Experimental and Numerical Study on Mechanical Properties of Z-pins Reinforced Composites Adhesively Bonded Single-Lap Joints

The mechanical properties of Z-pins reinforced composites adhesively bonded single-lap joints(SLJs)under un-directional tension loading are investigated by experimental and numerical methods.Three kinds of joint configurations,including SLJs with three/two rows of Z-pins and“I”array of Z-pins,are investigated by tension test.The failure modes and mechanism of reinforced joints with different Z-pins numbers and alignment are analyzed,and the comparison is performed for the failure strengths of no Z-pins and Z-pins reinforced joints.According to experimental results,failure modes of three kinds of joints are all mixed failure.It turns out that the Z-pins are pulled out ultimately.The strength of joints of more Z-pins at the end of the overlap area is relatively bigger for the joint of the same Z-pins numbers.The strength of joints with Z-pins compared with non Z-pins joints is growing at 16%.Finally,the three-dimensional distribution of interfacial stress in the lap zone of three kinds of Z-pins reinforced joints is simulated,and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.It is effective that the numerical calculation of stress analysis is verified.

Study on ASTM Shear-loaded Adhesive Lap Joints

Finite element analyses and experiments are conducted to analyze the mechanical behavior of ASTM shear-loaded adhesive lap joints. Adhesive is characterized for the stress-strain relation by comparing the apparent shear-strain relations obtained from finite element analysis and experiments following ASTM D 5656 Standard. With the established stress-strain relation, two failure criteria using equivalent plastic strain and J-integral are adopted to predict the failure loads for joint specimens following ASTM D 5656 and ASTM D 3165 Standard, respectively. Good correlation is found between the finite element results and the experimental results. The strength of ASTM D 3165 specimens with debonding defects is also studied. Calculation results shows that experiment data following the standards provide only relative material constants, such as apparent shear modulus and strengths. Further investigation is required to find out the engineering properties needed for actual joint design. For the specimens with debonding defects, the locations of defects have great effects on their load bearing ability.

Damage Failure Analysis of Z-Pins Reinforced Composite Adhesively Bonded Single-Lap Joint

In order to study themechanical properties of Z-pins reinforced laminated composite single-lap adhesively bonded joint under un-directional static tensile load,damage failure analysis of the joint was carried out bymeans of test and numerical simulation.The failure mode and mechanism of the joint were analyzed by tensile failure experiments.According to the experimental results,the joint exhibits mixed failure,and the ultimate failure is Z-pins pulling out of the adherend.In order to study the failure mechanism of the joint,the finite element method is used to predict the failure strength.The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results,and the error is 6.0%,which proves the validity of the numerical model.Through progressive damage failure analysis,it is found that matrix tensile failure of laminate at the edge of Z-pins occurs first,then adhesive layer failure-proceeds at the edge of Z-pins,and finally matrix-fiber shear failure of the laminate takes place.With the increase of load,the matrix-fiber shear failure expands gradually in the X direction,and at the same time,the matrix tensile failure at the hole edge gradually extends in different directions,which is consistent with the experimental results.

Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients and Dynamics in Adhesive/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite Joints

To determinate the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis（EDX） is used to establish the content change of oxy- gen in the adhesive in adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints. As water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen, the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints can be obtained from the change in the content of oxygen in the adhesive during humidity aging, via EDX analy-sis. The authors have calculated the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in the adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints with the aid of beth energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The de- termined results with EDX analysis are almost the same as those determined with elemental analysis and the results al- so show that the durability of the adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints subjected to silane cou- pling agent treatment is better than those subjected to sand paper burnishing treatment and chemical oxidation treat- ment.

