Permeability and setting time of bio-mediated soil under various medium concentrations

The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and medium during field installation can affect the setting time of bacterium and its correlation with permeability reduction.In this study,the setting time of bacterium and its effectiveness in permeability reduction were addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations.A series of sand column was cultivated using different concentrations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and culture medium.The distribution and composition of the bacterial product(i.e.dextran)were observed by refractometer,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Soil permeability was recorded using a constant head test.The results revealed that bacterium was effective to produce dextran at the setting time of about 5 d after installation.This dextran can reduce the permeability of bio-mediated soil by two orders of magnitude,even without culture medium supply.In general,the dextran production decreased proportionally with increase of bacterium and medium concentration.However,at 50%bacterium and medium concentration by weight,it still has a significant influence on permeability reduction with similar setting time,compared to 100%concentration.

Study of cellulolytic soil fungi and two nova species and new medium

This study is aimed at identifying and determining the percentage of occurrence frequency of cellulose decomposing soil fungi. The soil samples were inoculated into culture plates prepared in Sabouraud medium under sterilized conditions and incubated at 30 ℃ for 4 to 7 d. The identified fungal species were incubated in self-designed cellulose medium for testing their cellulolytic ability. Forty-two species, including2 nova species, representing sixteen genera showed growth and sporulation in the cellulose medium. Most of the isolated species were from genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Aspergillus niger and Mucor hiemalis showed highest occurrence frequency （45% and 36% respectively）, as these species were collected from about 80% of soil samples. Being agar free and cheaper, the new fungal medium designed showed results equivalent to Sabouraud medium.

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.

Investigation on electromagnetic scattering from rough soil surface of layered medium using the small perturbation method

Electromagnetic scattering from a rough surface of layered medium is investigated, and the formulae of the scattering coefficients for different polarizations are derived using the small perturbation method. A rough surface with exponential correlation function is presented for describing a rough soil surface of layered medium, the formula of its scattering coefficient is derived by considering the spectrum of the rough surface with exponential correlation function; the curves of the bistatic scattering coefficient of HH polarization with variation of the scattering angle are obtained by numerical calculation. The influence of the permittivity of layered medium, the mean layer thickness of intermediate medium, the roughness surface parameters and the frequency of the incident wave on the blstatic scattering coefficient is discussed. Numerical results show that the influence of the permittivity of layered medium, the mean layer thickness of intermediate medium, the rms and the correlation length of the rough surface, and the frequency of the incident wave on the bistatic scattering coefficient is very complex.

Growth Medium and Soil Amendment Influence on Seedling Growth Responses of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)

African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) classified as a forest food treewith economic potentials requires domestication attention for improvedproductivity. A study conducted in Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2017 using oneyear old C. albidum seedlings determined the plant’s growth responseswhen cultivated using different growth medium and soil amendmentmethods. The 3 x 9 factorial experiment was arranged in a CompletelyRandomized Design (CRD) at three replications. Three textural soil types(sandy, loamy and clayey soils) were evaluated using nine soil amendmentmethods (5, 10, 15t/ha poultry manure (PM) and 150, 250 and 500kg/haNPK, and integrated amendment methods using 5t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPKand 10t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPK), and the un-amended plot as control. Theresults showed that plants in loamy and clayey soils had more leaves comparedto those in sandy soil only at 74WAS. C. albidum had most numerousleaves with 150 kg/ha, taller plant and wider canopy with 250 kg/ha, andthicker girth with all NPK rates compared to control, manure rates and integratedfertilizers. The plants with loamy soil had highest CPC, Ash C, FC,starch and sugar. Plants with inorganic fertilizers and integrated fertilizershad higher FW and DW compared to manure rates. The 5 t/ha manure rateand the 250 kg/ha NPK produced plants with high sugar content and werelowest in starch content compared to other applied rates. In conclusion, C.albidum from juvenile to vegetative stage with proper management can begrown on the different soil types while the 150 kg/ha NPK fertilizer rateappeared as optimum for the plant growth.

