less than 1%. The sliding characteristics should be considered in practical engineering because of the obvious difference between the cable tension of the SCE and that of the cable element without considering sliding characteristics.

Mechanical response of transmission lines based on sliding cable element

In order to study the sliding characteristics when the cable is connected with the other rods in the transmission line structures,a linear sliding cable element based on updated Lagrangian formulation and a sliding catenary element considering the out-of-plane stiffness coefficient are put forward.A two-span and a three-span cable structures are taken as examples to verify the sliding cable elements.By comparing the tensions of the two proposed cable elements with the existing research results,the error is less than 1%,which proves the correctness of the proposed elements.The sliding characteristics should be considered in the practical engineering because of the significant difference between the tensions of sliding cable elements and those of cable element without considering sliding.The out-of-plane stiffness coefficient and friction characteristics do not obviously affect the cable tensions.

A 600-m Jacketing Line of Cable-In-Conduit Conductor (CICC) and the First 600-m Dummy Cable

A cable-in-conduit conductor(CICC ) production line was designed and constructed in Institute of Plasma Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPPCAS) by the end of 2000. It can produce a length of 600 meters and three kinds of sections of 20.8±0. 1×20.8±0.1, 20.4±0. 1×20.4± 0.1 and 18.6±0.1×18.6±0.1mm2. If the rollers of the shaping machine are changed, it can also produce other sizes of CICCs. So-called inserting-cable technology is adopted in this production line, where the procedures consist of tube pre-treatment (cleaning, pressure and leakage testing, end cutting), conduits butt-welding, six kinds of quality checking (endoscopy, dye penetration, pressure control, leakage testing, ultrasonic inspection and X-ray testing), cable inserting, shaping (compacting & squaring), pre-bending & winding and final checking. Now all the instruments and facilities required for these technologies have been installed and got ready. Some key technologies have been explored and good results obtained. Some short samples were produced and a 600 meters long sample was made out in August, 2001.

Aspects of High Voltage Cable Sections in Modern Overhead Line Transmission Systems

Electrical power transmission is dominated by overhead line systems at present.This is mainly based on more than hundred years of experience of utilities in running overhead lines.Furthermore,overhead lines have proven their operational reliability and functional assurance.In the past,cables were used in distribution networks in urban areas for the most part with the exception of direct current submarine cables.New developments of high voltage XLPE cables make it possible to use this technology for EHV level applications in transmission networks.Within this paper,mixed network configurations,consisting of overhead lines and high voltage cables,are investigated.An exemplary EHV transmission line with a total length of about 100 km,which is quite typical for Central Europe,has been studied.Several different line combinations are discussed with varied rates between overhead line sections and cable sections length in practice.The length of the cable sections are ranging from several kilometers up to lengths of 100 km.In this paper the work focuses on the transient behavior of combined 400 kV overhead and cable lines during switching processes and lightning impacts.A number of calculations were carried out to get an overview of the transient stress in numerous network nodes along the transmission system.Numerical programs like ATP/EMTP have been used for these simulations.Peak values and wave shapes of the transient voltage stress have been evaluated,based on different systems and within possible combinations.In respect of the insulation coordination and transient stress at network nodes,the voltage-time trends are also analyzed.The combination of high voltage overhead and cable transmission systems,especially such with lengths of more than about 50 km,are making tightened and extended demands to the network design,to the operational management and of course to the network protection also.As an output of this investigations,the results might influence the strategy in running this new type of combined transmission systems.

Line Differential Protection Scheme Modelling for Underground 420 kV Cable Systems

Based on the analysis of a specific relay model and an HVAC （high voltage alternating current） cable system, a detailed approach to EMTDC/PSCAD modelling of protective relays is presented. Such approach allows to create complex and accurate relay models derived from the original algorithms. Relay models can be applied with various systems, allowing to obtain the most optimal configuration of the protective relaying. The present paper describes modelling methodology on the basis of Siemens SIPROTEC 4 7SD522/610. Relay model was verified experimentally with its real equivalent by both EMTP-simulated and real world generated current signals connected to the relay.

Statistical Superposition of Crosstalk Effects in Cable Bundles

This paper deals with the analytical derivation of phasor-domain statistical properties of crosstalk in random wire cables due to the superposition of several sources of electromagnetic interference.In this study,statistical characterization of crosstalk in cable bundles,which is available in literature for the case of one source of interference,is extended to the case of several sources operating simultaneously.The superposition of crosstalk effects is analysed in statistical terms,also taking into account the correlation between crosstalk contributions.A further random contribution,which is included in the proposed statistical model,is given by the phase relationship between the sources of interference.Analytical approximate expressions for the crosstalk mean value,variance,and probability density function are derived as functions of the cable bundle features and sources.

