A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and Human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China(ca. 1400 BC) Using 8D Values of Collagen

We present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ^13C and δ^15N values. A total of 33 specimens（17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog） of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ^13C, δ^15N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation（R^2 = 0.94）between mean δ^15N and δD values of herbivores（cattle and sheep）, omnivores（pig）, carnivores（dog）and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by -10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values（-47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11） that were significantly（p =0.049） elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX（-51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3）,indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs（-54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5） at Xiaoshuangqiao,suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi（“东夷”）people. Thus,δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ^13C and δ^15N values at archaeological sites.

RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS AROUND XINJIANG NUCLEAR TESTING SITE AND ESTIMATED POPULATION DOSE

Results are reported on a research for the radioactive level in the investigation region and the control region around the Xinjiang Nuclear Testing Site from 1982 to 1987. There are no significant differences on the land γ radiation level, nor in the radioactive level in the soil, food and water between the two regions. The distribution and transfer of 90Sr, 137Cs and Pu in various kinds of soil are also discussed. It is estimated that the effective dose equivalent of radiation, undergone by the residents around the Testing Site is only 2.9% of that of natural radiation taken yearly by people in normal areas.

The Beishan underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China:Planning, site selection,site characterization and in situ tests

With the rapid development of nuclear power in China, the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW） has become an important issue for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Deep geological disposal is internationally accepted as a feasible and safe way to dispose of HLW, and underground research laboratories（URLs） play an important and multi-faceted role in the development of HLW repositories. This paper introduces the overall planning and the latest progress for China＇s URL. On the basis of the proposed strategy to build an area-specific URL in combination with a comprehensive evaluation of the site selection results obtained during the last 33 years, the Xinchang site in the Beishan area,located in Gansu Province of northwestern China, has been selected as the final site for China＇s first URL built in granite. In the process of characterizing the Xinchang URL site, a series of investigations,including borehole drilling,geological mapping, geophysical surveying,hydraulic testing and in situ stress measurements, has been conducted. The investigation results indicate that the geological,hydrogeological, engineering geological and geochemical conditions of the Xinchang site are very suitable for URL construction. Meanwhile, to validate and develop construction technologies for the Beishan URL, the Beishan exploration tunnel（BET）, which is a 50-m-deep facility in the Jiujing sub-area, has been constructed and several in situ tests, such as drill-and-blast tests, characterization of the excavation damaged zone（EDZ）, and long-term deformation monitoring of surrounding rocks, have been performed in the BET. The methodologies and technologies established in the BET will serve for URL construction.According to the achievements of the characterization of the URL site, a preliminary design of the URL with a maximum depth of 560 m is proposed and necessary in situ tests in the URL are planned.

Application of site-specific biomass models to quantify spatial distribution of stocks and historical emissions from deforestation in a tropical forest ecosystem

Allometric equations developed for the Lama forest, located in southern Benin, West Africa, were applied to estimate carbon stocks of three vegetation types：undisturbed forest, degraded forest, and fallow. Carbon stock of the undisturbed forest was 2.7 times higher than that in the degraded forest and 3.4 times higher than that in fallow. The structure of the forest suggests that the individual species were generally concentrated in lower diameter classes. Carbon stock was positively correlated to basal area and negatively related to tree density, suggesting that trees in higher diameter classes contributed significantly to the total carbon stock. The study demonstrated that large trees constitute an important component to include in the sampling approach to achieve accurate carbon quantification in forestry. Historical emissions from deforestation that converted more than 30% of the Lama forest into cropland between the years 1946 and 1987 amounted to 260,563.17 tons of carbon per year（t CO2/year） for the biomass pool only. The study explained the application of biomass models and ground truth data to estimate reference carbon stock of forests.

High-level radioactive waste disposal in China: update 2010

For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste （HLW）, the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel （SNF） should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary repository concept is a shaft-tunnel model, located in saturated zones in granite, while the final waste form for disposal is vitrified high-level radioactive waste. In 2006, the government published a long-term research and development （R＆D） plan for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The program consists of three steps： （1） laboratory studies and site selection for a HLW repository （2006-2020）; （2） underground in-situ tests （2021-2040）; and （3） repository construction （2041-2050） followed by operation. With the support of China Atomic Energy Authority, comprehensive studies are underway and some progresses are made. The site characterization, including deep borehole drilling, has been performed at the most potential Beishan site in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. The data from geological and hydrogeological investigations, in-situ stress and permeability measurements of rock mass are presented in this paper. Engineered barrier studies are concentrated on the Gaomiaozi bentonite. A mock-up facility, which is used to study the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical （THMC） properties of the bentonite, is under construction. Several projects on mechanical properties of Beishan granite are also underway. The key scientific challenges faced with HLW disposal are also discussed.