Determination of key parameters of Al–Li alloy adhesively bonded joints using cohesive zone model

The key parameters of the adhesive layer of a reinforcing patch are of great significance and affect the ability to suppress crack propagation in an Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure.This paper proposes a method to determine the key parameters of the adhesive layer of adhesively bonded joints in the Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure.A zero-thickness cohesive zone model(CZM)was selected to simulate the adhesive layer’s fracture process,and an orthogonal simulation was designed to compare against the test results.A three-dimensional progressive damage model of an Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure with single-lap adhesively bonded joints was developed.The simulation’s results closely agree with the test results,demonstrating that this method of determining the key parameters is likely accurate.The results also verify the correctness of the cohesive strength and fracture energy,the two key parameters of the cohesive zone model.The model can accurately predict the strength and fracture process of adhesively bonded joints,and can be used in research to suppress crack propagation in Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structures.

Failure load prediction of adhesive joints under different stress states over the service temperature range of automobiles

To predict the failure loads of adhesive joints under different stress states over the service temperature range of automobiles,adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic( CFRP)/aluminum alloy joints under shear stress state( thickadherend shear joints,TSJ),normal stress state( butt joints,BJ) and combined shear and normal stress states( scarf joints with scarf angle 45°,SJ45°) were manufactured and tested at-40,-20,0,20,40,60 and 80 ℃,respectively. The glass transition temperature Tgof the adhesive and CFRP,failure loads and fracture surfaces were used to analyze the failure mechanism of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints at different temperatures. A response surface,describing the variations of quadratic stress criteria with temperature,was established and introduced into the cohesive zone model( CZM) to carry out a simulation analysis. Results show that the failure of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints was determined collectively by the mechanical performances of adhesive and CFRP. Besides,reducing temperature or increasing the proportion of normal stress of adhesive layer was more likely to cause fibre tear or delamination of CFRP,resulting in a more obvious effect of CFRP. The validity of the prediction method was verified by the test of scarf joints with the scarf angle of 30°( SJ30°) and 60°( SJ60°) at-10 and 50 ℃.

Numerical studies on the stress distribution in weldbonded joints with different adhesives

The Effect of elastic modulus and thickness of the adhesives on the stress distribution in weldbonded joints has been studied with three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element method ( FEM). Stress distribution curves have been obtained at the edges of the spot welds and the lap zones in weldbonded joints, which were made with adhesives of different elastic modulus or different thickness. Results show that there exists larger stress concentration at the edge of the spot welds, though the shear stresses in the adhesive layers are smaller for weldbonded joints with low elastic modulus or thick adhesive layers. The stress concentration decreases and the shear stresses in adhesive layers increase with the increase of the elastic modulus or the decrease of the adhesive thickness. It is concluded that the thiner adhesive layers with higher elastic modulius are preferable in weldbonded joints to cut down the stress concentration.

Design of the Composite Steel-Glass Beams with Semi-Rigid Polymer Adhesive Joint

New and high transparent structural element, steel-glass composite beam was developed in respect to fabrication, static-structural and architectural criteria and consists of steel flanges and glass web assembled together by semi-rigid polymer adhesive, which is the key element of whole composite system. These beams can be used mainly as members of high transparent roof or floor structure as well as stiffening fins for large area glass facades. This paper deals with experimental research performed at CTU （Czech Technical University） Prague, which started by adhesive selection and initial material tests by ISO527, continued via small-scale steel-glass connection tests and graduated by full-scale tests of hybrid beams with the span of 4 m. Generalized results of these experiments, analytical and numerical studies serve as device, how to accurately predict the behavior of the beam, describe the stress distribution along the cross section and safely and economically design such a kind of structure with semi-rigid shear connection, made by polymer adhesive.

Enhancing adhesive bond strength of CFRP/titanium joints through NaOH anodising and resin pre-coating treatments with optimised anodising conditions

Adhesively Bonded Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic(CFRP)and titanium alloy have been extensively used as a hybrid structure in modern aircrafts due to their excellent combination of mechanical properties and chemical stabilities.This study utilised NaOH anodising method to create micro-rough titanium surfaces for enhancing adhesive bonding between titanium alloy and CFRP laminates.A special and simple technique named Resin Pre-Coating(RPC)was also employed to improve the surface wetting of anodised titanium and grinded CFRP substrates.The influences of anodising temperature and duration on the surface morphology,wettability and adhesive bond strength were investigated.The single lap shear test results showed that the bond strength of specimens anodised at 20℃for 15 min improved by 135.9%and 95.4%,respectively,in comparison with that of acid pickled and grinded specimens(without RPC treatment).Although increasing the anodising temperature and duration produced rougher titanium surfaces,the adhesively bonded joints were not strong enough due to relatively friable titanium oxide layers.