A PERTURBATION BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN FOUNDATION AND NONLINEAR ROCK AND SOIL MEDIUM

A scheme is developed for analysing the interaction between afoundation and a nonlin- ear rock and soil medium, in which thefoundation is considered as a linear elastic body and a typicalboundary integral equation method (BIEM) is employed. On the basis oftaking the nonlinear proper- ties of the medium into account, aperturbation BIEM is developed. The fundamental equations for thenonlinear coupling analysis are formulated, and typical problems aresolved and discussed by the pre- sent method.

Torsional vibration of a pipe pile in transversely isotropic saturated soil

This study considers the torsional vibration of a pipe pile in a transversely isotropic saturated soil layer. Based on Biot＇s poroelastic theory and the constitutive relations of the transversely isotropic medium, the dynamic governing equations of the outer and inner transversely isotropic saturated soil layers are derived. The Laplace transform is used to solve the governing equations of the outer and inner soil layers. The dynamic torsional response of the pipe pile in the frequency domain is derived utilizing 1D elastic theory and the continuous conditions at the interfaces between the pipe pile and the soils. The time domain solution is obtained by Fourier inverse transform. A parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the influence of the anisotropies of the outer and inner soil on the torsional dynamic response of the pipe pile.

Vertical vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock

An axisymmetrical analytical solution is developed to investigate the vertical time-harmonic vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock. The soil is described by porous medium model established by Boer, while the pile is described by a beam vibration theory. By using separation theory of differential operator and variables to solve the dynamic governing equations for the soil, the fundamental solutions for the soil reactions on side and bottom of the pile are obtained. The dynamic impedance of the pile head is then derived by solving the vibration equation for the pile according to the compatibility condition between the pile and the soil. The proposed model is validated by comparing special cases of our model with the existing results. Numerical examples are presented to analyze the vibration characteristics of the pile.

Axisymmetrical analytical solution for vertical vibration of end-bearing pile in saturated viscoelastic soil layer

Based on elasticity and the theory of saturated porous media, and regarding the pile and the soil as a single phase elastic and a saturated viscoelastic media, respectively, the dynamical behavior of vertical vibration of an end-bearing pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer is investigated in the frequency domain using the Helmholtz decomposition and variable separation method. The axisymmetrical analytical solutions for vertical vibrations of the pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer are obtained, and the analytical expression of the dynamical complex stiffness of the pile top is presented. Responses of dynamic stiffness factor and equivalent damping of pile top with respect to the frequency are shown in figures using a numerical method. Effects of the saturated soil parameters, modulus ratio of the pile to soil, slenderness ratio of pile and pile＇s Poisson ratio, etc. on the stiffness factor and damping are examined. It is shown that, due to the effect of the transversal deformation of the pile and the radial force of the saturated viscoelastic soil acting on the pile, the dynamic stiffness factor and the damping derived from the axisymmetrical solution are greatly different from those derived from the classical Euler-Bernoulli rod model, especially at some specific excitation frequencies. Therefore, there are limitations on applicability of the Euler-Bernoulli rod model in analyzing verticai vibration of the pile. More accurate analysis should be based on a three-dimensional model.

Cohesion variation during instability evolution of disaster medium in mud inrush of mountain tunnel

Mud inrush in mountain tunnel is an independent geological hazard type different from water inrush,landslide and debris flow.The intrinsic factor of mud inrush is the instability failure of disaster medium.Its essence is that when the cohesion decreases gradually with the increase of void ratio to the point where the movement of soil particles cannot be restricted,soil particles and groundwater form slurry and gush out.Thus,accurate calculation of cohesion with variable void ratios is crucial for analyzing the reliability of disaster medium.In this study,the disaster medium was regarded as graded soil and a structural model was established wherein soil particles were simplified as cubes and the inter-particle pores were represented by the clearance between cubes.On the basis of the structure model of disaster medium,a function between the soil particle distance and void ratio was derived.Cohesion is equivalent to the resultant force between soil particles per unit area;thus,a cohesion function was derived in which the void ratio is the main variable.This function considers the influence of gradation characteristics on cohesion variation and is generally applicable to various types of disaster medium.A series of direct shear tests were carried out to determine the cohesion variation for different types of disaster medium with variable void ratios.By comparing the variation of cohesion obtained through direct shear tests with those deduced by the proposed cohesion function,we verified the validity and general applicability of the cohesion function.It is of great significance because the cohesion function can accurately predict the variation of cohesion by using the void ratio,and effectively evaluate the possibility of mud inrush according to the initial mechanical properties of disaster medium.

