Direct Pointwise Comparison of FE Predictions to StereoDIC Measurements:Developments and Validation Using Double Edge-Notched Tensile Specimen

To compare finite element analysis(FEA)predictions and stereovision digital image correlation(StereoDIC)strain measurements at the same spatial positions throughout a region of interest,a field comparison procedure is developed.The procedure includes(a)conversion of the finite element data into a triangular mesh,(b)selection of a common coordinate system,(c)determination of the rigid body transformation to place both measurements and FEA data in the same system and(d)interpolation of the FEA nodal information to the same spatial locations as the StereoDIC measurements using barycentric coordinates.For an aluminum Al-6061 double edge notched tensile specimen,FEA results are obtained using both the von Mises isotropic yield criterion and Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,with the unknown Hill model parameters determined using full-field specimen strain measurements for the nominally plane stress specimen.Using Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,the point-by-point comparison of experimentally based full-field strains and stresses to finite element predictions are shown to be in excellent agreement,confirming the effectiveness of the field comparison process.

Fatigue Failure of Notched Specimen—A Strain-Life Approach

Failure cycles of notched round specimens under strain controlled cyclic loading are predicted using strain—life relations obtained from experiment for plain fatigue round specimens. For notched specimens, maximum strain occurs at notch root and is different from applied controlled strain. The maximum strain is computed by appropriate Finite element analysis using the FE software ABAQUS. FE model and material parameters are validated by comparing the FE results and experimental results of LCF tests of round specimens. This value of maximum strain is used for prediction of failure cycles. Prediction is compared with the experimental results. The results show good matching.

The Stress Analysis for Notched Specimen of Brittle Material under Plane Dead Loading

The stress distribution of notched specimen of brittle material under a plane pressure was studied using a photoelastic meth- od,When elastic deformation appeared inside the specimen,the force transferred by dowel part was triangular transverse force and frictional force on the upper surface of the sample.The quantity of the frictional force was about 31 percent of transverse force.The stress inside the sample was linear along the central cross section of the sample and there was maximum tensile stress σ_y at the tip of the notch.Basing on shearing stress deviation method,the tensile stress σ_y,σ_x and shearing stress τ_(xy) at the cen- tral sections and four adjacent cross sections were calculated.The result pointed out that σ_x and τ_(xy) were smaller than σ_y.There- fore,σ_y was the main factor for crack formation and propagation.

基于应力梯度和附加强化的多轴疲劳寿命建模

鉴于Manson-Coffin方程未考虑应力梯度和附加强化的影响,以及缺口附近非均匀应力场和非比例附加强化对疲劳损伤演化过程的影响,建立了适用于多轴缺口件的疲劳寿命预测模型.首先,考虑裂纹萌生和扩展的物理机制,借助坐标变换原理和临界面理论,以最大剪切应变幅为损伤参量确定临界面位置;其次,分别对临界面的正应力和剪应力进行归一化处理,提出了考虑多轴应力集中系数和应力梯度影响指数的等效应力梯度因子;同时,考虑相位差、路径非比例和材料非比例对疲劳寿命的影响,提出了新的非比例附加强化因子;最后,结合Manson-Coffin方程建立了考虑应力梯度和非比例附加强化的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型,并将该模型、Manson-Coffin方程、LV模型和FS模型的预测寿命与实验寿命进行对比,结果表明该模型的预测精度优于其它3种模型的.

考虑附加损伤和缺口效应的缺口件多轴疲劳寿命预测模型

针对利用局部应力应变法预测缺口件多轴疲劳寿命结果误差较大的问题,基于临界平面理论,综合考虑缺口的应力梯度和尺寸以及附加强化效应对疲劳寿命的影响,提出一种多轴加载下缺口件疲劳寿命的预估方法。采用3种不同材料的缺口件实验数据进行模型验证,并将提出模型与2种经典模型的预测结果进行对比,结果表明:提出模型的预测精度高于另外两种,预测结果几乎都在二倍寿命误差带内。

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE NOTCH EFFECT ON THE CREEP BEHAVIOR AND LIFE OF NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS

Numerical calculations of creep damage development and life behavior of circular notched specimens of nickel-base single crystal had been performed. The creep stress distributions depend on the specimen geometry. For a small notch radius, von Mises stress has an especial distribution. The damage distribution is greatly influenced by the notch depth, notch radius as well as notch type. The creep crack initiation place is different for each notched specimen. The characteristics of notch strengthening and notch weakening depend on the notch radius and notch type. For the same notch type, the creep rupture lives decrease with the decreasing of notch radius. A creep life model has been presented for the multiaxial stress states based on the crystallographic slip system theory.