New Adhesive Material for Construction Joint of Tunnel Lining

The new adhesive material for the construction joints of tunnel lining(named as SZC) was studied based on the structural characteristics of interfaces and the characteristic of bonding construction, and the performance indexes were verified by tests. The experimental results show that the adhesive capability of interface is improved effectively by using SZC material, the properties, such as anti-freezing, erosion-resistance and anti-shrinkage are improved greatly as well as durability.

Predicting fatigue life of automotive adhesive bonded joints:a data-driven approach using combined experimental and numerical datasets

The majority of vehicle structural failures originate from joint areas.Cyclic loading is one of the primary factors in joint failures,making the fatigue performance of joints a critical consideration in vehicle structure design.The use of traditional fatigue analysis methods is constrained by the absence of adhesive life data and the wide variety of joint geometries.Therefore,there is a pressing need for an accurate fatigue life estimation method for the joints in the automotive industry.In this work,we proposed a data-driven approach embedding physical knowledge-guided parameters based on experimental data and finite element analysis(FEA)results.Different machine learning(ML)algorithms are adopted to investigate the fatigue life of three typical adhesive joints,namely lap shear,coach peel and KSII joints.After the feature engineering and tuned process of the ML models,the preferable model using the Gaussian process regression algorithm is established,fed with eight input parameters,namely thicknesses of the substrates,line forces and bending moments of the adhesive bonded joints obtained from FEA.The proposed method is validated with the test data set and part-level physical tests with complex loading states for an unbiased evaluation.It demonstrates that for life prediction of adhesive joints,the data-driven solutions can constitute an improvement over conventional solutions.

Effect of Thermal Treatment on CFRP Parts Before and After Adhesive Bonding

Numerous non-destructive techniques are being investigated for assuring quality of the adhesive bonds.The research presented here is focused on non-destructive assessment of carbon fibre reinforced polymer(CFRP)parts.The surface condition directly influences the performance of adhesive bonds.The structural joints should ensure safe usage of a structure.However,some modifications of the surface may lead to weak bond that cannot carry the desired load.This is why there is a search for methods of surface assessment before bonding.Moreover,reliable techniques are required to allow to verify the integrity of the adhesive bond after manufacturing or bonded repair.We focus on the laser induced fluorescence(LIF)method for assessing the surface state.The LIF is a noncontact measurement method.In the context of adhesive bond assessment the electromechanical impedance(EMI)method is studied.The EMI uses surface bonded piezoelectric sensors for excitation and sensing.The investigated samples were made of CFRP layers.The samples were treated at elevated temperatures.The influence of the thermal treatment was studied using LIF.The thermal treatment at 220℃could be clearly distinguishedrom the rest of the considered samples.The thermally treated plates were bonded to untreated plate and then they were measured with the EMI method to study the influence of the treatment on the adhesive bond.The changes of EMI spectra were significant for the treatment at 280 ℃ and for some thermally treated samples that were later contaminated with de-icing fluid.

Prevention of adhesion of rabbit knee joint with chitosan：an experimental study

Adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The knee joint of rabbits was experimentally traumatized. 2% solution of chitosan was applied in the experimental group (group A). The rabbits of the control group (group B) were not treated with chitosan. The hind limb of the rabbits was immobilized with plaster cast from toe to groin. After 3 or 6 weeks,the animals were killed and the specimens were observed. The results showed that the degree of angular movement of the knee joint in group A was greater than that of group B (P<0.01). Adhesion in group B was more severe than that in group A (P<0. 01). Histological studies indicated slight synovium,little connective tissue in suprapatellar sac and collagenous fiber in matrix,and normal shape and size of the synovial cell in group A. The results of this study suggest that chitosan can prevent or alleviate post-traumatic adhesion of joint.

