The Impacts of Flood and Local Communities’ Coping Strategies along the River Gambia

Flood disasters as Climate change hazards are common in developing countries, particularly in communities along the river Gambia. Local communities, for instance, had their local coping strategies that enabled them to stay in their communities even amid these ordeals, and climate change disaster threats. This work strives to understand flood impacts and the local peoples’ adaptation or coping strategies along the River Gambia basin. A community-based cross-sectional research study of 422 research participants of which 294 are males (69.7%) and females 128 (30.3%), and a focus group discussion of 10 groups which comprised 5 female groups and 5 male groups respectively found that 98.6% of the households experienced floods in their community, and 70.6% experienced flood in their houses, 2.1% have impending flood information and 88.4% do not know evacuation centres. The majority of the households had some local coping strategies, but they acknowledged their insufficient effectiveness. The result also shows that the impact of floods on farmlands, roads, buildings, and livestock was greatly felt. Coping strategies such as sandbags, raised elevations, contour bonds, dikes, and buildings on highlands were all found to be common mechanisms the local people used. The study opines that floods affect communities, but the effects vary depending on individual assets.

The impact of spatial scale on local Moran's I clustering of annual fishing effort for Dosidicus gigas offshore Peru

The spatial scale(?shing grid) of ?sheries research af fects the observed spatial patterns of?sheries resources such as catch-per-unit-ef fort(CPUE) and ?shing ef fort. We examined the scale impact of high value(HH) clusters of the annual ?shing ef fort for Dosidicus gigas of fshore Peru from 2009 to 2012.For a multi-scale analysis, the original commercial ?shery data were tessellated to twelve spatial scales from 6′ to 72′ with an interval of 6′. Under these spatial scales, D. gigas clusters were identi?ed using the Anselin Local Moran's I. Statistics including the number of points, mean CPUE, standard deviation(SD),skewness, kurtosis, area and centroid were calculated for these HH clusters. We found that the z-score of global Moran's I and the number of points for HH clusters follow a power law scaling relationship from2009 to 2012. The mean ef fort and its SD also follow a power law scaling relationship from 2009 to 2012.The skewness follows a linear scaling relationship in 2010 and 2011 but ?uctuates with spatial scale in2009 and 2012; kurtosis follows a logarithmic scale relationship in 2009, 2011 and 2012 but a linear scale relationship in 2010. Cluster area follows a power law scaling relationship in 2010 and 2012, a linear scaling relationship in 2009, and a quadratic scaling relationship in 2011. Based on the peaks of Moran's I indices and the multi-scale analysis, we conclude that the optimum scales are 12′ in 2009 ? 2011 and 6′ in 2012, while the coarsest allowable scales are 48′ in 2009, 2010 and 2012, and 60′ in 2011. Our research provides the best spatial scales for conducting spatial analysis of this pelagic species, and provides a better understanding of scaling behavior for the ?shing ef fort of D. gigas in the of fshore Peruvian waters.

Impact vibration properties of locally resonant fluid-conveying pipes

Fluid-conveying pipe systems are widely used in various equipments to transport matter and energy.Due to the fluid–structure interaction effect,the fluid acting on the pipe wall is easy to produce strong vibration and noise,which have a serious influence on the safety and concealment of the equipment.Based on the theory of phononic crystals,this paper studies the vibration transfer properties of a locally resonant(LR)pipe under the condition of fluid–structure interaction.The band structure and the vibration transfer properties of a finite periodic pipe are obtained by the transfer matrix method.Further,the different impact excitation and fluid–structure interaction effect on the frequency range of vibration attenuation properties of the LR pipe are mainly considered and calculated by the finite element model.The results show that the existence of a low-frequency vibration bandgap in the LR pipe can effectively suppress the vibration propagation under external impact and fluid impact excitation,and the vibration reduction frequency range is near the bandgap under the fluid–structure interaction effect.Finally,the pipe impact experiment was performed to verify the effective attenuation of the LR structure to the impact excitation,and to validate the finite element model.The research results provide a technical reference for the vibration control of the fluid-conveying pipe systems that need to consider blast load and fluid impact.

