Assessment of compressive strength of jet grouting by machine learning

Jet grouting is one of the most popular soil improvement techniques,but its design usually involves great uncertainties that can lead to economic cost overruns in construction projects.The high dispersion in the properties of the improved material leads to designers assuming a conservative,arbitrary and unjustified strength,which is even sometimes subjected to the results of the test fields.The present paper presents an approach for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of jet grouting columns based on the analysis of several machine learning algorithms on a database of 854 results mainly collected from different research papers.The selected machine learning model(extremely randomized trees)relates the soil type and various parameters of the technique to the value of the compressive strength.Despite the complex mechanism that surrounds the jet grouting process,evidenced by the high dispersion and low correlation of the variables studied,the trained model allows to optimally predict the values of compressive strength with a significant improvement with respect to the existing works.Consequently,this work proposes for the first time a reliable and easily applicable approach for estimation of the compressive strength of jet grouting columns.

An Overview of Soil Improvement through Ground Grouting

Soil is an essential component of what surrounds us in nature, providing as the basis for our infrastructure and construction. However, soil is not always suitable for construction due to a variety of geotechnical issues such as inadequate bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and liquefaction susceptibility. Through improving the engineering qualities of soil, such as strength, permeability, and stability, ground grouting is a specific geotechnical method used. Using a fluid grout mixture injected into the subsurface, holes are filled and weak or loose strata are solidified as the material seeps into the soil matrix. The approach’s adaptability in addressing soil-related issues has made it more well-known in the fields of civil engineering and construction. In the end, this has improved groundwater management, foundation support, and overall geotechnical performance.

The Effect of Jet Grouting on Enhancing the Lateral Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation in Soft Clay(Numerical Investigation)

Soft clay soils cannot usually support large lateral loads,so clay soils must be improved to increase lateral resistance.The jet grouting method is one of the methods used to improve weak soils.In this paper,a series of 3D finite element studies were conducted using Plaxis 3D software to investigate the lateral behavior of piled rafts in improved soft clay utilizing the jet grouting method.Parametric models were analyzed to explore the influence of the width,depth,and location of the grouted clay on the lateral resistance.Additionally,the effect of vertical loads on the lateral behavior of piled rafts in grouted clay was also investigated.The numerical results indicate that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the dimensions of the jet grouting beneath and around the piled raft.Typical increases in lateral resistance are 11.2%,65%,177%,and 35%for applying jet grouting beside the raft,below the raft,below and around the raft,and grouted strips parallel to lateral loads,respectively.It was also found that increasing the depth of grouted clay enhances lateral resistance up to a certain depth,about 6 to 10 times the pile diameter(6 to 10D).In contrast,the improvement ratio is limited beyond 10D.Furthermore,the results demonstrate that the presence of vertical loads has a significant impact on sideward resistance.

Estimation of jet grouting parameters in Shahriar dam,Iran

喷气 grouting 是为土壤和它的物理特征改善的一个方法。在这个方法，然而，有高压力和速度的水泥泥浆的 grouting 可以引起损坏玷污结构，然后挖掘土壤的谷物从地上凿穿被移开并且用水泥代替了泥浆。谷物，在地上凿穿附近被仍然是，在原处与泥浆(水泥) 混合了，能创造土壤的一个改进的团。这个团被称为 Soilcrete。Soilcrete 质量有象高力量，低 deformability 和很低的渗透那样的特殊特征。在这份报纸，喷气 grouting 和有效参数的原则被分析了。然后，从 Soilcrete 列获得的测试结果被调查了。最后，纸与介绍原则喷气 grouting 的数量断定在 Shahriar 的基础的参数根据喷气 grouting 测试的结果建水坝。在喷气 grouting 的原来的地点基于大小，直径， Soilcrete UCS (单轴的压缩力量)，水的数量，薄泥浆和空气压力和上升并且旋转的速度是 1.21.5 m ， 23 MPa ， 370390 酒吧， 1015 酒吧， 68 酒吧， 78 cm/min 和 78 cm/min 分别地。另外，当列直径在范围的上面的一半以内掉落时，压缩力量的一些价值接近范围的更低的限制，这能被看见。

A Novel Approach in Estimation of the Soilcrete Column’s Diameter and Optimization of the High Pressure Jet Grouting Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

