An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic

During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.

Micro-arc Oxidation Inverter Power Supply Based on the Limited Bipolar Soft-switch Control Method

In order to overcome many limitations of the conventional power supplies, such as ponderosity, big wastage, and simplex output characteristic, a dual-inverter power supply is designed to meet the different requirements of micro-arc oxidation. The main circuit structure and principle of the dual-inverter power supply for micro-arc oxidation is described, the control system and the control adjustment method are also introduced. The dual-inverter technology is adopted in micro-arc oxidation power supply. The limited bipolar control mode is applied in the power inverter circuit for adjusting the voltage, and various voltage waveform can be obtained by controlling the chopper circuit. Meanwhile, the control accuracy and response speed are improved greatly because of the higher inverter frequency. The power supply can output direct current（DC） waveform, DC pulse waveform, symmetry alternating current（AC） waveform, asymmetry AC waveform, and so on. Besides, the parameters such as pulse width, range, frequency, duty cycle can be adjusted. The experimental result shows that the power supply has many advantages, such as stable output, wonderful waveform consistency and obvious advantage in technique, and it can meet the requirements of micro-arc oxidation process fully.

Reducing the minimum output power of soft-switching inverter arc welding power supplies

The full-bridge zero-voltage and zero-current switching inverter, which can adjust the output power by keeping the duty-cycle of lagging arm constant, changing the duty-cycle of leading arm, is a common circuit topology of soft-switching inverter arc welding power supplies. However, the output power still remains a certain value when the duty-cycle of leading arm decreases to zero. The working-mode of soft-switching inverter and the waveforms of major parameters with the condition of duty-cycle of leading arm being zero are studied in this paper. U-1 characteristic experiments prove that the minimum output power of soft-switching circuit, which depends on the charged voltage of capacitors in parallel with leading arm, can be decreased by reducing the duty-cycle of lagging arm. By switching working-modes between half-bridge and full-bridge, the output power can swing from zero to the power rating.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

Inverter power supply system for high-power twin-wire pulsed GMAW

A type of novel inverter power supply system for high-power twin-wire pulsed gas metal arc welding （GMAW） is presented mainly for dealing with the disadvantages of the conventional power supply for twin-wire pulsed GMA W of which the output power is generally difficult to increase due to limitations of the power of semiconductors and the power density of magnetic devices. In the power supplies for the master and slave arcs, the digital signal processor （DSP） TMS320F28335 is used to form the DSP- based synergic control system for parallel high-power pulsed GMA W, which achieves high-power output of two parallel inverters controlled by a single DSP ; master-slave communication is achieved by using e controller area network （eCAN）module of DSP, thas realizing anti-phase pulse output of high-power twin-wire pulsed GMA W and reducing the interference between twin arcs. The experiment results demonstrate that the designed inverter power supply system for high-power twin-wire pulsed GMAW can bring about high-power efficiency of welding, stable welding process and proper formation of welds.

A type of inverter power supply based on harmonic elimination PWM control

In order to output sine wave with small degree of distortion and improve stability,a type of inverter power supply is designed based on harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation(PWM)control.The rectifier and filter are added to input circuit of the inverter.Single-phrase full-bridge inverter performs the function of converting direct current into alternating current(DC/AC).In the control circuit,single chip micyoco(SCM)AT89C2051 is used for main control chip to accomplish the hardware design of the control system.A given value of output frequency of the inverter is input in the way of coding.According to the output frequency code which is read,SCM AT89C2051 defined harmonic elimination PWM control data which will be selected.Through internal timing control,the switches are switched under this provision of PWM control data.Then the driving signals of the switches in the inverter are output from I/O of SCM AT89C2051 to realize harmonic elimination PWM control.The results show that adding Newton homotopic algorithm of harmonic elimination PWM control to corresponding software of the control system can make the quality of output voltage of the inverter higher and it will have broad application prospects.