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土动态断裂过程试验研究

为探究纤维体积掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVA-ECC)断裂过程的影响,基于50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对不同纤维体积掺量(0%、0.75%、1.50%、2.25%、3.00%)的PVA-ECC中心切槽半圆盘弯曲(NSCB)试件进行冲击试验,同时结合超高速数字图像(DIC)相关试验系统对PVA-ECC材料的动态断裂过程进行试验研究,得到了预制裂纹尖端张开位移的变化规律以及各组试件的临界裂缝尖端张开位移(CTODC)。结果表明,当不添加PVA纤维或添加较少(小于1.50%)时,裂尖宏观裂纹基本出现在裂尖荷载的峰值时刻处,而随着PVA纤维掺量的增加,裂尖宏观裂纹的出现显著早于裂尖荷载的峰值时刻,并且纤维体积掺量越大,裂尖宏观裂纹出现得越早,裂纹扩展至完全断裂的时间也显著增加。添加聚乙烯醇纤维可以显著提高混凝土试件的CTODC值,提高试件的阻裂能力,相同冲击荷载下,体积掺量为2.25%的聚乙烯醇纤维试件具有较大的CTODC值。

铁磁试件缺口种类对磁记忆信号的影响研究

为研究铁磁试件不同缺口对磁记忆信号的影响,利用ANSYS有限元仿真软件,结合力磁耦合模型,在拉应力和地磁场的共同作用下对3种不同缺口的20#钢板进行仿真,分别提取磁记忆信号切向分量和法向分量。仿真结果表明:在地磁场作用下,随着拉应力的增大,3种试件在各自缺口处均出现应力集中现象,在拉应力大于120 MPa后应力集中现象愈发明显。受到同样大小的拉应力时,V形缺口试件倾向于裂纹的扩展,而U形缺口试件倾向于裂纹的形成,U形缺口的应力集中范围更大,因此双关联缺口试件在U形缺口处更易断裂。双关联缺口试件磁记忆信号法向分量约为检测路径上两个缺口处磁记忆信号值的叠加之和,故试件被近似磁化成一个磁铁。双关联缺口试件检测路径中间点的磁记忆信号切向分量并没有极值,因此用其判断双关联缺口试件的应力集中区不再适用。缺口试件在弹性阶段,磁记忆信号随拉应力变化幅度较小;缺口试件在塑性阶段,磁记忆信号值随拉应力变化幅度较大。因此可以利用试件弹、塑性阶段磁记忆信号变化,对工程试件的缺陷损伤进行早期识别。

Method for Predicting Crack Initiation Life of Notched Specimen Based on Damage Mechanics

Based on the theory of damage mechanics, a method for fatigue crack initiation life prediction of notched components is proposed in this paper. The damage evolution equation of notched specimen under tensioncompression loading is obtained in term of closed-form solution. The crack initiation life of notched specimen is estimated by the proposed method even when material and stress concentration factor are different. It has been verified that the result calculated by the proposed method agrees with the experimental result. The proposed method is concise, effective and feasible to practical application.

Tensile and tear-type fracture toughness of gypsum material:Direct and indirect testing methods

In this context,four specimens,i.e.(i)circumferentially notched cylindrical torsion(CNCT),(ii)circum-ferentially notched cylindrical direct tension(CNCDT),(iii)edge notch disc bend(ENDB)and(iv)three-point bend beam(3PBB),were utilized to measure the modesⅠandⅢfracture toughness values of gypsum.While the CNCT specimen provides pure modeⅢloading in a direct manner,this pure mode condition is indirectly produced by the ENDB specimen.The ENDB specimen provided lower KⅢc and a non-coplanar(i.e.twisted)fracture surface compared with the CNCT specimen,which showed a planar modeⅢfracture surface.The ENDB specimen is also employed for conducting pure modeⅠ(with different crack depths)and mixed modeⅠ/Ⅲtests.KIc value was independent of the notch depth,and it was consistent with the RILEM and ASTM standard methods.But the modeⅢfracture results were highly sensitive to the notch depth.While the fracture resistance against modeⅢwas significantly lower than that of modeⅠ,the greater work of fracture under modeⅢwas noticeable.