A new strength criterion for structured soils

Existing strength criteria are mostly formulated to describe the mechanical properties of reconstituted soils. However, the engineering characteristics of structured soils are different from those of reconstituted soils in many aspects, especially in their strength properties, Thus, the influence of soil structure （bonding and fabric） on the mechanical properties of structured soils cannot be correctly described, By analyzing the breakage mechanism of natural soils, the structured soils can be conceptualized as binary medium materials consisting of bonded blocks and weakened bands. On this basis, a new strength criterion is pro- posed for structured soils, The expressions of the strength criterion on both meridian and deviator planes are given to describe the strength properties of structured soils on these planes. The proposed strength criterion is compared with available test data under conventional and true triaxial stress conditions in the literature. It is observed that the proposed strength criterion agrees well with the test data.

An explicit finite element method for dynamic analysis in three-medium coupling system and its application

In this paper, an explicit finite element method to analyze the dynamic responses of three-medium coupled systems with any terrain is developed on the basis of the numerical simulation of the continuous conditions on the bounda-ries among fluid saturated porous medium, elastic single-phase medium and ideal fluid medium. This method is a very effective one with the characteristic of high calculating speed and small memory needed because the formulae for this explicit finite element method have the characteristic of decoupling, and which does not need to solve sys-tem of linear equations. The method is applied to analyze the dynamic response of a reservoir with considering the dynamic interactions among water, dam, sediment and basement rock. The vertical displacement at the top point of the dam is calculated and some conclusions are given.

The Applicability of Soil＇s Fertilizers in Increasing of Production Effects in Lolium Perenne and Lolium Multiflorum Cultivation

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil fertilizers, used on the background of NPK fertilization on the productivity of Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum in different time of harvest. In 2012-2013 the following species and varieties of forage grasses： Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum were cultivated. It was the fallowing experimental subjects： K-control （without fertilization and fertilizer）, NPK （N-150 kg hal as a 34% ammonium nitrate, P-80 kg P2O5 ha-1, K-120 kg K20 ha-1）, UG-UGmax bio-preparation, EU-Eco bio-preparation （fertilizer）, HA-Humus Active as bio-preparation.

泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽路面表层动力响应研究

市政道路下伏管道沟槽常采用土、砂子、碎石等传统散体材料回填,由于沟槽空间受限,压实度难以满足设计要求,管道破损渗漏或交通荷载作用下,容易造成路面开裂,甚至塌陷。泡沫轻质土具有轻质、高强、自密实、抗渗漏等特性,可以将其应用于管道沟槽回填工程。为了研究泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的路面动力响应特性,以振动加速度和动位移为动力响应指标,开展泡沫轻质土回填段和中砂回填段的路面动力响应现场试验。试验车速分别为20,40和60 km/h,车重分别为空载、半载、满载,共9种试验工况。研究结果表明,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点振动加速度最大值、动位移最大值分别为31.93 mm/s^(2)、6.23μm,而中砂回填区段分别为35.79 mm/s^(2)、6.90μm。振动加速度峰值、动位移峰值均随车重、车速的增加而增大。车重由空载变为满载时,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点动位移峰值变化幅度仅为中砂回填区段测点的15.2%~51.0%;车速由20 km/h增加至60 km/h时,动位移峰值变化幅度为中砂回填区段测点的16.8%~66.8%。泡沫轻质土回填区段振动加速度峰值衰减率、动位移峰值衰减率分别为中砂回填区段的1.16~1.38倍及1.15~1.33倍,削减了沟槽回填区段路面测点振动的高频和低频成分,泡沫轻质土回填区段整体刚度较好,减振效果良好。研究成果可为泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的设计施工提供参考。

DOUBLE-MEDIUM CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN UNIAXIAL TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Based on elasto-plasticity and damage mechanics, a double-medium constitutive model of geological material under uniaxial tension and compression was presented, on the assumption that rock and soil materials are the pore-fracture double-medium, and porous medium has no damage occurring, while fracture medium has damage occurring with load. To the implicit equation of the model, iterative method was adopted to obtain the complete stress-strain curve of the material. The result shows that many different distributions （uniform distribution, concentrated distribution and random distribution） of fractures in rock and soil material are the essential reasons of the daedal constitutive relations. By the reason that the double-medium constitutive model separates the material to be porous medium part, which is the main body of elasticity, and fracture medium part, which is the main body of damage, it is of important practical values and theoretical meanings to the study on failure of rock and soil or materials containing damage.

