Ambient noise H/V spectral ratio in site effects estimation in Fateh jang area, Pakistan

Local geology or local site effect is a crucial component while conducting seismic risk assessment studies. Investigations made by utilization of ambient noise are an effective tool for local site estimation. The present study is conducted to perform site response analysis at 13 different sites within urban settlements of Fateh jang area （Pakistan）. The aim of this study was achieved by utilizing Nakamura method or H/V spectral ratio method. Some important local site parameters, e.g., the fundamental fre- quencies f0 of soft sediments, amplitudes A0 of corre- sponding H/V spectral ratios, and alluvium thicknesses over 13 sites within the study area, were measured and analyzed. The results show that the study area reflects low fundamental frequency fo. The fundamental frequencies of the sediments are highly variable and lie in a range of 0.6-13.0 Hz. Similarly, amplification factors at these sites are in the range of 2.0-4.0.

Estimating the site effects in Luoyang basin using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio method from a short-period dense array

The influence of local site effects on seismic ground motions is an important issue in seismic hazard assessment and earthquake resistant design. Determining site effects in densely populated cities built on basins can help to reduce the earthquake hazard. Site effects of Luoyang basin are estimated by the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR) method using ambient noise records from a short-period dense array. The sites in Luoyang basin are sorted into three types according to the pattern of the HVSR curves. There are cases with a single clear peak, two clear peaks, and an unclear low frequency peak or multiple peaks, which correspond to there being one large impedance contrast interface, two large interfaces, and a moderate one beneath the sites, respectively. The site effects characterized by fundamental frequency from HVSR curves are affected by underlying sedimentary layers and depth of sedimentary basement. According to our results, the existence of thick sediment layer obviously lowers the fundamental frequency to the period range from 2 to 4 s in the downtown area of Luoyang city. The ground motion will amplify when through the sites and the buildings with height of 20–50 floors can resonate at the similar frequency domain. Site effects estimation using HVSR method from a short-period dense array is an effective technique in areas of moderate seismic risk where strong motion recordings are lacking, such as the Luoyang basin.

A simulation-based nonlinear site amplification model for ground-motion prediction equations in Japan

In this manuscript we present a nonlinear site amplification model for ground-motion prediction equations(GMPEs)in Japan,using a site period-based site class and a site impedance ratio as site parameters.We used a large number of shear-wave velocity profiles from the Kiban-Kyoshin network(KiK-net)and the Kyoshin network(K-NET)to construct the one-dimensional(1D)numerical models.The strong-motion records from rock-sites in Japan with different earthquake categories and taken from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center dataset were used in this study.We fit a set of 1D site amplification models using the spectral amplification ratios derived from 1D equivalent linear analyses.Parameters of site impedance ratios for both linear and nonlinear site response were included in the 1D model.The 1D model could be implemented into GMPEs using a new proposed adjustment method.The adjusted site amplification ratios retain the nonlinear characteristics of the 1D model for strong motions and match the linear amplification ratio in GMPE for weak motions.The nonlinearity of the present site model is reasonably similar to that of the historical models,and the present site model could satisfactorily capture the nonlinear site response in empirical data.

A new boundary element solution to evaluate the geometric effects of the canyon site on the displacement response spectrum

This paper presents a step-by-step procedure using the three-dimensional boundary element approach to study the behavior of semi-circular canyons under seismic shear waves. The boundary element code TDASC allows utilization for various canyon geometries, evaluation of concurrent seismic waves and calculation of the ground motions on canyons due to an excitation at any arbitrary point of the incident field. Considering the widening ratio of the canyon(including prismatic, semi-prismatic and non-prismatic canyons), wave characteristics(wavelength, dimensionless period, direction) and maximum amplification pattern, the solution was applied to carry out a series of parametric studies. It was shown that canyon form can significantly affect the displacement amplification, especially at the points located on its edges. By increasing the wave dimensionless frequency(η > 1), the amplification pattern becomes more complex. On the basis of the results from a variety of considered cases, a new expression has been presented for the limiting wavelength beyond which the widening of the canyon will not have a major effect on the displacement amplification. To verify the reliability of the proposed approach, the obtained results, expressed in terms of displacement amplitude, were compared with those from the available published literature and a reasonably good agreement was observed.