For achieving optimized jet grout parameters and W/C ratio it is concluded to set trial tests in constant local soil as the conclusion depends on local soil and presence of the extensive range of the effective parameters. Considering the benefits, due to abundance of the involved variables and the intrinsic geological complexity, this system follows a great expense in the trial and implementation phases. Utilizing the soft computing methods, this paper proposes a new approach to reduce or to eliminate the cost of the trial phase. Therefore, the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was utilized to study the possibility of anticipating the diameter of the jet grout (Soilcrete) columns on the trial phase based on the Trial and Error procedure. Data were collected from several projects and formed three sets of data. Consequently, parameters were held constant (as input) and the diameters of the Soilcrete columns were recorded (as output). To increase the precision, aforementioned data sets were combined and ten different data sets were created and studied, with all the results being assessed in two different approaches. Accordingly, Gaussian Function results in a huge number of precise and acceptable outcomes among available functions. Based on the measurements, Gaussian Function achieves the values of the R which are frequently more than 0.8 and lower values of the RMSE. Therefore, utilizing Gaussian Function, mainly a congruent relation between the R and RMSE is experienced and it leads to close proximity of the actual and predicted values of the Soilcrete diameter.

Assessing the influence of jet-grouting underpinning on the nearby buildings

This paper focuses on the underpinning-induced ground movement due to jet-grouting. Jet-grouting technique can cause distortions as a result of an inaccurate processing sequence and/or errors made at different stages of work execution. The aim of this paper is to determine the minimum value of such movement on the basis of the findings obtained at two similar construction sites located in the Historical Center of Moscow, considering that the maximum value is usually unpredictable. Numerical simulation of the process of soil eroding agrees well with the observational data at the current stage. It was found that the minimum value of deformations （only settlement was considered in this study） due to jetgrouting is no less than 2-3 mm. By contrast, the negative scenario of deformation due to foundation underpinning is clearly demonstrated. Also, this paper provides some general solutions for excavation supporting system as well as for underpinning design.

Artificial neural network optimized by differential evolution for predicting diameters of jet grouted columns

A novel and effective artificial neural network(ANN) optimized using differential evolution(DE) is first introduced to provide a robust and reliable forecasting of jet grouted column diameters.The proposed computational method adopts the DE algorithm to tackle the difficulties in the training and performance of neural networks and optimize the four quintessential hyper-parameters(i.e.the epoch size,the number of neurons in a hidden layer,the number of hidden layers,and the regularization parameter) that govern the neural network efficacy.This approach is further enhanced by a stochastic gradient optimization algorithm to allow ’expensive’ computation efforts.The ANN-DE is first trained using a prepared jet grouting dataset,then verified and compared with the prevalent machine learning tools,i.e.neural networks and support vector machine(SVM).The results show that,the ANN-DE outperforms the existing methods for predicting the diameter of jet grouting columns since it well balances training efficiency and model performance.Specifically,the ANN-DE achieved root mean square error(RMSE)values of 0.90603 and 0.92813 for the training and testing phases,respectively.The corresponding values were 0.8905 and 0.9006 for the optimized ANN,then,0.87569 and 0.89968 for the optimized SVM,respectively.The proposed paradigm is bound to be useful for solving various geotechnical engineering problems regardless of multi-dimension and nonlinearity.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Improved Jet Grouted Grid Form with Horizontal Slab in Liquefaction Mitigation

A chain event of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes caused considerable geotechnical damage related to liquefaction in many places around Kumamoto plain. Many low-rise houses and traditional Japanese style houses, which were constructed on shallow foundation, suffered differential settlement and tilting due to liquefaction. To mitigate the building damages due to the liquefaction, a new countermeasure method of jet grout grid form with a horizontal slab is introduced in this study. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was evaluated through physical modelling and numerical modelling. As a part of the physical modelling, a set of 1 g shaking table tests for unimproved case and improved case were performed, in which the mitigation effects of the grid form with a horizontal reinforcing slab were examined based on the acceleration, excess pore water pressure ratio as well as ground settlement. Numerical simulation was also performed for assessing the effect of improved method on soil-structure interaction and building settlement during the earthquake. The physical and numerical results confirmed that the grid form with horizontal slab reinforced method is effective in settlement control and offers favorable contribution in liquefaction mitigation.