Effect of operating temperature on aged single lap bonded joints

In recent decades,designers have increasingly focused on the stability of assemblies in composite materials over time,particularly when used in structural applications.The use of structural adhesives allows for realising assemblies without mechanical fasteners.In fact,bonding is an assembly technique that prevent corrosion,ensures uniform stresses in the joint,and grows the specific resistance of the assembly.The knowledge of the behaviour of bonded joint is necessary to ensure the reliability of this technique over time,especially in aggressive environments.The aim of this wo rk consists in investigating the combined effect of hydrothermal ageing and temperature test on the lap shear strength of single lap joints realised in CFRP.The results showed a higher influence of the ageing on paste adhesive compared to film adhesive.However,the ageing,combined with the operating temperature,played a fundamental role on the shear strength of the bonded joints.

Minimally Invasive Widening of the Facet Joints in Cervical Radiculopathy by Modified Needles： Technical Report

Surgical treatment and ESI （epidural steroid injection） are widely used forms of treatment for cervical radiculopathy but they are controversial and burdensome for patients. To relief pain fast without side effects, we devised a new minimally invasive treatment method that widens the facet joints to decompress nerve roots and release the muscle spasm in cervical radiculopathy with acupuncture needles with blunt tip and mini-scalpel, and named it modified acupuncture procedure. MAP （Modified acupuncture procedure） was administered for 37 patients （mean age = 53.1 years, follow-up = 14.2 months） with cervical radiculopathy who did not recover from 4 weeks of nonsurgical treatment. We analyzed clinical outcomes of patients before and after the procedure through VAS （Visual Analogue Scale） and NDI （Neck Disability Index）. On average, patients received 1.4 MAP （modified acupuncture procedures）. The VAS score difference on the day after procedure and at 1 year follow-up was 36.8 ± 26.5 （from 60.1 ± 25.3 at the baseline to 25.3 ± 17.8 at the reading） （P 〈 0.01） and 31.0 ± 30.4 （29.0 ± 21.8 at the reading） respectively. The NDI value dropped by 19.9 ± 18.3 （from 37.2 ± 19.7 at the baseline to 17.2 ± 15.0 at the reading） （P〈 0.01） on 1 year follow up. MAP was found to have clinical efficacy for cervical radiculopathy.

Effect of Laser Processing Pattern on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Adhesive Joints

Adhesive bonding is a promising joining technology for joining lightweight aluminum structures,offering advantages such as the absence of additional heat input,connection damage,and environmental pollution.To further enhance the strength of aluminum adhesive joints,this study investigates the influence of laser surface treatment on their mechanical properties.Specifically,the effect of laser processing patterns and their geometric parameters on aluminum alloy adhesive joints is examined.A fiber laser is used to process crater array and multi-groove pattern on A6061 aluminum surface.The impact of crater overlap ratio and groove distance on various aspects,including aluminum surface morphology,roughness(Sa),adhesive joints shear,tensile strength,and failure modes is discussed.Laser confocal microscope tests,water contact angle tests,lap shear tests,and cross tensile tests are employed to analyze these parameters.The results indicate that as the crater overlap ratio increases,the S_(a) value of the aluminum surface increases.Moreover,the shear strength of adhesive joints initially increases and then decreases,while the tensile strength consistently increases.On the other hand,an increase in groove distance leads to a decrease in S_(a),as well as a reduction in both shear and tensile strength of adhesive joints.For shear loading conditions,mechanical interlocking is identified as one of the bonding mechanisms in aluminum adhesive joints featuring crater array and multi-groove patterns.The formation of interlocking structures is found to be influenced by the aluminum surface pattern and its associated parameters,as revealed through failure surface analysis.Specifically,adhesive and crater or groove interactions contribute to the formation of interlocking structures in specimens with a crater overlap ratio of -60% or groove distances of 120,180,300,and 400μm.Conversely,specimens with overlap ratios of 0%,40%,and 60% exhibit interlocking structures formed by the adhesive and crater edge.