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations （i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil） in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations （PGAs） on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96-6.58, 6.27-10.98, and 3.17-6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.

Site amplification in the Lijiang Valley,Yunnan Province

The site amplifications for three stations, Libin (LIBI), Baisha (BASH) and Yulong (YULG) situated respectivelyin the southern, middle and northern parts of Lijiang Valley, are obtained by analyzing the S-wave soil/bedrockand microtremor horizontal/vertical spectral ratios. The data are digital recordings for the aftershocks of the Lijiang Ms=7.0 earthquake on February 3, 1996. In the frequency range of 1-4 Hi, the S-wave soil/bedrock spectralratio of E-W component for LIBI is the largest and amounts to 4.5. The microtremor soil N-S/vertical (V) spectralratio is approximate to l, E-W/V is about 4.5 and the same with above soil/bedrock spectral ratio. It is shown thatthe vertical and N-S components of microtremor have not been amplified by the soil and the Nakamura's method isapplicable. With this method, the microtremor spectral ratios for BASH and YULG are further evaluated. Theyhave similar characteristics with that of LIBI. In above frequency range, both N-S/V ratios are approximate to 1,while the E-W/V ratio is about 6 for BASH, 4.5 for YULG. Ljiang Valley is characterized by the trans-valleydirectional site response.

掺杂反式聚乙炔中Site-type杂质势的唯象模型

利用SSH模型讨论了Site-type杂质势对反式聚乙炔(trans-PA)电子态的影响。具体计算表明:对各向同性情况,Site-fype杂质势破坏了电子能谱的对称性,并使孤子能级发生移动,随着杂质离子与反式聚乙炔链间距的变化,它将引起孤子能级的变动。但不影响孤子局域化程度;而各向异性Site-type杂质势的不均匀性对trans-PA的电子能谱及孤子局域化程度影响较大。

A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and Human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China(ca. 1400 BC) Using 8D Values of Collagen

We present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ^13C and δ^15N values. A total of 33 specimens（17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog） of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ^13C, δ^15N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation（R^2 = 0.94）between mean δ^15N and δD values of herbivores（cattle and sheep）, omnivores（pig）, carnivores（dog）and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by -10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values（-47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11） that were significantly（p =0.049） elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX（-51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3）,indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs（-54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5） at Xiaoshuangqiao,suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi（“东夷”）people. Thus,δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ^13C and δ^15N values at archaeological sites.

Experimental Research on Dynamic Shear Modular Ratio and Damping Ratio of Sandy Gravel Soil

The dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of sandy gravel are important parameters for the seismic response analysis of valley geomorphic sites,which have an important impact on the determination of design ground motion parameters. In this paper,the dynamic triaxial test of sandy gravels has been performed based on the project of the Shangluo Seismic Microzonation. Combined with the other results of sandy gravel,the recommended results of slightly dense,medium dense and dense sandy gravel were obtained. By building the typical site model,the influence of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio uncertainty on the seismic response of the site is studied. The results show that the uncertainty of the average of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio ± 1 times the standard deviation has little effect on the peak acceleration of the sandy gravel site,and the rationality of the grouping and statistical results is explained. Under different probability levels,the change in the shear modulus ratio and damping ratio leads to a significant difference in the high frequency response spectrum.The response spectrum of 0. 04-0. 1s ranges from about 20%,but it has little effect on the long period spectrum of more than 1. 0s. The study of dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of sandy gravel has the ability to improve the reliability of the designing ground motion parameters.

Seismic Site Specific Study for Seismic Microzonation: A Way Forward for Risk Resiliency of Vital Infrastructure in Sikkim, India

