CFD Simulation of Propane Cracking Tube Using Detailed Radical Kinetic Mechanism

In the radiant section of cracking furnace,the thermal cracking process is highly coupled with turbulent flow,heat transfer and mass transfer.In this paper,a three-dimensional simulation of propane pyrolysis reactor tube is performed based on a detailed kinetic radical cracking scheme,combined with a comprehensive rigorous computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model.The eddy-dissipation-concept(EDC)model is introduced to deal with turbulence-chemistry interaction of cracking gas,especially for the multi-step radical kinetics.Considering the high aspect ratio and severe gradient phenomenon,numerical strategies such as grid resolution and refinement,stepping method and relaxation technique at different levels are employed to accelerate convergence.Large scale of radial nonuniformity in the vicinity of the tube wall is investigated.Spatial distributions of each radical reaction rate are first studied,and made it possible to identify the dominant elementary reactions.Additionally,a series of operating conditions including the feedstock feed rate,wall temperature profile and heat flux profile towards the reactor tubes are investigated.The obtained results can be used as scientific guide for further technical retrofit and operation optimization aiming at high conversion and selectivity of pyrolysis process.

FE SIMULATION OF CENTER CRACK OCCURRENCE IN TUBE ROUNDS DURING TWO-ROLL ROTARY ROLLING PROCESS

With the aid of FE （finite element） code MSC.Superform 2005, 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center-crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process was presented using Oyane ductile fracture criteria. A simple modeling is put forward based on the spiral motion of the workpiece as an essential characteristic in movement. The influence of the feed angle and the entry cone angle of the main roll on the process was taken into account in the modeling. The soundness for simplifying the 3-D rotary rolling into a 2-D problem was discussed. By adopting the parameters of Diescher piercer in 140mm mandrel mill of Bao Steel, the distribution and development of strain/stress were analyzed, and the eigen value of ductile fracture as well. The critical percentage of diameter reduction was obtained from the simulation. The result showed a good agreement with the experimental value, and therefore was of widely guiding significance to the practical process for rationally formulating the deformation parameters of steel tube piercing.

Influence factors on stress corrosion cracking of P 110 tubing steel under CO2 injection well annulus environment

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） behavior of P 110 tubing steel in simulated C02 injection well annulus environments was investigated through three-point bent tests, potentiodynamic polarization and EIS measurements. The results demonstrate that SCC of P110 tubing steel could occur in acidulous simulated environment, and the sensitivity of SCC increases with the decrease ofpH, as well as increase of sulfide concentration and total environmental pressure. Both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement make contributions to the SCC. Adequate concentration of corrosion inhibitor can inhibit the occurrence of SCC on account of the inhibition of localized anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution.

Torsional Behavior Design of UHPC Box Beams Based on Thin-Walled Tube Theory

This study proposed a prediction formula for the torsional strength enabling to reflect the tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) beams based upon the thin-walled tube theory. The remarkable ductile behavior of UHPC can also be attributed to the steel fiber reinforcement. This feature must be considered to provide rational explanation of the torsional behavior of UHPC structures. In this study, the proposed torsional design adopts a modified thin-walled tube theory so as to consider the tensile behavior of UHPC. And torsion test was conducted on thin-walled UHPC box beams to validate the proposed formula through comparison of the predicted torsional strength with the experimental results. The comparison of the predicted values of the cracking torque and torsional moment resistance with those observed in the torsional test of UHPC verified the validity of the design method. The contribution of the steel fibers to the torsional strength and cracking load was larger than that of the stirrups, but the stirrups appeared to contribute additionally to the torsional ductility. Accordingly, it is recommended that design should exploit effectively the contribution of the steel fiber rather than arrange a larger number of stirrups in UHPC structures subjected to torsion.