Dynamic behaviors of pretensioned cable AERORail structure

The AERORail, a new aerial transport platform, was chosen as the object of this work. Following a review of the literature on static behaviors, model tests on the basic dynamic mechanical characteristics were conducted. A series of 90 tests were completed with different factors, including tension force, vehicle load and vehicle speed. With regard to the proper tension and vehicle load, at a certain speed range, the tension increments of the rail's cable were proved relatively small. It can be assumed that the change of tension is small and can be reasonably ignored when the tension of an entire span is under a dynamic load. When the tension reaches a certain range, the calculation of the cable track structure using classical cable theory is acceptable. The tests prove that the average maximum dynamic amplification factor of the deflection is small, generally no more than 1.2. However, when the vehicle speed reaches a certain value, the amplified factor will reach 2.0. If the moving loads increase, the dynamic amplification factor of dynamic deflection will also increase. The tension will change the rigidity of the structure and the vibration frequency; furthermore, the resonance speed will change at a certain tension. The vibration is noticeable when vehicles pass through at the resonance speed, and this negative impact on driving comfort requires the right velocity to avoid the resonance. The results demonstrate that more design details are required for the AERORail structure.

Parameters Calculation of Underground Cables Using MATLAB

With the development of technology, more and more options are available for insulated cables in power systems. Different cable construction types have different impedance, voltage drop and power losses. In order to efficiently design these cable systems and adequately model them for system analysis, engineers should be able to calculate the parameters of different types of cables. Although the methods of parameters calculation are very mature, few types of software are used to calculate all these parameters for different cables. The objective of this paper is to build a user-friendly software to calculate these parameters with greater flexibility even if the users are not familiar with the methods of estimating the parameters of different types of cables. A program that is used to calculate the parameters of different cross-sections of cables is built by combining the method of estimating these parameters with the graphical user interface (GUI). Using this program, users can input or choose any type of cables, and calculate the parameters they need. In the future, more functions can be added to the program and the code could be switched to python or C# and develop a better GUI (Graphical User Interface).

A New Optical Cable Communications Project

A key project of the state, the Beijing-Taiyuan-Xi’an optical cable communications trunk, is one of the 22 optical cables planned to be laid by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications during the Eighth Five Year. Plan. This communication cable trunk covers a distance of 1771 km, starting from Beijing and going via Hebei and Shanxi to Xi’an in Shaanxi, linking two provincial capitals, one municipality directly under the jurisdiction of the central government, seven other cities and 32 counties.

Performance Evaluation for Medium Voltage MIMO-OFDM Power Line Communication System

Power line communication(PLC)provides intelligent electrical functions such as power quality measurement,fault surveys,and remote control of electrical network.Most of research works have been done in low voltage(LV)scenario due to the fast development of in-home PLC.The aim of this paper is to evaluate the link-level performance of a medium voltage(MV)MIMO-OFDM communication system based on transmission link under underground power line channel.The MIMO channel is modeled as a modified multipath model in the presence of impulsive noise and background noise.We first perform a measurement on the practical MV MIMO channel parameters for a section of buried cable of 1 km long in Ganzhou city,Jiangxi province,China.Based on the measured channel,we design the frame structure based on an IEEE standard for broadband over power line networks[1]to support MV MIMO-OFDM transmission.According to designed frame structure,we design an encoder and a decoder for a dual binary tail-biting turbo code and optimize some key decoder parameters for low bit error rate performance.Finally,the link-level performance for both spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity are evaluated.Numeral results show that MV MIMO-OFDM is a promising approach to provide both high data rate and link reliability for PLC.

Analysis of the Quasi-Static Buffeting Responses of Transmission Lines to Moving Downburst

Downburst event is identified as a major cause to failure of transmission lines in non-coastal regions.In this paper,a novel nonlinear analytical frame for quasi-static buffeting responses of hinged and multi-span insulator-line systems are derived based on the theory of cable structure.The closed-form solutions are presented and applied to predict nonlinear response including displacements and other reactions of the system subjected to a moving downburst wind in a case study.Accuracy and efficiency of the derived analytical frame are validated via comparisons with results from finite element method.