LOCAL ROOTS GLOBAL IMPACT

'The only local arbitration commission which meets or surpasses global standards'-The Economist Intelligence Unit'The runner up for the up-and-coming regional arbitral institution of the year (2014)'-Global Arbitration ReviewBAC/BIAC Profile The Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC)。

LOCAL ROOTS GLOBAL IMPACT

“The only local arbitration commission which meets or surpasses global standards”-The Economist Intelligence Unit“The runner up for the up-and-coming regional arbitral institution of the year(2014)”-Global Arbitration ReviewBAC/BIAC Profile The Beijing Arbitration Commission(BAC).

Genetically Modified Doubts Imported GM soybeans impact China’s local farmers and create food safety concerns

The cooking oil made from the imported soybeans does not contain transgenic proteins. So there will be no food safety threat.

Impacts of changing scale on Getis-Ord Gi* hotspots of CPUE:a case study of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii)in the northwest Pacific Ocean

We examined the scale impacts on spatial hot and cold spots of CPUE for Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The original fishery data were tessellated to 18 spatial scales from 5′×5′ to 90′×90′ with a scale interval of 5′ to identify the local clusters. The changes in location, boundaries, and statistics regarding the Getis-Ord Gi＊ hot and cold spots in response to the spatial scales were analyzed in detail. Several statistics including Min, mean, Max, SD, CV, skewness, kurtosis, first quartile（Q1）, median, third quartile（Q3）, area and centroid were calculated for spatial hot and cold spots. Scaling impacts were examined for the selected statistics using linear, logarithmic, exponential, power law and polynomial functions. Clear scaling relations were identified for Max, SD and kurtosis for both hot and cold spots. For the remaining statistics, either a difference of scale impacts was found between the two clusters, or no clear scaling relation was identified. Spatial scales coarser than 30′ are not recommended to identify the local spatial patterns of fisheries because the boundary and locations of hot and cold spots at a coarser scale are significantly different from those at the original scale.

Failure Process and Energy Transmission for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

No failure, moderate failure, severe failure, and slight failure are the four failure modes generalized observed in the dynamic response of the single-layer reticulated dome under vertical impact load on apex. TE (the time that the end of impact force) and TF (the time that members are broken) are two key times in the failure process. Characteristics of dynamic responses at the two key times are shown in order to make the failure mechanism clear. Then three steps of energy transfer are summarized, i.e. energy applying, energy loss and energy transfer, energy consump-tion. Based on the three steps, energy transfer process for the failure reticulated dome under once impact is introduced. Energy transmissibility and local loss ratio are put forward firstly to obtain EL F(the energy left in the main reticulated dome) from the initial kinetic energy of impactor. More-over, the distribution of failure modes is decided by EL F which leads to the maximum dynamic re-sponse of the reticulated dome, but not by the initial impact kinetic energy of impactor.

Landslide characteristics and its impact on tourism for two roadside towns along the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway

Frequent landslide events affect the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway(KKH),one of the most strategic Sino-Nepal highways,with multiple social effects.Amongst them,the impacts on local tourism,although being substantial,have not been studied so far.The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of such landslides and their influence on road damages and/or blockages as well as on local tourism industry.We analyzed the co-seismic landslides triggered by the Gorkha Earthquake,2015(7.8 Mw),the post-seismic landslides that occurred during the monsoons following the earthquake,as well as landslides which occurred or reactivated in 2018,with relation to the damage that they caused to the highway.High resolution satellite images from 2015 to 2018,and field data were used for the analysis.The Langtang avalanche that locates off the highway was also mapped due to its high impacts on tourism.Between 2015 and 2018,the number of road damaging landslides in the Betrawati-Rasuwagadhi section of KKH(where Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns are located)was 101 in the main track(MT)and 103 in the new track(NT),with respective average density of 1.46/km and 3.63/km.The dominant observed landslide types were debris slides and rock falls.Landslides were mostly concentrated in the locations with the following characteristics:1)having higher elevated area,2)being located with the‘main central thrust’and other lineaments’belts,3)belonging to the Proterozoic lesser Himalayan rocks,4)having a slope gradient of 25°-45°,5)having northern,western and southern slope aspect,6)being subjected to average annual rainfall of higher than 1,000 mm,and 7)having less than 4 km distance from the past earthquake epicenters.The results further indicated that 7 rain-induced and 4 co-and post-seismic landslides have great impact on tourist flows.An impact analysis was also assessed through a door to door questionnaire survey with local hotel operators from Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns(n=29+31).The results reveal that out of six rigorously affected sectors by landslides leading to road blockage,tourism business is the most impacted livelihood sector in these towns.The reduction of visitors in different hotels ranged from 50%-100%in Dhunche and 70%-100%in Syafrubesi for the first year aftermath of the tremor.This is higher than the respective 5%-50%tourist reduction due to raininduced landslides.Using as a reference the base year 2014,the income loss of hotels in both towns was found to be 50%-100%in 2015,20%-100%in 2016,5%-75%in 2017,and similar to 35%in 2018.These results provide insights on the synergic effect of contributing factors for cut slope as well as down slope instability along mountainous motorways and their impact on income sources for local communities.