普洱市茶园土壤pH、有机质和中微量养分分析及肥力综合评价

【目的】采用土壤肥力综合评价指数法对普洱市茶园土壤pH、有机质和中微量元素含量进行综合评价,为普洱市茶园土壤养分管理和茶叶品质提升提供科学指导。【方法】采集普洱市4个典型茶叶种植区的40个茶园土壤样品,测定土壤pH、有机质及中微量元素(钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌)有效含量,采用隶属度函数模型计算土壤肥力综合指数,综合评价普洱市茶园土壤养分特征和肥力质量。【结果】普洱市茶园土壤总体呈酸性,pH为4.0~5.8,平均值为4.8。土壤有机质、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌含量为4.9~41.6 g/kg、87.7~2351.9 mg/kg、56.9~272.2 mg/kg、40.3~107.3 mg/kg、2.8~64.8 mg/kg、0.3~2.9 mg/kg和0.5~5.2 mg/kg,平均值为23.4 g/kg、853.8 mg/kg、134.5 mg/kg、77.8 mg/kg、38.3 mg/kg、1.2 mg/kg和2.7 mg/kg,平均含量均达适宜水平,但不同茶园空间分布差异较大。其中,95.0%茶园表层土壤有机质含量、55.0%茶园土壤有效钙含量、62.5%茶园土壤有效镁含量达适宜及以上水平,95.0%以上茶园土壤的微量元素有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌含量适宜茶树生长。茶园土壤肥力综合指数为0.59~1.00,平均值为0.83,土壤营养状况总体较好。土壤肥力综合指数与有机质、有效镁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】普洱市茶园土壤pH、有机质含量适宜高产优质茶树种植,针对土壤有效钙和有效镁等中量元素含量不足,铁、锰、铜、锌等微量元素含量过高及养分空间分布不均衡现状,需进行优化施肥和科学精准施肥,适当控制微量元素投入,加强茶园土壤测土配方工作,以维持普洱市茶园的高产优质生产。

黄河内蒙段开河期细菌群落结构特征研究

为探索黄河内蒙段开河初期水-土介质中细菌群落组成情况及生态网络结构,于2021年4月中旬进行取样,共获得黄河水样6个和土样4个.利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序方法对水、土样品进行测定,并从菌门及菌属水平对二者的细菌群落组成进行了分析.结果显示:河漫滩土样细菌群落结构的分布较水样更为分散,且土样中细菌群落丰富度、均匀度及多样性均高于水体,二者多样性存在显著的组间差异;在菌门水平上,变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门等是构成水-土样品的优势细菌门类,其中变形菌门在河水中相对丰度均值约为36.57%,在土样中则下降到25.39%,而酸杆菌门主要存在土样中,相对丰度约为14.17%;在菌属水平上, hgcI_clade(6.19%~12.75%)、CL500-29_marine_group(2.97%~5.05%)和Acinetobacter(0.74%~12.24%)是水体中的优势菌属,而norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__KD4-96(1.95%~4.91%)、 norank_f__norank_o__Vicinamibacterales(2.35%~4.67%)和norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae (2.20%~4.73%)是土样中的优势菌属;不同菌属对水-土细菌群落结构的响应并不一致,其中分别归属于酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的norank_f__norank_o__Vicinamibacterales及norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae等是联系水-土细菌群落的主要菌属,而归属于放线菌门的hgcI_clade和CL500-29_marine_group等是造成水、土优势菌门存在差异的主要菌属;虽然土样较水样拥有更大的生态网络结构,且Delftia、Candidatus_Methylopumilus、Arthrobacter和Rb41等是维持黄河内蒙段水、土介质生态网络结构的关键菌属,但相较于土样网络结构,水体网络结构中不同模块关键菌门及菌属间的生态功能较为一致.