夏比冲击试样缺口轴向与边缘角度的测量方法

GB/T 229—2020和ASTM A 370—2022标准中对缺口角度、缺口深度、轴向与边缘(缺口对称面-试样纵轴)的角度等提出要求,但没有具体描述测量方法。介绍了夏比冲击试样缺口轴向与边缘角度的几何测量方法,该方法实现了在不利用仪器的情况下,准确测量缺口轴向与边缘的角度,提高了试验结果的准确性。该测量方法操作简单,已成功应用于生产检验,可为同行提供借鉴参考。

脆性岩石试样断裂过程区及宏观疲劳裂纹行为研究

通过脆性岩石试样巴西圆盘试验研究了疲劳效应对脆性岩石断裂韧度KIC的影响,阐释了脆性岩石的疲劳损伤机制,首次展示了脆性岩石破坏前宏观裂纹的张开和闭合行为。巴西圆盘试验结果表明,循环荷载作用下,脆性岩样的KIC降低了35%,巴西劈裂拉伸强度降低了30%。通过高速相机数小时的观测并记录到了岩石力学领域从未观测到的过程,即脆性岩样破坏前,疲劳裂纹在正弦荷载作用下弹性张合。扫描电镜和计算机断层扫描结果显示,巴西圆盘和V形切槽巴西圆盘试样的破坏是由断裂过程区(fracture process zone,简称FPZ)引起的,FPZ中包含许多异于循环荷载作用下单条宏观裂纹的微裂纹,切槽裂纹尖端FPZ的形成导致未破坏脆性岩样中可视疲劳裂纹弹性张合。室内试验和数值计算结果表明,切槽裂纹倾角为60°时获得最大FPZ(即FPZmax),这表明最大FPZ的形成可能与Ⅰ-Ⅱ型(拉伸和剪切)组合加载模式有关。

疲劳缺口系数K_f与理论应力集中系数K_t之间的关系

疲劳缺口系数Kf是表征缺口部位疲劳强度降低程度的参量,这一系数在结构抗疲劳设计中经常被使用。一般认为Kf与理论应力集中系数Kt呈线性关系,线性的斜率与不同材料类别(铝合金、钛合金和钢)有关。通过对大量不同材料、不同应力比和不同缺口试样形式的高周疲劳极限的系统分析,发现大多数情况下Kf与Kt的呈线性关系,但有些情况下二者不服从线性关系。Kf与Kt的关系除与材料类别有关外还与实验的应力比有关。

GTN损伤模型对C-Mn钢缺口拉伸试样延性断裂的预测

用GTN(Gurson,Tvergaard,Needleman)损伤模型对不同缺口根半径的C-Mn钢缺口圆棒拉伸试样的延性断裂进行有限元模拟预测。结果表明,当缺口根半径R≤2 mm时,GTN模型对缺口拉伸时的最大载荷Pm、起裂载荷Pi、断裂载荷Pf和断裂功E的预测值与实验值较为接近。而当R>2 mm后,预测值与实验值的偏差变大。其原因在于GTN模型是基于微孔洞长大和聚合的延性断裂机理而建立,对于根半径较小,促使孔洞长大的三向应力度较高的缺口试样较为适用。GTN模型预测的三个特征载荷,尤其是表征韧性的断裂功E的值总体上高于实验测定值,并且其预测的延性起裂位置在R≥1 mm时也与实验观察不一致。其原因是GTN模型未考虑实际材料组织中具体的夹杂物/孔洞的尺寸、形态、分布和方位对损伤演化和断裂过程的影响。

碳纤维增强混凝土缺口梁承载力试验研究

利用纤维薄板对混凝土构件进行加固或修补以提高其承载能力及延长使用寿命是一种新的先进补强方法 .本文通过改变试件的缺口高度 ( a0 )和纤维薄板长度( LX) ,对素混凝土以及碳纤维薄板增强混凝土三点弯曲缺口梁试件进行对比试验研究 ,探讨两种梁的破坏机理及其极限承载力 .试验及分析结果表明 ,采用碳纤维薄板外贴在梁的底部可提高梁的整体刚度和强度 ,抑制混凝土中裂缝的扩展 ,改变梁的破坏模式 ,并大大提高其极限承载能力 (可提高 1.7～ 6.9倍 ) .

