Quick evaluation and regulation of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance for droplet-based electricity generators

Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) leveraging triboelectric effects are simple and high-performance devices for harvesting energy from ubiquitous water droplets. Instantaneous power plays a vital role in wide applications of DEGs. However, the governing law of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance is lacking and their determination suffers from heavy repetitive experiments, hindering the development of DEGs. Herein, we propose a quick evaluation method for the internal droplet impedance, instantaneous peak power, maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance which exhibits broad universality and excellent accuracy. Moreover, effects of diverse factors pertaining to droplets and devices are fully investigated, highlighting that the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance can be effectively regulated across multiple orders of magnitudes by controlling the salt concentration. Our findings shed insights into the understanding, evaluation, and regulation of instantaneous power for DEGs, and shall promote the renovation of the DEG technology.

Instantaneous frequency measurement using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring

A scheme for instantaneous frequency measurement(IFM)using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring is proposed.The amplitude comparison function(ACF)can be constructed to establish the relationship between the frequency of radio frequency(RF)signal and the power ratio of two optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The frequency of RF signal can be derived by measuring the optical power of the optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The measurement range and measurement error can be adjusted by controlling the delay amount of the electrical delay line.The feasibility of the scheme is verified,and the corresponding measurement range and measurement error of the system under different delay amounts of the electrical delay line are given.Compared with previous IFM schemes,the structure of this scheme is simple.Polarization devices,a photodetector and an electrical power meter are not used,which reduces the impact of the environmental disturbance on the system and the cost of the system.In simulation,the measurement range can reach 0 GHz-24.5 GHz by adjusting the delay amount of the electrical delay lineτ=20 ps.The measurement error of the scheme is better at low frequency,and the measurement error of low frequency 0 GHz-9.6 GHz can reach-0.1 GHz to+0.05 GHz.

Simulation and reliability analysis of shunt active power filter based on instantaneous reactive power theory

This paper first discusses the operating principle of instantaneous reactive power theory. Then, the theory is introduced into shunt active power filter and its control scheme is studied. Finally, Matlab/Simulink power system toolbox is used to simulate the system. In the simulation model, as the most common harmonic source, 3-phase thyristor bridge rectifier circuit is constructed. The simulation results before and after the shunt active filter was switched to the system corresponding to different firing angles of the thyristors are presented and analyzed, which demonstrate the practicability and reliability of the proposed shunt active filter scheme.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

Unified algorithm of single-phase active AC-DC converters and its applications

This paper discusses a novel boost single-phase active AC-DC converters, named low-end semi-controlled bridge AC-DC converter. By analysis, its topology and principle can be derived from the conventional single-phase power factor corrector （ PFC）. But it has also some differences, such as power device positions, inductor type, input voltage waveform detection and induction current detection, so its design is also different. The converter is implemented by employing two current detection approaches, i.e., current transformer detection and shunt resistor detection. Consequently, it can provide a steady DC output voltage with a low voltage ripple, approximately unitary input power factor and 2.5 kW output power. The experimental results show validity of the theoretical analysis.

道路地下空洞探地雷达波场和时频特性

根据城市道路地下介质的分布特征和电性参数设计模型,采用时域有限差分法和广义S变换,对道路地下存在的充气空洞、充水空洞、回填不密实、埋藏金属物状态进行探地雷达正演模拟和时频特征提取。结果表明,地下空洞顶界面的反射波同相轴均呈弧形反射形态,但充气空洞的反射波能量强于充水空洞;地下空洞发育区域的中心频率集中在某个低频区间,其余频率成分分布较均匀;埋藏金属物区域出现两簇高幅值能量团,频率分布较分散;回填不密实区域频率未能显示出较明显的规律。最后,通过工程实测验证了数值模拟的可靠性。

基于VMD的MAG焊输入端电信号频域分析

通过电信号采集平台,对焊机输入输出端电信号进行同步采集.分析弧焊电源整流电路,对输入电信号进行整流处理得到输入电压与电流,最终计算得到弧焊电源的输入功率.经过对比发现输出电流与瞬时输入功率峰值变化趋势基本一致.论述了变分模态分解(VMD)原理及方法,并对瞬时输入功率进行分解,得到一系列特征BLIMFs信号.通过对不同过渡模式(大滴过渡、短路过渡和混合过渡)下瞬时输入功率信号、特征IMF信号和焊接输出电流信号在频域上的对比分析,发现VMD能够有效得到低频(IMF1)、中频(IMF2)和高频信号(IMF3),且中频和高频信号表现出了焊机不控整流的脉动信息(300 Hz)以及电网的干扰.而低频IMF1信号与焊接输出电流信号频域一致性良好,并在时域上也有良好的一致性.结果表明了通过对输入瞬时功率的VMD,其低频分量能够有效表征焊接过程,从而为从输入端评定过渡过程稳定性提供了一种新思路.