CFD Simulation on Ethylene Furnace Reactor Tubes

Different mathematical models for ethylene furnace reactor tubes were reviewed. On the basis of these models a new mathematical simulation approach for reactor tubes based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technique was presented. This approach took the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and thermal cracking reactions in the reactor tubes into consideration. The coupled reactor model was solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. Some detailed information about the flow field, temperature field and concentration distribution in the reactor tubes was obtained, revealing the basic characteristics of the hydrodynamic phenomena and reaction behavior in the reactor tubes. The CFD approach provides the necessary information for conclusive decisions regarding the production optimization, the design and improvement of reactor tubes, and the new techniques implementation.

Experimental research on mechanical properties of prestressed truss concrete composite beam encased with circular steel tube

Tests of 4 simply supported unbonded prestressed truss concrete composite beams encased with circular steel tube were carried out. It is found that the ratio of the stress increment of the unbonded tendon to that of the tensile steel tube is 0.252 during the using stage,and the average crack space of beams depends on the ratio of the sum of the bottom chord steel tube's outside diameter and the secondary bottom chord steel tube's section area to the effective tensile concrete area. The coefficient of uneven crack distribution is 1.68 and the formula for the calculation of crack width is established. Test results indicate that the ultimate stress increment of unbonded tendon in the beams decreases in linearity with the increase of the composite reinforcement index β0. The pure bending region of beams accords with the plane section assumption from loading to failure. The calculation formula of ultimate stress increment of the unbonded tendon and the method to calculate the bearing capacity of normal section of beams have been presented. Besides,the method to calculate the stiffness of this sort of beams is brought forward as well.

FAILURES AND THE LIFE OF FURNACE TUBES

It is showed after the furnace tubes serviced for 8-10 years that the density of damage in the HAZ (heat affected zone) of the weld has higher than in parent metals, though the depth of damage is not equal to. By the test of creep crack growth, it is also acquired that under same mechanic parameter C* (t), the rate of creep crack growth in the HAZ is more than twice as fast as in parent metals. Two mechanisms (overheating and thermal shock) of failure occurred in an accident are presented. The stress of thermal shock is analyzed, in which the change of the elasticity modulus with the radius ET = /(r) is considered. Based on it, the safety region of the thermal shock is obtained. Finally, two sets of curves for the safe life are suggested which can facilitate to estimate the remaining life of HK-40 or HP-Nb tubes by their creep rupture data.

裂解炉稀释蒸汽管道三通开裂原因分析

针对某乙烯裂解装置稀释蒸汽管道304H耐热不锈钢三通使用1年后发生开裂的情况,从材料成分、力学性能、金相组织、残余应力和断口特性等方面进行了分析。结果表明,裂纹分别启裂于三通的内壁和外壁,多数裂纹开裂处伴有晶间腐蚀特征,裂纹扩展特性以沿晶型为主;断口附近腐蚀产物存在O,S,Cl等酸性腐蚀介质。三通主管表面最大轴向应力达到147 MPa,三通相贯线附近距裂纹20 mm处的最大环向应力达到114 MPa,说明运行中的三通表面应力达到了材料屈服强度的1/2。分析认为,裂纹的产生是由于材料发生敏化后,在应力和腐蚀介质共同作用下形成的以沿晶为主的应力腐蚀开裂,更换三通材料或通过适当的固溶处理降低三通中的残余应力是避免三通开裂的重要途径。

P110S钢级油管管体断裂原因

某油井P110S钢级油管接箍下方8 m位置处发生断裂,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法对油管断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:该批油管力学性能不稳定,油管断口上的腐蚀产物主要为FeS;油管的强度较高、使用温度较低且质量较大,导致油管内部形成硫化物应力腐蚀开裂。

PBL抗剪传力钢筋连接接头受拉力学性能试验

装配式混凝土构件间钢筋的连接是其适用性和经济性的关键环节,针对国内工程常用的灌浆套筒和约束浆锚钢筋连接技术存在施工难度大、效率低、质量不易检验等问题,本文提出了PBL-穿孔钢筋连接接头、PBL-穿孔钢管连接接头和PBL-U形钢筋连接接头3种钢筋连接接头,实现预制混凝土单元间钢筋应力的传递,具有施工简便、质量易保证、成本低等优势。对这3种钢筋接头进行了6组参数共18个钢筋接头试件的拉伸性能试验,研究了新型接头试件的破坏模式、承载力和变形能力等,得到各参数对新型接头拉伸强度的影响规律,并对不同接头的受拉力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:3种钢筋连接接头能够实现钢筋应力的有效传递,验证了新型钢筋连接接头的可行性。