16MnR钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律

采用压力容器用16MnR热轧钢不同缺口尺寸、不同厚度的紧凑拉伸(CT)试样,进行了不同温度、不同应力比条件的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展实验,得到了相应实验条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.讨论了高温环境、缺口半径、应力比及试样厚度对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律.结果表明:16MnR钢在环境温度为150和300℃时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比25和425℃时低,300℃时疲劳裂纹扩展速率最低,300℃以上时随温度的升高裂纹扩展速率增大;缺口半径的大小对初期疲劳裂纹扩展有较大的影响;应力比对16MnR钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为没有影响;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随试样厚度的增大而增大.

2D-C_f/SiC复合材料缺口试件拉伸力学行为研究

通过对V型、半圆型和细线型双边缺口2D-Cf/SiC复合材料试件进行拉伸实验,研究了不同形状缺口对试件拉伸力学行为的影响。通过引伸计获得了拉伸过程中缺口段材料整体拉伸变形与净截面应力之间的对应关系;通过应变片获得了缺口附近局部材料的应变数值,直观体现了缺口周围的应变集中现象;依据应变变化规律,分析了双边缺口试件的损伤失效进程。通过对比标准拉伸试件,全面分析了2D-Cf/SiC复合材料双边缺口试件拉伸净强度的主要影响因素和破坏机理;最后通过有限元模拟,得到了三种缺口试件缺口段材料的应变分布情况。结果表明:拉伸过程中缺口试件缺口段材料损伤失效进程具有明显的非同步性,净拉伸强度随缺口形状不同出现不同程度下降;有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。

基于临界面法的缺口件多轴疲劳寿命预测

基于多轴损伤临界面原理 ,根据多轴疲劳损伤和裂纹萌生与扩展的特点 ,在所建立的统一型多轴疲劳损伤模型的基础上 ,进一步推广应用到缺口件的多轴疲劳寿命预测中。经多轴疲劳试验验证表明 ,所建立的多轴疲劳损伤模型可以较好地预测比例与非比例加载下缺口件的多轴疲劳寿命。

试样尺寸对钢的细观解理断裂应力的影响

通过三维有限元计算并结合起裂源位置的测量 ,精确测定一种C Mn钢不同尺寸 (W、B和a)和宽度 (B)的四点弯曲 ( 4PB)缺口试样的细观解理断裂应力。发现随试样尺寸和试样宽度的增加 ,断裂载荷明显变化 ,但细观解理断裂应力基本不变。不同尺寸和宽度的缺口试样的解理断裂主要由正应力判据控制。稳定的下限细观解理断裂应力值可以用较大尺寸的缺口试样测得 ,可用于评价钢的断裂韧度和结构安全性。在缺口试样中 ,解理断裂的临界事件是铁素体晶粒尺寸的裂纹扩展进入基体 ,不随试样尺寸和宽度变化。细观解理断裂应力主要由临界裂纹的长度决定。

加载速率、缺口几何和加载方式对16MnR钢解理断裂行为的影响

通过实验和有限元(FEM)计算研究了加载速率、缺口几何和加载方式对16MnR钢解理断裂行为的影响.结果表明,该钢的解理断裂机理及相应测得的细观解理断裂应力σf和宏观解理断裂应力σ_F不随加载速率、缺口几何和加载方式发生变化.不同缺口几何和加载方式试样的缺口韧性随加载速率的变化可以通过判据σ_(yymax)≥σF预测.σ_(yymax)为缺口前的最大正应力,可通过有限元计算得到.σ_F可作为一个工程缺口韧性参数用于含缺口类缺陷的结构完整性评定中.钢的σ_F值可用Griffiths-Owen缺口试样在一个温度和加载速率下获得.