船舶永磁同步推进电机的优化I/f起动控制方法

为解决高转矩与高转动惯量的船舶推进电机在开环I/f控制中转速和转矩波动大、电机易失步、效率低的问题,提出一种I/f控制改进方法。通过建立转矩角观测器,调节给定电流矢量的幅值,使其跟随负载转矩变化,提高系统鲁棒性。同时,将电机运行状态推进至接近最大转矩电流比状态,提高电机的运行效率;通过瞬时有功功率调节电流矢量的角速度,降低电磁转矩波动,加快电机的转速收敛过程。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中进行仿真实验,实验结果表明该方法可以显著提高推进电机运行效率和稳定性。

Instantaneous power calculation based on intrinsic frequency of single-phase virtual synchronous generator

In order to enhance the stability of single-phase microgrid,virtual synchronous generator(VSG)control method is investigated in this paper.Its electromagnetic model and electromechanical model are established to illustrate the performance of VSG.Considering the 2 nd fluctuation of fundamental-frequency in the output power,an instantaneous power calculation strategy is proposed based on the intrinsic frequency of single-phase VSG.Besides,a virtual power calculation method is presented to achieve islanded/grid-connected seamless transition.Stability analysis and comparison simulation results demonstrate the correctness of the presented power calculation method.At last,the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by comparison experiments of islanded/gridconnected operations in a 500 VA single-phase inverter.

基于改进变步长LMS算法的谐波电流检测法

针对传统基于瞬时无功功率理论谐波电流检测中的二阶低通滤波器无法同时满足检测精度和响应时间的问题,提出了基于改进的双曲正切函数变步长LMS算法(IVSSLMS)的低通滤波器提取p轴和q轴中直流分量的方法;将两个谐波电流的间隔时间通过适当的调节采样间隔次数来延长,目的是为了达到高次谐波的自相关性能迅速降为零。从理论上分析了算法性能的优越,给出了参数的取值,并在simulink中搭建了仿真模型,仿真实验结果表明,改进后的低通滤波器直流分量的跟踪速度提升了一倍,得到基波正弦波形的THD值下降了0.37%。并得出以下结论:在同样输电条件下,采用改进变步长LMS算法构成低通滤波器加快了直流量的跟踪,提取的基波分量更加接近于理想波形,提升了谐波检测的瞬时性和准确性。

基于镜像虚拟电阻技术的三相光伏逆变器直流电压波动抑制策略

针对光伏逆变器直流侧电容电压波动的问题,根据光伏逆变器直流电压波动的机理和其主要输出有功功率的特点,提出一种镜像虚拟电阻技术用以解决光伏逆变器直流电压波动的问题。该策略只需在逆变器正常工作的基础上增加少量计算,具有较高实用性。对于谐波分量,光伏逆变器等效为一个与基波等效电阻大小相等、方向相反的镜像虚拟电阻吸收电网谐波功率,同时可显著减小直流侧电压波动的问题。仿真和实物实验结果均验证了该策略的有效性。

基于正序瞬时功率算法的宽频振荡检测技术

现代电力系统表现出含高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备的“双高”特征,电力系统中不同频率的谐波、间谐波与工频量相互作用,将可能导致宽频振荡,威胁电力系统安全稳定运行。针对无法在三相不平衡状态下实现宽频振荡准确检测的问题,提出了基于FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)和正序瞬时功率算法的宽频振荡检测技术。利用三相正序瞬时功率能滤除三相不平衡分量的原理,确保宽频振荡的检测结果不受三相不平衡的影响。利用FPGA并行计算的特性,大幅提升了宽频振荡检测算法的性能。测试结果表明,该技术能够在发生宽频振荡时准确检测出振荡分量,解决了现有技术存在误判和并行计算能力不足的问题。

基于工艺信息感知的进给系统热特性建模

机床精度对热敏感,进给系统生热会引起机床结构温度场变化,并诱致精度失稳。如何构建进给系统在复杂热工况下的热特性评价模型,对于准确掌握机床热特性,并指导开展热态控制与热稳定性提升控制意义重大。传统生热模型以恒定的参数建立模型,未能反映时变性模型与工艺信息的映射关系,文章提出了考虑多源工艺信息的生热模型构造方法,综合考虑了机床在加工过程中的运行参数、工艺参数、热状态等多源信息变化,深入研究了机床输入功率与进给系统各零部件损耗功率之间的匹配关系,建立了进给系统结构件的瞬时生热功率计算模型。实验结果表明,相比于传统方式建模,基于该模型的温度场预测精度提高了28.15%。