120 ksi高强度小油管应力腐蚀性能研究

对采用高强度卷板、高频焊焊接(HFW)工艺开发的120 ksi钢级小油管,开展了母材和焊缝的理化性能、氢致开裂、应力腐蚀等试验分析研究。结果表明:120 ksi小油管样品理化性能控制较好,但氢致开裂试验均出现大量裂纹,其裂纹敏感率、裂纹长度率、裂纹厚度率均较高,同时管材抗应力腐蚀性能较差,样管在66%σs应力加载下出现大量裂纹或断裂,表明普通120 ksi强度级别的油管无法满足抗硫化氢腐蚀要求。

MS1180方管连续辊弯成形角部开裂机理

方矩形管在辊弯成形中会产生角部开裂现象,这已成为严重制约方矩形管质量的关键问题,为解决其角部开裂缺陷展开深入研究,寻找控制开裂缺陷的方法。首先通过对MS1180进行单轴拉伸、缺口拉伸和平面应变实验得到了材料的力学特性,并分别利用3种拉伸试验将Ayada、Rice-Tracey和标准化Cockroft-Latham准则进行校准,得到了预测误差最小的一种断裂准则,并以此构建了方矩管辊弯开裂模型。其次利用辊弯成形COPRA RF设计软件和有限元MARC仿真专业软件,结合生产实际条件建立了方矩形管连续辊弯成形三维有限元模型,并进行辊弯实验验证模型的准确性。最后采用扫描电镜和金相显微镜对方矩形管开裂件以及断口进行微观观察,针对性的利用有限元模型探究了方矩形管连续辊弯成形时应力-应变分布规律,并分析了道次数量、角部成形半径和机架间距对方矩管角部应力-应变分布的影响。结果表明:发现材料起裂点位于角部近外层,对开裂断口进行分析,得到其开裂方式为准解理开裂,角部剪切面上所受的主应力过大导致其开裂;增加辊弯道次数量、方矩形管角部成形半径以及机架之间的间距能有效减少开裂问题的出现,为以后解决方矩形管角部开裂问题提供了理论基础。

基于循环孔洞扩张模型的X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测

海洋工程钢结构在服役过程中,受风、浪、流或地震等极端循环载荷的影响,易发生超低周疲劳断裂破坏,造成人员伤亡及财产损失,因此超低周疲劳断裂分析及寿命预测对于海工结构安全性评估至关重要。然而,现阶段基于累积损伤理论提出的多种超低周疲劳寿命预测模型无法对多尺度节点实现统一预测,造成了实际工程应用的不便。因此文中基于循环孔洞扩张模型开展X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测。首先,开发了基于循环孔洞扩张模型的VUSDFLD程序,实现ABAQUS与FORTRAN子程序联合应用,利用有限元分析验证循环孔洞扩张模型在X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂分析中的有效性;其次,根据多组X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂有限元分析结果,在宏观层面提出了一种基于Manson-Coffin公式的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式;最后,依据Miner理论,将适用于等幅加载的超低周疲劳寿命公式扩展至变幅加载情况,验证了多种节点尺寸下超低周疲劳公式的适用性,为工程应用提供了理论依据。

液氧相变气体膨胀技术在隧洞开挖中的应用研究

为了实现在不许可使用炸药爆破条件下的隧洞快速开挖施工,应用新型氧气膨胀破岩技术,成功探索、研究、总结出一套适用于一般隧洞开挖的掏槽、扩槽、辅助、周边孔气体膨胀破岩施工方法,详细给出了适用于隧道开挖的优化钻爆参数。隧洞穿越的山体为花岗岩,试验研究段属于Ⅳ~Ⅲ围岩,岩石的抗压强度为90~100 MPa,非常坚硬,解理裂隙比较发育,可爆性一般。采用现场试验研究方法,经过不断总结、改进、优化,对于面积约65 m^(2)的隧洞,实现了2 d一个循环,平均循环进尺约2.5 m,基本满足在不能使用炸药爆破情况下一般隧洞快速开挖施工的要求。研究表明:新型气体膨胀破岩技术可以在坚硬岩体中进行隧洞开挖,具有操作安全、破岩效率高、不涉及民爆物品和易制爆危险化学品、不产生爆炸冲击波、振动幅值较低等优点,可有效地解决复杂环境下不许可使用民爆物品及使用机械法开挖进度慢的问题。