Paleosalinity in the Tianluoshan site and the correlation between the Hemudu culture and its environmental background

Paleosalinity records of the Tianluoshan site are derived from measurations data of clay mineral, boron, strontium, barium, after field sampling in three profiles of the Tianluoshan site. The relative sea level changes are discussed according to the lab results. The record indicates that the region where the Tianluoshan site located has witnessed at least three times of relative sea level high-stand before, during and after the Hemudu period. Based on previous researches, this paper also focuses on discussing several environmental elements, the inter-relationships between environmental condition, human activities and development of the Hemudu culture comprehensively.

基于分类树的液化概率等级评估新方法

目前地震液化概率评估方法普遍公式形式复杂,多公式间概率计算值一致性不高,且在场地层面中液化概率意义体现不足。基于这些问题,在衡量多个概率公式方法的一致性及判别优势后,筛选各方法对现有实测历史样本的合理概率计算值标定历史样本的液化概率等级;以分类树方法建立初步液化预测模型,将其结合我国抗震设防推荐值优化后,构建一组液化概率等级评估新方法。新方法分为单孔与场地液化可能性评估两部分,为实际工程中的液化风险评估提供量化依据。与现有方法相比,新方法省略了传统方法的公式计算过程,评估过程简便,结果直观。选用新西兰地震液化数据和某实际工程场地作为检验样本,从单孔与工程场地两方面检验了新方法的可靠性和合理性。验证结果表明,新方法对单孔回判正确率达93%,对工程场地评价合理性优于现有规范。新方法可为工程场地液化可能性评估提供方法支持,具有实际工程意义。

激光测距仪多自由度集成可调装置的研制

基于测距仪激光轴竖直向上和向下两个方向的定位装夹及多自由度调节需要,设计了模块化的集成可调装置:(1)零点定位装夹模块,方便测距仪的快速固定和装配;(2)摇臂式角度调节模块,在调节过程中,确保测距仪测量基准面不变;(3)落地式和吊顶式二维移动及调平模块,适应不同工作现场的检定需要;在此基础上完成实物样机的制造装配和测试,结果表明,该装置各模块组装便捷、调节精度高,结构设计独特紧凑、重心低稳定性好,可以较好地满足大量程液位计现场校准的快速定位和多自由度调节。

不同黄化茶树种质中咖啡碱合成部位的研究

咖啡碱作为茶树中的主要特征代谢物,是茶叶品质风味形成的重要组分和天然功能性成分。目前,茶树中咖啡碱的功能作用、分布规律、合成途径及关键基因已基本探明,但在亚细胞水平上,咖啡碱的合成部位有待进一步明确。以白鸡冠茶树及其自然杂交后代的不同黄化单株为材料,通过透射电镜对叶片细胞超微结构的观察,发现黄化叶片中叶绿体结构均有不同程度的受损,且与叶片SPAD值及叶色表型紧密相关;通过高效液相色谱法测定咖啡碱含量,发现黄化叶片中仍有大量咖啡碱积累,甚至超过正常绿色叶片。通过咖啡碱合成关键基因CsTCS1表达量测定、原位杂交及亚细胞定位发现,CsTCS1在不同黄化茶树种质叶片中的表达信号强度存在差异,但表达部位基本相同,主要分布在栅栏组织的细胞核和细胞质中;在亚细胞水平上,茶树叶片中咖啡碱的合成部位主要是细胞核和细胞质。

考虑电压-无功调节的台区互联装置规划方法

伴随分布式能源广泛接入低压配电网,其对配电网运行灵活性和消纳能力的要求不断提高。利用低压柔性互联装置将独立运行的低压配电台区分区互联,避免传统电压调节和无功补偿装置频繁动作。考虑到柔性互联装置造价昂贵,协同传统电压-无功调节装置,文中提出低压柔性互联装置的选址定容规划方法。首先,分析低压柔性互联装置拓扑和运行方式,建立其潮流模型。其次,建立低压柔性互联装置优化配置的双层规划模型,上层规划以年综合费用最小为目标,下层规划考虑电压-无功协调控制时间序列模型,以运行成本和电压偏差最小为目标,基于粒子群优化算法和混合整数二阶锥规划算法交替求解,得出配电系统最优柔性互联方案和最优运行方式。最后,在IEEE 33节点系统上进行实例分析,验证该双层规划算法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法能有效减少柔性互联装置的过度布置,同时减少由分布式能源频繁波动造成的运行成本。将模型凸化并线性化的方法明显提高了求解效率。