基于瞬时功率镜像补偿的斜坡式重力储能系统功率平滑控制策略

针对重力储能系统因离散质量块切换引起的输出功率波动问题,提出了一种基于瞬时功率镜像补偿的功率平滑控制策略。首先介绍了斜坡式重力储能系统的工作原理,分析引起系统功率波动的原因;然后设计了抑制功率波动的系统结构以及功率平滑控制策略,并以11 kW的斜坡式重力储能系统为例,对系统结构参数进行理论计算;最后构建斜坡式重力储能系统仿真模型,分析了系统在质量块交替过程中的暂态波动特性。结果表明,应用所提方法,质量块在交替过程中可提供连续稳定的机械功率,较好地平滑重力储能系统的输出功率,验证了该方法的有效性。

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。文中通过引入对称分量法,建立故障后同步调相机瞬时有功/无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的2次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明:相较于利用定子电流3次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,文中方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。

COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT REFERENCE GENERATION STRATEGIES FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE SYSTEMS

For three phase four-wire active power filters （APFs）, several typical power theories and corresponding current reference generation strategies are induced, p-q, d-q, unify power factor （UPF） and instantaneous active current （IAC） methods are analyzed and compared with each other. The interpretation of active and reactive currents in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase four-wire systems is given based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance and the characteristic are evaluated, and the application conditions of current reference generation strategies are concluded. Simulation results under different source voltages and loads verify the evaluation result.

基于滑动窗宽优化的LMSSGST识别非平稳信号瞬时频率

为提高非平稳响应信号瞬时频率的识别效果,提出基于滑动窗宽优化的局部最大同步挤压广义S变换(local maximum synchrosqueezing generalized S-transform,LMSSGST)。该方法首先对非平稳响应信号进行广义S变换获得相应的时频系数;其次,利用该响应信号的功率谱密度特征曲线确定局部最大同步挤压算子中滑动窗的宽度;再次,通过局部最大同步挤压算子进行时频重排;最后,采用模极大值改进算法提取瞬时频率曲线。通过两个数值算例、一个滑动窗宽参数分析和一个时变拉索试验验证了所提方法的有效性,研究结果表明:利用功率谱密度特征曲线能够有效确定滑动窗的窗宽和模极大值算法的提取范围。相比局部最大同步挤压变换算法,基于滑动窗宽优化的LMSSGST具有更佳的瞬时频率识别效果。

基于DSOGI-PLL与ANF-LPF的i_(p)-i_(q)三相谐波检测方法

随着分布式电源大规模接入电网,电力系统中频率波动、电压不平衡以及谐波畸变等问题日益严重。在这样不平衡和失真的电网条件下,传统i_(p)-i_(q)谐波检测法已不能满足工程需要。为解决这一问题,文中提出一种基于DSOGI-PLL与ANF-LPF的i_(p)-i_(q)三相谐波检测方法。一方面,采用DSOGI-PLL提高复杂电网下提取基波相位的能力;另一方面,采用一种具有选择性谐波滤波能力的改进结构LPF,来提高谐波检测的抗干扰能力。结果表明,所提方法能够在复杂电网条件下完成三相谐波检测。

基于dq变换的幅频调制激励下振荡功率振幅解析计算及特征分析

高比例电力电子设备并网在提升系统电能变换灵活性的同时,也引入了形态各异的多特征振荡问题。然而现有研究大多关注振荡的宏观成因,鲜有对精确提取振荡信息及振荡功率解析计算的研究。为此,以近期一现场等幅振荡事件为切入点,提出一种基于dq变换的幅频调制激励下振荡功率振幅分析方法。首先,凝练该次事件中等幅振荡的波形特性,阐明现有方法在提取振荡分量时直接进行离散傅里叶分解的不足,提出基于dq变换的幅频调制信号分解方法和基于锁相环的幅频调制信号测量方法;然后,计算幅值和频率激励信号,进而完成振荡有功和无功功率计算,给出功率的解析表达式,解释振荡特性;最后,所提方法不仅能弥补传统信号分解方法物理意义不清晰的缺陷,还能明确体现振荡的幅频本质及线路不同元件对振荡功率的参与过程,为振荡分析及抑制工作提供参考。

三相四线制APF支撑电容电压脉动分析与设计

为保证有源电力滤波器交流侧输出相电压的准确性,有效进行谐波跟踪补偿,提升电能质量,直流侧母线电压必须保持足够稳定,因此直流侧电容容值合理取值至关重要.为此,本文综合考虑母线电压取值、电容纹波电流与电容损耗等限制因素,基于瞬时功率平衡推导出针对于三相四线制母线支撑电容容量设计方法,在有效抑制直流侧电压波动维持补偿性能的同时避免母线电容过取值,降低硬件成本,实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性.