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

嵌岩低桩承台锁口钢管桩围堰设计与施工技术

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥为(48+144+320+144+48)m无砟轨道钢箱桁组合梁斜拉桥。桥塔墩位于通航河道内,桥位处河床覆盖层浅,基岩强度高,基础由大直径钻孔桩和矩形嵌岩低桩承台组成,承台采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工方案。G33号主墩围堰平面设计尺寸54.56 m×28.52 m,锁口钢管桩采用Q345B材质∅1020 mm螺旋钢管,长28 m,钢管桩之间采用C-T形锁扣连接;围堰设置4层内支撑,单层内支撑设3道对撑,内支撑四角设型钢斜撑;基底设置混凝土垫层参与围堰结构受力。围堰采用XR360旋挖钻机在岩层中引孔,孔内换填细砂后插打钢管桩,钢管桩壁内、外两侧换填砂采用高压旋喷注浆加固。围堰设置智能化监测系统,对围堰受力、变形等进行实时动态监控。实践证明,该桥围堰结构安全可靠、止水效果良好、施工快捷高效。

高压喷射注浆桥梁纠偏影响因素显著性分析

采用高压喷射注浆联合应力释放的方法,对已偏移桥梁墩台进行纠偏是一项切实可行的技术措施。为提高桥梁纠偏效率,快速恢复高速铁路正常安全运营,在分析高压喷射注浆桥梁纠偏原理基础上,建立了桥梁纠偏理论模型;基于弹性地基梁理论,推导了桥墩顶部位移计算解析式,分析了影响桥梁纠偏效率的主要因素;通过正交试验设计方法,探讨了桥梁纠偏影响因素的显著性,并以现场典型工程案例进行了验证。结果表明:影响桥梁纠偏效率的主要因素为土体地基系数、超孔隙水压力和注浆施工深度。施作应力释放系统后土体地基系数减小,桥墩日纠偏量由0.42 mm快速增至1.04 mm,增幅为148.8%;注浆压力由20 MPa增至25 MPa,产生的超孔隙水压力增大,桥墩日纠偏量由0.39 mm增至0.86 mm,增幅为118.2%;注浆施工深度由19 m增至24 m,桥墩日纠偏量由0.24 mm增至0.40 mm,增幅为69.5%。土体地基系数对桥梁纠偏效率的影响最显著,其次为高压喷射注浆产生的超孔隙水压力,注浆施工深度的影响最小。研究成果可为提高桥梁纠偏效率提供理论依据。

运营高铁高压喷射注浆桩桥墩纠偏技术

以广珠城际铁路沙朗特大桥为研究对象,基于弹性地基梁原理,利用高压喷射注浆桩的喷射压力进行桥墩及桥台的纠偏,建立高压喷射注浆桩的桥墩纠偏联动装置模型,提出纠偏技术并得到成功应用。实施结果表明:通过高压喷射注浆桩纠偏后桥梁及轨道结构状态稳定,为恢复桥梁正常使用功能,对偏移量大于5 mm地段桥墩原则上应进行纠偏处理,对偏移量小于5 mm地段桥墩结合前后墩台偏移值进行判定。

基于高压旋喷桩的超限深危基坑加固技术优化与应用效果

为提高超限深危基坑材料修复加固的效果,提出基于变形监测的超限深危基坑材料修复加固措施研究。在变形监测数据的基础上,以高压旋喷桩技术进行基坑修复加固。通过进行施工准备、桩位放样、钻机就位及钻孔、灰浆制作、旋喷和复搅、冲洗及移动设备等一系列步骤完成高压旋喷桩技术对于超限深危基坑的修复加固。结果表明,采用所提方法深基坑沉降变形小,在降雨较少的春季,其沉降值在0.24 cm以下;在降雨较多的秋季,其沉降值在0.90 cm以下,均严格控制在规定值以内。所提方法可满足超限深危基坑加固工程施工处理需要,能有效完成对基坑的修复加固处理,提高基坑加固工程质量,为基坑加固提供可靠价值参考。

动水条件下高压喷射注浆成桩工艺及基坑渗漏堵塞研究

针对动水条件下地铁车站深基坑开挖过程发生墙体渗漏问题,采用多种措施进行堵渗,但堵塞效果受到水力梯度、地下连续墙渗漏缺陷区域大小、渗透系数等因素影响较大。基于工程实践,采用多孔介质颗粒运移理论研究建立一套完备的基坑注浆堵漏的模拟计算方法,以期为类似工程改善注浆堵漏效果与评估提供借鉴。