Estimation of tungsten production from the upper divertor in EAST during edge localized modes

During edge localized modes(ELMs), the sheath evolution in front of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST) upper divertor is studied to estimate the sputtered tungsten(W) atoms from the divertor target. A large potential drop across the sheath is formed during ELMs by compared with inter-ELMs, and the maximum of sheath potential drop can exceed one thousand of e V in current EAST operation. Due to the enhancement of the sheath potential drop during ELMs, the W physical sputtering yield from the deuterium(D) ions and the impurity ions on the upper divertor target is found to be significant. It is established that the sputtered W yield during ELMs is at least higher by an order of magnitude than inter-ELMs, and D ions and carbon(C) ions are the main ions governing the W production for the current H-mode with ELMs discharges. With increase in the pedestal electron temperature, the maximum of the D and C ion impact energy during ELMs shows a nearly linear increase, and the D ions have sufficient impact energy to cause the strong W physical sputtering. As a consequence, the D ions may dominate the sputtered W flux from the divertor target when the C concentration is controlled less than one percent for the higher heating power H-mode with ELM discharges in near future.

Individual and local scale interactions and adaptations to wind energy development:A case study of Oklahoma,USA

Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community.Lo-cal opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region.Oklahoma,USA is currently ranked as 4^(th)in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource.Previous studies have examined wind energy development’s impact on rural education income,and property values of different communities in Oklahoma.However,funding information on how wind energy development affects the individu-als living alongside the turbines are limited.Using fifteen interviews with landowners,site-managers,community representatives,and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives,this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development,particularly those involved in the agricultural industry,have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure.It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.

Impacts of Foreigners on the Gulf Arab Vernacular:The Case of Indian Immigrants in the United Arab Emirates

Activities of Indians in the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)States continue to be a major area of attention by the government and citizens of the sub-region.The GCC States have had to contend with varied numbers of foreign nationals who continue to troop into their territories in search of economic opportunities.The United Arab Emirates(UAE),which is a federation of seven emirates,has over the years,been a major destination for foreigners.This article identifies various categories of Indian immigrants in the UAE,their areas of activities,and how they have impacted the vernacular of the citizens of the federal monarchical state.It begins by highlighting India-UAE relation prior to the independence of what is now the United Arab Emirates in 1971.Second,it describes the characterization of the relation between Indians and Emiratis after 1971.With some selected examples,the article reveals the impacts Hindi/Urdu languages have made on the vernacular of Emiratis.

Socio-Economic Implication of Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project in Bonny Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

Notably, the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) project is the pioneer Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Nigeria, aimed at both the diversification of the petroleum industry and utilization of the vastly flared natural gas resources of the nation. However, large scale energy projects have been known to generate both positive and/or negative impacts. Environmental Management Plans (EMP) have often been the compendium of information on approved mitigations, which normally include activities that could maximize the benefits of the host communities, and it’s not unusual for the Community Development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CDCSR) department of such an organization to be saddled with these contributions. But the activities of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CSR department have often been the source of criticism, as well as aspiration for improvement by host communities and other stake holders. This article thus aims to present a comprehensive compendium of NLNG’s CDCSR activities, up to the year 2010, and also highlight the level of satisfaction of the immediate and distant host communities against the level of performance of other donors in the area. Also the arrays of negative socio-economic consequences of the Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities were identified based on community perception. The results generally showed that comparatively, NLNG project has made more innovative positive socio-economic and health contributions to its areas of operation than the three tiers of government and other donors (including SPDC and Mobil Producing Nigeria). Surprisingly, agitations against Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities have not overshadowed its community development provisions, which have been of major assistance in several communities. There is however a dire need to review several aspects of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CDCSR activities, especially in the fulfilment of documented promises, as well as in project conception and community participation, for better completed projects acceptance by indigenous host communities. Conflict management strategies also need to be improved, while the dissatisfaction over benefits in New Finima needs to be urgently addressed.