A Magnetron Power Supply with Transition-Mode Zero-Voltage-Switching Inverter

This paper presents a transition-mode zero-voltage-switching inverter for the cooker magnetron of household microwave ovens. The inverter drives a leakage transformer to generate the required high voltage and stabilized current. For achieving zero-voltage switching, a transition-mode driver L6561 is utilized to detect the ending of transformer resonance and drive an insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor. As transistor is conducted, rectified direct-current voltage drives the transformer. While transistor is cut off, transformer resonates with a parallel capacitor. Transistor conduction time and magnetron power are controlled with a 16-bit digital signal controller dsPIC30F4011. For widening the working range, transistor conduction time is set to be inversely changed with line-frequency input voltage. To demonstrate the analysis and design of this paper, a 1 kW inverter circuit is built. Experimental results show the feasibility and usefulness of the designed magnetron power supply.

Design method for transistor-inverted welding power supplies

From the viewpoint of reliability and practicability, a general design method and the related considerationsfor transistor- inverted welding power supplies are proposed in this paper. The detail contents are composed of the choice ofinverters, the choice and protection of transistors, the determination of inverting frequency, the design of transformers,and the choice of output rectifiers and rectifying diodes. Besides, a concrete design example of the transistor-invertedpower supply for plasma arc cutting is introduced.

Applications of cascade multilevel inverters

Cascade multilevel inverters have been developed for electric utility applications. A cascade M level inverter consists of (M 1)/2 H bridges in which each bridge's dc voltage is supported by its own dc capacitor. The new inverter can: (1) generate almost sinusoidal waveform voltage while only switching one time per fundamental cycle; (2) dispense with multi pulse inverters' transformers used in conventional utility interfaces and static var compensators; (3) enables direct parallel or series transformer less connection to medium and high voltage power systems. In short, the cascade inverter is much more efficient and suitable for utility applications than traditional multi pulse and pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. The authors have experimentally demonstrated the superiority of the new inverter for power supply, (hybrid) electric vehicle (EV) motor drive, reactive power (var) and harmonic compensation. This paper summarizes the features, feasibility, and control schemes of the cascade inverter for utility applications including utility interface of renewable energy, voltage regulation, var compensation, and harmonic filtering in power systems. Analytical, simulated, and experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the new inverters.

High-power High-efficient and Simplified High-frequency Switching Power Supply for Electrolytic Plating

针对大功率电解电镀开关电源的输入整流级引起的无功和谐波等电能质量问题,研究了一种基于高效PWM整流的高频开关电源。该电源前级整流器仅用4个开关管来进行PWM整流,后级采用半桥逆变器进行高频变换,显著减少了开关数量。针对三相四开关PWM整流器,推导一种基于开关模型的无差拍控制方法,该方法可实现系统的快速、无差整流。针对多台开关电源的并联均流问题,提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的自均流控制方法,可实现多台电源的均流稳定运行。通过仿真与实验验证了所提结构和控制方法的正确性。

A Conceptual Design Study for the Error Field Correction Coil Power Supply in JT-60SA

This paper describes a conceptual design study for the circuit configuration of the Error Field Correction Coil （EFCC） power supply （PS） to maximize the expected performance with reasonable cost in JT-60SA. The EFCC consists of eighteen sector coils installed inside the vacuum vessel, six in the toroidal direction and three in the poloidal direction, each one rated for 30 kA-turn. As a result, star point connection is proposed for each group of six EFCC coils installed cyclically in the toroidal direction for decoupling with poloidal field coils. In addition~ a six phase inverter which is capable of controlling each phase current was chosen as PS topology to ensure higher flexibility of operation with reasonable cost.