我国主要粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响

中量元素钙、镁、硫对农业生产的作用日益突出,研究土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响,可为全国和区域尺度耕地土壤中量元素管理和合理施肥提供理论依据。基于覆盖全国697个耕地质量监测点的监测数据,对比分析2016和2021年全国及六大粮食产区(东北区、华北区、西北区、西南区、长江流域和华南区)的土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的变化特征及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响。与2016年相比,2021年697个监测点的土壤交换性钙和交换性镁平均含量变化不显著,有效硫平均含量显著下降了27.3%,全国交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硫主要与土壤pH和有机质(OM)相关。六大粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的年际变化特征有所不同。与2016年相比,2021年东北区交换性钙和镁含量分别显著增加了25.5%和52.4%,主要与pH相关;有效硫含量显著下降了47.8%,主要与速效钾相关。华北区交换性钙含量显著下降了11.8%,主要与pH相关。西北区交换性钙、镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了64.0%、54.0%和30.4%,钙主要与总钾相关,镁主要与全磷相关,硫与土壤其他理化性质不存在显著相关。西南区有效硫含量显著下降了30.0%,主要与pH和OM相关。长江流域交换性镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了52.0%和15.7%,主要与pH和OM相关。华南区3种有效态中量元素含量变化不显著,三者主要与pH和OM相关。在全国尺度下,水稻产量与土壤交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,玉米产量与交换性镁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关,小麦产量则与3种中量元素不存在显著相关性;当pH≤7.0时,小麦产量与交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,当pH>7.0时则不存在显著相关性;无论土壤呈酸性还是碱性,小麦产量均与有效硫含量不存在显著相关性。综上,2016—2021年的5年间,我国耕地土壤交换性钙、镁含量变化不显著,有效硫含量显著降低,这些中量元素主要与土壤pH和OM相关。六大粮食产区中量元素含量变化特征和影响因素及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响存在较大差异,针对性施用中量元素肥料有助于提升区域粮食产量。

砂浆胶-水泥改良膨胀土试验研究

为改良宿迁至连云港段航道膨胀土,选取地表以下0.5~2 m的中等膨胀土,在土中掺入不同比例高分子化合物砂浆胶和水泥混合物,通过直剪试验、膨胀率试验、干湿循环试验和裂隙分析,研究改良后膨胀土的物理力学性质。试验结果表明,随着砂浆胶和水泥的掺入和养护天数增加,膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角明显增加,膨胀率减小。改良后的膨胀土裂隙明显减小,且不会随干湿循环次数增加而产生更多裂隙,因此改良后膨胀土强度明显提高、胀缩性明显降低。砂浆胶和水泥改良膨胀土效果显著,成本低,优于其他改良方法,可满足工程需求。

不同施肥组合对科尔沁沙地南缘沙地土壤健康指标的影响

为研究不同施肥组合对沙地土壤改良的效果,以辽宁省阜新市彰武县的沙地土壤为考察对象,开展了试验研究。试验以不施肥为对照(CK)处理,设置生物有机肥分别与含腐殖酸肥料(OH)、含聚谷氨酸肥料(OP)和中微量元素肥(OM)混施3个施肥处理,测定施肥后6、12、18个月的土壤中微生物数量和土壤理化性状的变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理的土壤中微生物数量均呈现细菌>放线菌>真菌的变化趋势,其中OH处理的细菌数量最多,3个取样时间的细菌数量平均值为1.510×10^(7)cfu/g,是CK处理的5.2倍;施肥处理的土壤中全磷、全钾和有机质含量均得到提高,OP处理的全钾含量平均值最高,质量分数为5.96 g/kg;施肥处理的土壤pH均呈下降趋势;施肥处理的地上部植物生物量提高。施用不同组合的肥料可以有效提高土壤微生物的数量,改善土壤理化性状,提高地上部植物生物量,是一种合理的沙地改良措施。