旅游影响下的地方饮食文化生产转向:特征与机制

饮食文化是地方文化生产的重要构成部分,旅游影响下,地方饮食文化生产发生了明显转向,基于文化生产逻辑的地方饮食文化生产从现象发生到机理分析亟须开展理论探索。文章从文化生产理论的视角,以淮扬菜主要发源地之一的扬州为例,运用访谈法、参与式观察法和文献分析法等方法,揭示了旅游影响下地方饮食文化生产转向的特征和机制。研究发现:1)地方饮食文化生产转向的特征体现在4个方面,生产要素更加关注文献典籍与乡土文化中的饮食元素的挖掘与利用,生产场域从传统的限定性场域向着规模化场域及多元化场域转变,生产模式在技术和流程两个层面呈现出由厨房生产技术向舞台化炫技表演以及多场景技术组合递进的特征,结构形态旨在实现内容生产、符号生产和媒介生产三者的协调统一;2)旅游对地方饮食文化生产转向形成重要影响,受到核心因素和辅助因素的共同作用,进而形成生产主体响应机制、地方文化创新发展机制、文旅消费提质牵引机制以及主客协商机制等四重驱动机制;3)在传统文化守正与创新博弈中,旅游影响下的地方饮食文化生产可以更有针对性地串联起各利益相关主体,有效利用生产资料,有机整合文化资源,这为文化生产理论提供另一种解释和分析框架。

Fault Diagnosis of a Rotor Based on a Lifting Wavelet and Local Wave

Aiming at the mode mixture in local wave decomposition（LWD） caused by a noise signal, the original data is preprocessed using the lifting wavelet transformation to suppress abnormal interference of noise and improve the quality of decomposition. It is employed to analyze the vibration signal of rotor rub-impact for extracting the weak impulsive feature. The signal is decomposed into intrinsic mode functions by LWD, then the high-frequency components are analyzed by Hilbert envelop demodulation. The period of the impulse response can be achieved, and the modulate fault feature of the vibration signal of a rotor system with rub-impact fault can be extracted exactly. Analysis results show that the proposed method is accurate and efficient, and is expected to be applied in engineering practice effectively.

滚动球轴承局部故障引起滚珠负载振荡性分析

为深入剖析滚动球轴承局部故障对轴承整体振动特性的影响,利用Hertz接触理论构建了转子偏心力激励下的球轴承-转子系统动力学数字仿真模型,并结合深沟球轴承外圈、内圈、滚珠的局部故障引起的轴承间隙变化,推演了滚珠与各类故障区域间的冲击激励响应方程。在此基础上通过分析单点损伤引起的滚珠内部接触负载变化,揭示了单个滚珠接触应力对相邻滚子负载与系统整体振动特性的影响规律。通过分析轴承转动过程中有效承载滚珠个数的变化情况,建立了的滚珠负载占比时间对故障冲击振荡幅值的影响关系。分析结果表明,滚珠与故障区域的接触分离会使其负载发生振荡,且各故障状态下的振荡频率都为系统共振频率;在2个等效承载滚珠上的运转时间占比越大,故障冲击振荡的强度越大;各类型早期故障状态下的Poincaré映射点的保持在相同幅值附近;当局部故障程度增大到一定程度时,系统振动混沌特性增强,振动幅值相应增大。

基于误差函数的复材加筋板概率成像冲击定位

提出了一种复合材料加筋板结构概率成像冲击定位方法。通过在复合材料加筋板结构表面布置稀疏阵列的压电传感器网络接收冲击响应信号,采用复Morlet小波变换提取冲击响应信号特定中心频率的窄带Lamb波信号并计算模值,根据模的峰值获取Lamb波的到达时刻,构建基于波达时间差的误差函数并计算监测区域内各点为冲击源的概率值,将概率值作为像素值对结构进行概率成像冲击定位。在总体尺寸为700 mm×450 mm的碳纤维增强复合材料加筋板结构上对算法进行了验证。实验结果表明,该算法简单有效,成像分辨率和定位精度高,采用较少的传感器数量依然拥有可观的冲击定位精度。