高压旋喷桩复合地基承载力研究

为促进符合地基承载力的提升,引入高压旋喷桩施工工艺,开展在该工艺应用下符合地基承载力的探究。以惠清项目桥梁桩工程施工建设状况为背景,高压旋喷桩复合地基施工处理技术方案形成、建立高压旋喷桩复合地基承载力计算模型。通过形成高压旋喷桩,开展高压旋喷桩施工与加固工作,最后对复合地基承载力进行计算。通过研究得出,高压旋喷桩的应用可以有效促进复合地基承载力的提升,并且大部分承载力作用在高压旋喷桩的上部。

富水残积土输水隧洞水平旋喷桩和超前小导管组合支护技术研究

为了研究水平旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合支护设计参数对不良地质输水隧洞预加固效果的影响,依托广西黄章水库富水残积土输水隧洞,研究了超前小导管管径、注浆加固圈厚度、外插角、环向间距、水平旋喷桩桩径、桩间距对富水残积土地层输水隧洞拱顶竖向沉降、拱腰水平变形以及掌子面变形的影响规律,并采用局部敏感性分析方法研究了支护参数的敏感性。研究结果表明:隧洞内的拱顶竖向沉降、拱腰水平收敛、掌子面位移与超前小导管和水平旋喷桩相关参数有关;小导管外插角对拱顶竖向沉降影响最大,注浆加固圈厚度次之,小导管环向间距的影响最小;小导管注浆加固圈厚度对拱腰水平位移影响最大,小导管外插角次之,小导管管径的影响最小。利用超前小导管+水平旋喷桩组合支护对富水残积土输水隧洞进行支护时,应综合考虑各参数影响,寻求最安全经济的支护参数,确保隧洞施工安全性。

软基加固综合技术的应用

我国东南沿海地区的快速建设发展,增加了对疏浚土、海相土、吹填土等软土地基进行加固处理的需求。其中土工格室与高压旋喷桩作为两种在其他类型工程中应用较为成熟的工艺,适用于黏土、粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土等土质的加固。本文案例分别采用土工格室换填垫层工艺及高压旋喷桩工艺两种综合技术完成对软土地基的加固,设计计算理论值与现场实践结果皆表明工艺的适用性及效果。结果表明:三层土工格室换填垫层地基总沉降量为29 mm,格栅加筋褥垫层与高压旋喷桩工艺地基总沉降量为17 mm,这两种综合性工艺适用于复杂、狭窄施工环境的软基处理工程,能够在短期内快速提高浅层地基的承载力,并将沉降控制在正常使用的要求范围,为后续同类项目的工艺选择提供了可行方案。

北京市丰台区某基坑工程几种地下水控制方案对比分析

依据2018年实施的《北京市建设工程施工降水管理办法》关于降止水的有关要求,目前,北京市地下水控制方案主要以高压旋喷止水帷幕、地下防渗墙和水泥搅拌桩等方法进行施工。以丰台某在施基坑支护工程为例,基坑支护设计为考虑地下水影响,但2019年永定河进行生态补水导致地下水位快速上涨,且地层中卵石层较厚,透水性较强,地下水流动性大,需对支护结构有较大影响的地下水位上涨问题采取措施,现场进行了刚性袖阀管和高压旋喷桩的实验性施工,并对地下防渗墙施工方案进行可行性分析。因该工程地层情况复杂,隔水层较深且卵石层透水性较强,刚性袖阀管施工方法的止水效果较差。卵石层还有较多的孤石未在勘察工作中发现,且卵石层较厚导致高压旋喷桩施工工期较长。因在施的基坑支护工程已经施工了第一道锚杆和全部支护桩和冠梁,综合考虑安全、工期、经济和保护现有已施工支护结构等因素确定该工程地下水控制方案为混凝土地下防渗墙结合高压旋喷桩的地下水控制方案。其分析过程及结果对类似地层情况及地下水位突然上涨的工程有一定的参考意义。

高压旋喷桩在公路养护中的应用

G22青兰高速公路平定段、G30连霍高速宝天(天水过境)段及G70福银高速凤长段通车运营多年,部分路段发生较为严重的路基沉降病害。经调查研究,最终采用高压旋喷桩对沉降严重路段进行加固,加固处理完成一段时间后,再次对路基进行沉降检测,其沉降值满足要求,证明高压旋喷桩对路基沉降处治效果明显。