场平工程开挖爆破的动力传播规律研究

高填深挖大面积场平工程爆破施工过程中,地表振动将对周边建筑造成剧烈的扰动作用。以深圳市某高填深挖大面积场平工程项目为依托背景,研究76、115、140 mm炮孔直径药包爆破过程的动力传播特性。测试76 mm和115 mm炮孔直径药包作用下的场地振速,基于萨道夫斯基公式拟定场地系数K和α值。采用有限元软件Midas/GTS建立三维数值模型,将数值模拟的振速结果与实测拟合公式对比,分析爆破过程中振速和应力的传播特性。结果表明:数值模拟与现场监测的结果基本吻合;3种炮孔直径的药包振速在距爆心100 m外衰减程度逐渐稳定,且水平振速大于垂直振速,满足规范要求;3种炮孔直径的药包应力值在距爆心50 m内衰减程度较快,差值较大,距爆心100 m时差值较小,衰减程度趋于稳定。

易地搬迁安置点人居环境建设适配性评价及优化策略——以临沧市临翔区为例

【目的】易地扶贫搬迁从根本上治愈了临翔区乡村在“高山纵谷,山地聚居,垂直耕作”的艰难生存环境与劳作方式下的贫困顽疾,但环境以及人与环境关系的巨变也在客观上导致了部分“人”与“环境”、“需求”与“供给”多重关系的不适应、不匹配。科学审视易地扶贫搬迁安置点人居环境的宜居性问题以及主客体要素的适配情况,可为易地扶贫搬迁的后续发展及政策优化提供技术指导。【方法】基于对临翔区35个集中搬迁安置点的实地调研、抽样调查及入户访谈数据,从主客观对比视角出发,探讨易地扶贫搬迁安置点人居环境适配性的内在逻辑,构建“搬迁村民满意度”和“人居环境建设水平”的主客观评价模型,对比分析安置点人居环境建设的适配性状况。【结果】研究表明临翔区易地搬迁安置点人居环境建设在不同维度存在适配差异,即物质设施环境与社会人文环境层级处于“合理”适配状态,自然生态环境层级处于“超供给错配”失配状态,经济发展环境层级处于“欠供给错配”失配状态。为使人居环境达到理想适配状态,各安置点须对适配状态采取“维护平衡,全面提升”,对失配状态采取“关键突破,合理调配”的优化策略。【结论】基于“适配”的有限性和失配状态隐含的局部资源浪费或发展支撑不足,针对性地剖析人居环境建设成效与适配状况并探讨优化策略,有助于彻底消除易地搬迁安置点在乡村振兴发展中的隐性环境羁绊,尽快稳定并全面优化易地搬迁安置点的社会、经济、文化与生态整体发展格局。

多层级协同的地铁应急救援基地选址优化

地铁系统面对灾害、事故时具有天然的脆弱性,随着各大城市的地铁进入网络化运营时代,我国地铁应急救援基地存在选址不合理、救援效率低等问题,而现有研究缺少层级性和协同救援的考虑。为此,以时间惩罚值最小、平均救援距离最短、选址个数最少为目标,以救援时间为约束,建立了多层级协同的地铁应急救援基地选址多目标优化模型,设计了遗传算法进行求解,并以南昌地铁为例进行了案例分析。研究结果表明:相比于单道路救援和单地铁救援的选址方案,采用协同救援的区域级地铁应急救援基地在时间惩罚函数值上分别降低了71.54%和73.82%,在平均救援时间上分别降低了14.71%和20.58%,在选址个数上分别降低了20.83%和9.52%。

考虑微观选址的分布式海上风电制氢容量优化配置

海上风电制氢是提升海上风电场经济性与风电消纳率的重要发展方向,其中,分布式海上风电制氢由于无须配备昂贵的高压海底电缆和海上变电枢纽平台,是深远海风电场制氢可预期的首选方案。然而,尾流效应的存在使得不同微观选址方案下的分布式平台制氢能力存在差异,并进一步影响电解槽的容量优化配置。因此,以分布式海上风电制氢平准化制氢成本(LCOH)最小化为目标,提出了考虑微观选址的电解槽容量优化配置方法。首先,对基于Larsen尾流模型的平台间耦合特性、单个平台内风机与电解槽运行特性进行建模,并嵌入所提出的电解槽容量优化配置模型。其次,在容量优化配置模型中同时考虑平台的微观选址,基于分解-协调的思想,将原问题拆分并迭代求解。最后,以中国江苏省某深远海域实际数据为例进行仿真验证,所得方案的LCOH与既有方案相比大幅降低,验证了所提容量优化配置方法的有效性。