Seismic Microzonation comprising study of site specific seismic Microtremor (H/V ratio) is deployed to generate seismological parameters (Peak Frequency, Peak Amplification, Site Vulnerability Index) that may help estimate requisite factors for sound building design codes that can be used to construct risk resilient infrastructures. In this paper the site of Pakyong, Sikkim, India has been investigated by dividing it into three differed zones (Zone 1, Zone II, Zone III). The study area is associated with site amplification factor varying from 1.47 to 11.49 with corresponding frequency variations from 0.5 Hz - 12.5 Hz in which site vulnerability index found varied from 0.2 to 220.6. The anomalous subsurface formation with its high amplification corresponds to the centre of the Pakyong sites having conspicuous trend in NW-SE direction suggesting the existence of geological formations of Chlorite, Phyllite with intercalations of Quartzite beneath the centre of Pakyong site. The risk associated with vulnerability index for different zones maintains its variability as Zone I > Zone II > Zone III, indicating the low vulnerability index values are attributed to compact parts of the sub-surface materials with less amplifications whilst high vulnerability index of the site corresponds to relatively lower strength of the sub-surface materials and soft sediments underlying the Pakyong site which can be used for constructing risk resilient structure by enhancing the stiffness coefficient of the sub-surface by providing plausible engineering solutions for the purpose.

基于地震动反应谱与傅里叶谱确定场地卓越频率的差异性

强震动记录的HVSR法常用于评估场地卓越频率,计算强震动记录HVSR时常采用加速度反应谱或加速度傅里叶谱,但两者会给出不同的评估值。为揭示反应谱比和傅里叶谱比评估场地卓越频率的差异,本文选取日本KiK-net台网中场地条件可近似为一维场地模型的16个台站,以其获取的强震动记录开展场地卓越频率研究。首先提出了评估场地卓越频率的数据处理方法,主要包括S波截取、Taper预处理、基于高斯拟合的自动寻峰。探讨并给出了阻尼比、平滑的带宽系数取值对场地卓越频率评估的影响规律;对反应谱阻尼比取10%,对傅里叶谱平滑的带宽系数取20~40之间获取的场地卓越频率较为准确。然后对比分析了利用地震动加速度反应谱比和傅里叶谱比得到的场地卓越频率与场地土层模型计算得到的基于传递函数的自振频率。研究结果表明,对大多数台站而言,采用傅里叶谱比计算场地卓越频率具有明显的优势,对于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地上的台站均有如此结论,只有对少数特定台站,采用反应谱比方法效果更好。

Study on inelastic displacement ratio spectra for near-fault pulse-type ground motions

In displacement-based seismic design, inelastic displacement ratio spectra （IDRS） are particularly useful for estimating the maximum lateral inelastic displacement demand of a nonlinear SDOF system from the maximum elastic displacement demand of its counterpart linear elastic SDOF system. In this study, the characteristics of IDRS for near-fault pulse-type ground motions are investigated based on a great number of earthquake ground motions. The influence of site conditions, ratio of peak ground velocity （PGV） to peak ground acceleration （PGA）, the PGV, and the maximum incremental velocity （MIV） on IDRS are also evaluated. The results indicate that the effect of near-fault ground motions on IDRS are significant only at periods between 0.2 s - 1.5 s, where the amplification can approach 20%. The PGV/PGA ratio has the most significant influence on IDRS among the parameters considered. It is also found that site conditions only slightly affect the IDRS.

Estimation on site-amplification from different methods using strong motion data obtained in Tangshan, China

A seismic observation array for strong motions was deployed to estimate seismic source, propagation path and local site effects in Tangshan, China. We compared site response from the S-wave inversion and those from other techniques, such as traditional direct spectral ratios of S waves and receiver-function of S waves. From the inversion, we found that S-wave quality factor, i.e. Qs-value, is approximately satisfied with the relation of Qs=67f1.1 in the range of frequency from 0.5 Hz to 32 Hz and that the source spectra follow the ω-2 model of seismic source for low frequencies less than about 12 Hz. From the comparison of site responses estimated by the different methods for each soil site, we found that all the methods can extract the same predominant peaks from the responses, the amplifications from direct S-wave spectral ratios are well correlated with those from the S-wave inversion within a factor of 2 to 3, while the correlation between the amplifications from S-wave receiver-function and those from the S-wave inversion is not good, especially for high frequencies more than 8 Hz.