国家公园旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的影响机制——以神农架国家公园试点区为例

建立国家公园体制是我国建设生态文明、美丽中国以及实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化的重要抓手。当地社区居民是国家公园建设和管理的重要利益主体,也是参与国家公园自然保护的重要力量,如何培育当地居民积极的自然保护态度对于国家公园的建设和管理具有重要现实意义。以神农架国家公园试点区为例,基于刺激-有机体-反应(S-O-R)模型,引入地方依恋变量,构建了旅游影响感知、地方依恋和自然保护态度之间的结构关系模型,运用多群组嵌套结构方程模型(SEM)揭示了国家公园发展旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的影响机制。研究表明:(1)神农架国家公园试点区居民对旅游影响的感知对其自然保护态度有显著的直接影响;(2)地方依恋在神农架国家公园试点区居民旅游影响感知与其自然保护态度之间发挥着中介作用;(3)在旅游影响感知、地方依恋和自然保护态度之间的结构关系上,参与旅游的居民和未参与旅游的居民之间存在显著的群体差异。主要表现为前者对负面旅游影响的感知对其地方依恋感和自然保护态度均没有显著影响,而后者对负面旅游影响的感知对其地方依恋感和自然保护态度有显著影响。研究的理论贡献主要有两点:一是通过引入地方依恋作为中介变量,揭示了国家公园旅游影响当地居民自然保护态度的作用路径;二是通过参与旅游居民和未参与旅游居民两个群体的比较分析,进一步揭示了国家公园旅游影响当地居民自然保护态度的群体差异。

AmazeMap:基于多层次影响图的微服务故障定位方法

微服务软件系统由于其具有大量复杂的服务依赖关系和组件化模块,一个服务发生故障往往造成与之相关的1个或多个服务发生故障,导致故障定位的难度不断提高.因此,如何有效地检测系统故障、快速而准确地定位故障根因问题,是当前微服务领域研究的重点.现有研究一般通过分析故障对服务、指标的作用关系来构建故障关系模型,但存在运维数据利用不充分、故障信息建模不全面、根因定位粒度粗等问题,因此提出了AmazeMap方法.该方法设计了多层次故障影响图建模方法以及基于多层次故障影响图的微服务故障定位方法.其中:多层次故障影响图建模方法通过挖掘系统运行时指标时序数据与链路数据,考虑不同层次间的相互关系,能够较全面地建模故障信息;基于多层次故障影响图的微服务故障定位方法通过缩小故障影响范围,从服务实例和指标两个方面发现根因,输出最有可能的故障根因节点和指标序列.基于开源基准微服务系统和AIOps挑战赛数据集,从有效性和效率两个方面设计了微服务软件故障定位实验,并与现有方法进行对比,实验结果验证了AmazeMap的有效性、准确性和效率.

基于贝叶斯估计和数据融合的复合材料结构冲击定位

到达时刻(TOA)是用于冲击定位的关键特征之一,目前随着信号处理技术的不断发展,在文献中可找到多种时频模型进行测量,但是在选择上通常依赖于人的经验。此外,考虑到测量模型的系统误差和测量噪声引起的不确定性,传统基于TOA的冲击定位方法存在不足。为此,本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯估计和数据融合的复合材料结构冲击定位方法。首先,应用多种不同的时频模型来获取冲击响应信号的TOA数据;然后根据TOA数据测量误差的不确定性,应用贝叶斯定理构建冲击位置的后验概率密度函数;再采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗采样方法估计冲击位置参数的后验分布,并用正态分布进行拟合;最后,对不同TOA数据获得的冲击位置概率分布进行融合,利用融合后的概率分布对冲击源的位置做最终决策。通过复合材料加筋板上的落锤撞击实验验证了本文方法的可行性,平均定位误差仅为0.94 cm,相比于传统基于TOA的冲击定位方法可靠性和准确性更高,且在鲁棒性和定位时间方面同样具有优势。