加氢反应换热器漏气原因分析

某石化公司加氢反应换热器在使用中发生了漏气。为了查找该换热器漏气的原因,使用渗透探伤分析、化学成分分析、金相显微组织分析、SEM微观形貌分析、EDS微区化学成分分析等手段,对漏气的换热器进行了失效分析。结果表明:堆焊复合制备的317L/316L复合不锈钢换热器管板发生了应力腐蚀开裂。建议严格控制堆焊工艺,在堆焊后进行退火处理以消除堆焊层的残余应力,或选择整体317L不锈钢来制备换热器管板。

电厂锅炉再热器管开裂原因

某电厂锅炉前墙壁式再热器管、水冷壁管、分隔屏管发生蒸汽泄漏事故,采用宏观观察、金相检验、硬度测试等方法分析了锅炉管开裂的原因。结果表明:锅炉管开裂点位于壁式再热器管上,开裂原因不是管材过热或自身缺陷,而是安装施工过程中,前期滑动板与31根壁式再热器管的靠炉前侧发生误焊,产生了缺陷,导致管件开裂。

某凝析油稳定塔塔底重沸器2205管束的腐蚀失效原因

某油田凝析油稳定塔塔底重沸器2205双相不锈钢换热管束发生开裂失效。通过宏观检查、化学成分和组织检查、残余应力测试、断口分析以及应力腐蚀试验系统分析了其失效原因。结果表明:换热管束失效多集中在U形弯区域,裂纹多呈现环向开裂特征;在失效管束U形弯区域存在残余拉应力,其最大值达到262 MPa;断口表面可见明显的解理和准解理特征,以及二次裂纹。综合分析结果可知管束失效原因为高温-结盐-氧引起的氯化物应力腐蚀开裂。

基于扩展有限元法的传热管贯穿裂纹应力强度因子计算

蒸汽发生器作为压水堆的重要压力边界,其传热管是否破损直接关系到反应堆的运行安全。为解决蒸汽发生器中传热管疲劳裂纹扩展数字孪生中裂纹长度的预测问题,本文通过ABAQUS软件,对已存在贯穿裂纹的传热管进行建模,比较其自带的围线积分法和扩展有限元法(extended finite element method,XFEM)计算应力强度因子(stress intensity factor,SIF)的准确性。在裂纹尺寸a/W>0.5时,XFEM与公式解结果相差较小。因此,采用XFEM计算其在不同应力下的应力强度因子,发现随着裂纹尺寸、载荷的增大,应力强度因子也随着增大,应力值与应力强度因子成正比关系。

热输入量对890MPa臂架管焊接热影响区组织性能的影响

依据等强匹配原则,选用BHG-5焊丝对起重机臂架用890 MPa无缝钢管进行了斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验和不同热输入量的多层多道手动焊接试验,探究了材料的冷裂纹敏感性,以及不同热输入量对焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,预热温度为150℃时,可完全避免焊接冷裂纹的产生;随着热输入量的增加,焊缝金属接头强度变化不大,但焊接接头热影响区冲击韧性明显下降,选择小于20 kJ/cm热输入量焊接时可保证焊接接头具有较好的强韧性。

锅炉管泄漏原因

某锅炉管在运行过程中发生泄漏事故。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了锅炉管泄漏原因。结果表明:管道内存在腐蚀性介质,在工作应力以及热应力的共同作用下,管道内壁发生了应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹不断扩展并穿透壁厚,最终导致锅炉管发生泄漏事故。