成都组团级站点影响区居住品质现状问题及影响因素研究

近年来,城市规模逐步扩张,大量轨道交通站点植入城市空间,对居住产生巨大冲击,导致居民对居住品质的需求与站点周边的物质空间环境存在较大矛盾。因此,文章对成都市6个组团级站点影响区域居住品质现状问题进行了调研与分析,得出居住品质影响因素与居住品质满意度的关系,总结适宜组团级站点影响区域居住品质的提升方法和相关提升设计策略。

基于功角稳定性的区域电网储能选址定容方法

为了缓解跨传输断面的调峰压力,同时提升电网的功角稳定性,建立了兼顾经济性与功角稳定性的储能选址定容双层优化模型,并给出了模型的求解方法。上层模型考虑区域电网的运行经济性,以储能电站收益最大为优化目标,确定储能配置总容量。下层模型考虑区域电网的功角稳定性,以储能调度期间总网损最小和储能调节区域电网功角稳定性能力最大为优化目标,进行储能选址与总容量的分配。双层模型的上层采用遗传算法进行求解,下层采用改进多目标人工蜂群算法进行求解。以某实际电网为算例进行仿真验证,结果表明,根据所提双层优化模型进行储能配置可以在保证经济性的同时,提升区域电网的功角稳定性。

铁路世界遗产保护经验对我国的启示

铁路遗产是工业遗产中的主要门类,铁路遗产保护传承逐渐引来学界和社会普遍关注,然而我国铁路遗产保护呈现低层次研究、低程度保护和低效率利用的状态。基于此,文章首先梳理国际铁路遗产研究前沿、我国铁路遗产保护历程和我国面临的相应困境。然后通过综合比较和详细解析两个方法,从顶层设计、价值挖掘、保护规划和运营维护四个方面,解构铁路世界遗产的保护经验。最后基于铁路世界遗产经验的适用性,总结对我国的启示,以期为我国铁路遗产保护传承和申报世界遗产提供参考路径。

美国场地土壤筛选值研究及其对中国土壤环境基准研究的启示

土壤环境基准是土壤环境标准和土壤环境保护的基础。美国是世界上最早关注污染场地保护并开展土壤污染风险管控的国家之一,并形成了较为完善的体系,但我国在这方面还处于起步阶段。为此,本文以美国为例,综述其在土壤筛选值(SSLs)方面的研究,通过分析美国在土壤污染防治方面的法律法规和技术规范,系统梳理美国在SSLs方面的研究成果,从直接摄入、皮肤吸收、摄入污染地下水、吸入室外挥发物与颗粒物和蒸汽侵入5个方面阐述美国基于人体健康风险的SSLs制定的理论方法。在此基础上,为我国土壤环境基准研究提出了几点建议:进一步加强我国土壤环境基准研究工作,立足我国国情开展土壤环境基准研究,加强本土化参数研究和土壤环境基准研究规范化,以及协同开展土壤地下水环境基准研究,以期为我国土壤环境基准研究与制定提供参考。

从顶层设计到实践路径——英美污染场地风险管理与再利用体系研究与启示

从基本理念、法规政策、部门协同等方面出发,总结以英国、美国为代表的污染场地风险管理与再利用顶层设计特征,并提炼不同顶层设计下形成的实践路径。充分借鉴国际经验,依托中国国情与现有工作基础,提出“以终为始”的顶层设计优化、“分流而治”的污染场地分级分类系统建设以及“双线并行”的风险管理与再利用规划实践路径的构建策略,具体包括完善污染场地再利用规划类法规政策、打通土地利用与土壤污染数据壁垒、构建分级分类管理系统、制定污染场地风险管控与再利用实践指南、构建全过程多环节协同决策机制等措施,以期为中国污染场地风险管理与再利用等相关政策的制定提供参考借鉴。

跟踪支架光伏电站场平优化研究

基于预选址开发的阿布扎比光伏电站项目,通过对该场地地形的分析,以该场地的土方平整设计及优化过程为启发,对比国内传统土方优化设计方法,提出1种场地平整优化的新方法。该方法可明显减少场地平整土方工程量,节约建设成本。