Grid-Connected Emergency Back-Up Power Supply

This paper documents design and modeling of a grid-connected emergency back-up power supply for medium power applications. Back-up power supplies are very important in regard to support electrical loads in the events of grid power outage. However, grid-integration of a back-up power supply substantiates continual power transfer to the loads, especially to the critical loads, which should not suffer from power interruptions. Therefore, design and circuit modeling of switching converters based reliable grid-tied emergency back-up power supply are presented in this paper. There are a rectifier-link boost derived battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter circuit which are controlled by high frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. This paper presents a state averaging model and Laplace domain transfer function of the charging circuit and a switching converter model of the power inverter circuit. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed inverter circuit and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an ac-link rectifier-fed boost converter. However, there is a relay switching circuit to control the charging phenomenon of the battery. The proposed design is simulated in PLECS and the simulation results corroborate the reliability of the presented framework.

Single-Phase Full Bridge PWM Rectifier with Load Current Feedforward

Many conventional switching power supplies in input AC line voltage and filtering it with large electrolytic computers and low power motor drive systems operate by rectifying the capacitors. This results in undesirable side effects such as the generation of distorted input current waveform. The input power factor is also poor. Further, the input current has the shape of narrow pulses, which in turn increases its value. The reduction in input current harmonics and improved power factor operation of motor drive systems and switching power supplies are important from the energy saving point of view and also to satisfy the harmonic standards. This paper proposes a full bridge PWM rectifier with load current feedforward. The proposed approach has some advantages, including a quick response for the load fluctuation, the reduction of the number of sensors and simplified control, as compared with the conventional methods. From simulated results, it is clarified that the proposed control method is effective and useful.

基于AT89C52的交流UPS不间断电源系统研究与设计

随着计算机技术、通信技术的不断发展,铁路、医疗、数据存储等系统的安全可靠运行就与不间断电源息息相关。为了满足需要,设计了一款交流UPS不间断电源,系统由整流电路、蓄电池、逆变电路、静态旁路等部分构成。采用AT89C52为主控芯片,利用充电器以及蓄电池为UPS提供能量,经过稳压电路为逆变电路提供稳定的电压,通过逆变电路为UPS提供稳频稳压的交流电,经过静态旁路为UPS提供不间断的供电切换。最后,对该交流UPS不间断电源系统进行了仿真测试,结果表明,设计的交流UPS不间断电源可以稳定地给负载提供交流电压,且电源工作效率高,稳定性强、体积小、输出精度高,保证了对负载的不间断供电,具有一定的现实意义。

一种单电源九开关二倍升压九电平逆变器

针对现有九电平逆变器存在使用器件较多且调制策略复杂的问题,提出1种新型的开关电容九电平逆变器,其拓扑仅需1个直流电源、9个开关、2个电容和2个二极管即可输出九电平,同时实现二倍升压。该逆变器具有电容电压自平衡的能力,无需复杂的控制算法和外部均压电路来维持电容电压平衡。采用多载波层叠调制策略对该逆变器进行调制,逆变器中4对开关的工作状态互补,可以使用非门逻辑电路来降低调制策略的复杂度。首先对该逆变器的拓扑结构和工作原理进行理论分析;其次,对调制策略进行了详细介绍,并将所提拓扑与其他九电平拓扑进行比较,介绍了该拓扑的优点;最后,搭建的仿真电路和实验平台验证了所提拓扑及调制策略的可行性和有效性。

单相不间断电源逆变电路调制度对输出电压谐波的影响

详细分析单相不间断电源核心部分(逆变电路)的特点、类型、评价指标及控制方式,然后采用广泛应用的单相双极性正弦脉冲宽度调制法的全桥逆变电路作为研究对象,导出了逆变电路输出平均电压的表达式,采用仿真和理论相结合的方法讨论了频率调制度和幅值调制度的典型取值对输出电压谐波的影响.讨论结果表明,当载波频率为调制波频率的奇数倍时,取幅值调制度r=0.9左右,而当载波频率为调制波频率的偶数倍时,取幅值调制度r=0.5左右,此时输出逆变电压波形质量更好,谐波含量较小,对于改善逆变电路的设计和参数选择具有一定的参考价值.