Electrical Tree Image Segmentation Using Hybrid Multi Scale Line Tracking Algorithm

Electrical trees are an aging mechanismmost associated with partial discharge(PD)activities in crosslinked polyethylene(XLPE)insulation of high-voltage(HV)cables.Characterization of electrical tree structures gained considerable attention from researchers since a deep understanding of the tree morphology is required to develop new insulation material.Two-dimensional(2D)optical microscopy is primarily used to examine tree structures and propagation shapes with image segmentation methods.However,since electrical trees can emerge in different shapes such as bush-type or branch-type,treeing images are complicated to segment due to manifestation of convoluted tree branches,leading to a high misclassification rate during segmentation.Therefore,this study proposed a new method for segmenting 2D electrical tree images based on the multi-scale line tracking algorithm(MSLTA)by integrating batch processing method.The proposed method,h-MSLTA aims to provide accurate segmentation of electrical tree images obtained over a period of tree propagation observation under optical microscopy.The initial phase involves XLPE sample preparation and treeing image acquisition under real-time microscopy observation.The treeing images are then sampled and binarized in pre-processing.In the next phase,segmentation of tree structures is performed using the h-MSLTA by utilizing batch processing in multiple instances of treeing duration.Finally,the comparative investigation has been conducted using standard performance assessment metrics,including accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,Dice coefficient and Matthew’s correlation coefficient(MCC).Based on segmentation performance evaluation against several established segmentation methods,h-MSLTA achieved better results of 95.43%accuracy,97.28%specificity,69.43%sensitivity rate with 23.38%and 24.16%average improvement in Dice coefficient and MCC score respectively over the original algorithm.In addition,h-MSLTA produced accurate measurement results of global tree parameters of length and width in comparison with the ground truth image.These results indicated that the proposed method had a solid performance in terms of segmenting electrical tree branches in 2D treeing images compared to other established techniques.

Transmission Line Modelling of Geomagnetic Induction in the Ocean/Earth Conductivity Structure

During geomagnetic disturbances, electric fields induced in the Earth and in power systems, pipelines and submarine cables can interfere with the operation of these systems. Calculations for submarine cables are complicated by the need to consider not just the induction directly into the cable but also the earth potentials produced at the coast at each end of the cable. To determine the coast potentials, we present a new model of the ocean and earth conductivity structure that spans the whole length of a cable from one coast to another. Calculations are based on the generalised thin sheet approach introduced by Ranganayaki and Madden but converted to a transmission line model that can be solved using standard circuit theory techniques. It is shown how the transmission line model can be used to calculate the earth potential profile from one side of an ocean or sea to the other. Example calculations are presented for a shallow sea, a shallow ocean, and a deep ocean that are simplified approximations to the North Sea, Tasman Sea and Pacific Ocean and show that the peak potentials occur at the coast. An examination is also made of how the width of a shallow sea and the width of the continental shelf affect these coast potentials. The modelling technique and example results provide a guide for more detailed modelling of geomagnetic induction along the routes of specific submarine cables.

虚实结合的传输线工作状态仿真与应用实验设计

针对传统微波实验少、教学难和设备维护成本较大、实验与工程脱节等问题,以同轴电缆故障检测为应用背景,将传输线理论与工程应用结合,设计虚实结合的传输线工作状态仿真与应用实验。采取工程问题引入、虚实结合、软硬搭配的方式,从传输线工作状态分析入手,利用终端短路和开路传输线模拟存在短路或断路故障的同轴电缆,通过仿真完成故障建模分析,掌握不同工作状态下电压、电流、阻抗和反射系数特性,自主设计方案完成故障检测。实践结果表明,传输线工作状态仿真与应用实验有利于学生深化对理论的理解、明晰理论的应用和提升解决工程问题能力,较好地满足实验教学要求。

基于电磁时间反演的VSC-HVDC系统架空线-电缆混合线路故障定位方法

针对传统故障定位方法无法应用于架空线-电缆混合直流线路的问题,提出了一种架空线-电缆混合直流线路的故障定位方法,该方法采用先确定故障点所在区段、后在区段中定位的原理。利用故障附加网络的直流分量定义了故障区段判别函数,通过该判别函数在不同区段发生故障时数值不同实现故障区段的判定。然后,分析了电磁时间反演理论在故障定位中的可行性,分析确定了故障特征谐波。利用线路两端特征谐波的电流行进波作为时间反演电路的电流源,设置与原线路拓扑结构镜像的线路,利用时间反演电流源与镜像线路构建时间反演电路。在此基础上,根据时间反演的能量聚焦特性列写故障区段内的故障定位方程并实现区段内故障定位。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的电压源型换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统仿真证明了所提方法能实现线缆混合直流输电线路的故障定位。

氢闸流管驱动三同轴电缆Blumlein线的kHz重频脉冲功率源

闪光X射线摄影技术在军事和民用等多个领域具有重要场景。针对重频直线感应加速器高重频的要求,提出了基于氢闸流管驱动三同轴电缆Blumlein线的脉冲功率源方案,设计和研制了一种三同轴电缆,研究了氢闸流管的导通特性,搭建了氢闸流管驱动三同轴电缆Blumlein线脉冲功率源的验证平台,开展了kHz重频脉冲功率源实验研究,以及kHz重频脉冲功率源驱动重频感应腔的实验研究,结果表明:基于氢闸流管驱动三同轴电缆Blumlein线脉冲功率源实现了波形品质优异的kHz重频方波脉冲输出。