正弯矩循环加载下粘钢加固管片接头动力特性数值模拟研究

为了研究循环加载作用下粘钢加固管片接头的动力响应特性与破坏模式,以某实际城市盾构隧道为背景,建立粘钢加固管片接头的精细化有限元分析模型,开展正弯矩循环加载下粘钢加固管片接头动力特性模拟,研究其损伤演化特征、破坏模式、刚度退化、滞回耗能特性、延性变形能力等。研究结果表明:加载初期加固接头的钢板可有效分担螺栓承担的拉力,加固接头首先在钢板黏结处发生破坏。在钢板大面积剥离后,加固与未加固接头的破坏过程趋于一致;加载初期加固钢板可显著提高管片接头的刚度及接头弯矩。在钢板大面积剥离失效后,加固接头弯矩及刚度仍略高于未加固接头;正弯矩循环加载作用下管片接头存在损伤累积特征:同一级加载下随着循环次数的增加,接头表现出了一定程度的承载力退化特征;加载初期因结构胶的开裂失效,加固接头的耗能能力明显高于未加固接头。加载后期随着混凝土损伤程度的增加,加固与未加固接头的耗能能力均有所增加,但加固接头的耗能能力仍稍强于未加固管片接头。

湿热老化对FRP-钢胶接节点力学性能的影响

为进一步研究湿热老化对纤维增强复合材料(FRP)-钢胶接节点力学性能的影响,在现有试验的基础上,采用轮盘加载装置,分别从6个加载条件对湿热老化处理后的FRP-钢胶接节点进行一系列加载测试,研究了湿热老化对FRP-钢胶接节点的极限破坏荷载、破坏模式、刚度以及强度破坏准则的影响,并将结果与未老化胶接节点进行比较。试验结果表明:在剪切和拉伸荷载作用下,湿热老化显著降低了FRP-钢胶接节点的极限破坏荷载,分别降至11.0 kN和41.9 kN;在组合荷载作用下,湿热老化对极限破坏荷载的影响较小;老化与未老化FRP-钢胶接节点的强度破坏准则曲线彼此接近;对于拉伸和拉伸/剪切组合荷载条件,湿热老化改变了FRP-钢胶接节点的破坏模式,即从FRP夹芯板和结构胶粘贴层之间的部分界面破坏到覆盖整个结构胶粘结区域的FRP分层破坏和纤维断裂破坏的组合;在6个加载条件下,湿热老化均明显降低了FRP-钢胶接节点的刚度。因此,在设计及使用FRP-钢胶接节点时,应该充分考虑湿热老化对FRP-钢胶接节点力学性能的影响,避免其发生结构破坏。

CFRP层合板单搭胶接接头胶板界面剥离强度仿真分析

基于异材界面奇异应力场理论,以CFRP层合板单搭胶接结构为对象,通过有限元和实验的方法分析了结构承载时板胶结合界面上出现的应力分布,锁定界面剥离强度关键区域,通过网格无关的有限元应力比值法提升仿真求解精度,最大限度还原板胶界面应力分布,着重探讨了多层各向异性CFRP板与传统均质材料在仿真过程和结果的差异,及搭接长度、胶层厚度、结构胶参数等对板胶界面应力分布及起裂点位置的影响,为板胶界面剥离应力的优化、胶接工艺的改进和单搭胶接接头强度的提升提供理论支撑。结果表明:各层参数不同的CFRP板胶界面承载时,剥离应力的最大处需由三个维度共同约束,其中两个维度的约束结果与均质材料相同,极值位于板胶界面垂直于拉伸方向的边缘,实际结构中失效的起始亦常见于此处,第三维度受层合板多层异性影响,该边缘上应力最大的点既不位于该边缘的中点也不位于界面角部,具体位置由材料参数和胶接结构共同影响。