车载逆变电源的设计与实现

为解决车载电源的转化问题,提出一种将汽车车载电源从直流12 V转化为交流220 V的车载逆变电源设计方法。该方法将直流12 V作为输入,通过前级升压和后级逆变2个功率转换电路,得到220 V/50 Hz的正弦交流电压。前级升压电路以SG3525作为主控芯片,采用推挽变换电路拓扑结构,利用高频变压器进行隔离升压,通过设计直流母线电压负反馈电路,避免出现直流母线电压的过压;后级逆变电路以EG8010作为主控芯片,采用全桥拓扑结构和SPWM控制技术,通过设计过压过流保护电路和过温保护电路,避免电路过压和过温。实验结果表明,该车载逆变电源在输入直流电压为(12±1.5) V的范围内均可输出稳定的交流电压(219.5~220.1 V),且整机测试效率保持在97.5%左右,具备良好的参数性能。

含分布式光伏接入的三相牵引供电系统电压协调控制方法

牵引供电系统中光伏并网逆变器普遍处于弱可控状态且缺乏多机间协调配合,为了使分布式光伏在实现牵引能耗优化的同时,主动参与牵引网电压调控,提出了用于三相牵引供电系统的电压协调控制策略。针对含光伏的新型三相牵引供电系统拓扑,分析了系统电压-有功和无功定量关系。结合分布式光伏无功裕度及协调关系,设计了3阶段分布式电压协调控制策略,根据电压灵敏度判定各节点补偿与削减优先度,实现了分布式光伏无功协调补偿及有功优化削减,达到牵引网电压主动控制。最后,通过对系统多工况下仿真,验证策略有效性。仿真结果表明,所提协调控制策略在三相牵引供电系统复杂的运行工况下,能够在兼顾光伏能量利用率的同时,增强系统电压调控能力,解决牵引网电压越限问题,并有效降低牵引网损耗。研究通过有效利用光伏支撑牵引网电压,为机车的安全、高效运行提供保障。

考虑储能系统控保协同体系的光伏场站送出线路突变量选相能力恢复策略

针对新能源接入电网后,突变量选相元件动作性能显著劣化,尤其在弱电源侧难以保证选相正确性的问题,提出考虑储能系统控保协同体系的突变量选相能力恢复策略。通过理论分析,得出逆变电源侧负序阻抗基本恒定这一实施选相能力恢复举措的前提条件。在此基础上,提出将光伏场站中储能侧逆变电源控制策略中的负序抑制短时屏蔽,并将故障线路两侧的正序分配系数控制到与负序分配系数相等,以此营造令传统突变量选相元件实现动作的最理想条件。该控制可以通过控制储能设备电流内环中的d轴和q轴电流实现。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果表明,在该控制策略作用下,线路两侧正序分配系数与负序分配系数几乎相等,极大程度恢复了弱电源侧的选相特征,在不同故障工况下均有较好的适应性,且不会干扰系统侧选相元件的正常动作,具有很高的可靠性。

基于BP神经网络算法的超声电源频率追踪技术

超声振动系统主要由超声换能器和超声复合加工电源组成。其中超声换能器在加工过程中受到多种因素影响,会发生谐振频率漂移现象;超声复合加工电源需要输出对应频率的电信号,保证超声振动系统的稳定工作。为避免超声换能器损坏,设计一种基于BP神经网络算法的控制模型,通过分析超声电源运行历史数据来实现对超声电源输出频率的控制。利用Multisim对电路进行仿真,并通过试验采集理论谐振频率在25 kHz的超声换能器稳定工作时超声复合加工电源的输出信号,通过Matlab建模仿真来验证BP神经网络模型的控制精度和可靠性。结果表明,产生的模拟输出与实际输出频率最大误差不超过5%,有助于超声复合加工电源的稳定工作。