Stress and strain analysis on the anastomosis site sutured with either epineurial or perineurial sutures after simulation of sciatic nerve injury

The magnitude of tensile stress and tensile strain at an anastomosis site under physiological stress is an important factor for the success of anastomosis following suturing in peripheral nerve injury treatment. Sciatic nerves from fresh adult cadavers were used to create models of sciatic nerve injury. The denervated specimens underwent epineurial and perineurial suturing. The elastic modulus （40.96 ＋ 2.59 MPa） and Poisson ratio （0.37 ＋ 0.02） of the normal sciatic nerve were measured by strain electrical measurement. A resistance strain gauge was pasted on the front, back left, and right of the edge of the anastomosis site after suturing. Strain electrical measurement results showed that the stress and strain values of the sciatic nerve following perineurial suturing were lower than those following epineurial suturing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the sciatic nerve fibers were disordered following epineurial compared with perineurial suturing. These results indicate that the effect of perineurial suturing in sciatic nerve injury repair is better than that of epineurial suturing.

智能反射面阵元互耦与共存干扰研究

智能反射面(Intelligent Reflecting Surface,IRS)是由大量无源反射元件呈阵列排列构成的智能超表面,其阵元间距是相位控制的关键技术参数,在小于半波长时存在不可忽略的互耦效应。本文针对多网运营的应用环境,考虑IRS反射阵元之间存在相互耦合的情况,研究系统间共存干扰与阵元间距、工作频段、物理位置的关联关系。针对发射机、接收机和IRS之间自阻抗和互阻抗的建模需求,将互耦效应进行量化转换,以阻抗的形式将其数据化,结合阵元反射增益和相位参数的作用因素,建立了远场条件下基于阻抗电路的共存干扰传播模型。针对IRS接收,由发射天线电流与IRS互阻抗的乘积得到再辐射矩阵;针对IRS反射,由IRS负载电流与接收天线互阻抗的乘积得到接收端负载电压。应用阵元等效阻抗法,通过等效阻抗的可重构性,最大化有用信号的接收功率,推导得到信干比(Signal to Interference Ratio,SIR)的计算表达式。进一步分析了共存系统的工作频段、IRS反射单元间隔、IRS的反射阵元数量、IRS与非目标收发机之间距离等因素对共存干扰产生的影响。数值仿真表明互耦偏差随阵元间距减小而增大,半波长的偏差为28%;不同载频系统的SIR表明,共存干扰的互耦效应显著且不可忽略,高频系统对低频系统产生的共存干扰对信号传输质量影响更为显著。

Methodology for Obtaining Optimal Sleeve Friction and Friction Ratio Estimates from CPT Data

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a cost effective and popular tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic penetrometer into penetrable soils and recording cone bearing (qc), sleeve friction (fc) and dynamic pore pressure (u) with depth. The measured qc, fs and u values are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties. A popular method to estimate soil type from CPT measurements is the Soil Behavior Type (SBT) chart. The SBT plots cone resistance vs friction ratio, Rf [where: Rf = (fs/qc)100%]. There are distortions in the CPT measurements which can result in erroneous SBT plots. Cone bearing measurements at a specific depth are blurred or averaged due to qc values being strongly influenced by soils within 10 to 30 cone diameters from the cone tip. The qcHMM algorithm was developed to address the qc blurring/averaging limitation. This paper describes the distortions which occur when obtaining sleeve friction measurements which can in association with qc blurring result in significant errors in the calculated Rf values. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining accurate sleeve friction and friction ratio estimates. The fc optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the OSFE-IFM algorithm. The mathematical details of the OSFE-IFM algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation. The test bed simulation demonstrates that the OSFE-IFM algorithm derives accurate estimates of sleeve friction from measured values. Optimal estimates of cone bearing and sleeve friction result in accurate Rf values and subsequent accurate estimates of soil behavior type.

大跨度桥梁超低频调谐液体质量阻尼器研发及应用

大跨度桥梁在运营过程中易发生较为明显的超低频振动问题,采用调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)进行控制时,由于箱梁内部空间有限,常规TMD在结构上无法满足要求。基于此,提出一种基于浮力和流固耦合作用的超低频调谐液体质量阻尼器(TLMD)。为研究TLMD对结构的阻尼减振效果,进行模型试验,分析安装TLMD前、后主结构加速度幅值和阻尼比;将该新型超低频TLMD在贵州龙里河大桥上进行实桥应用,测试主梁频率特性和阻尼比。模型试验及实桥应用结果表明:TLMD减振技术可实现0.283 Hz乃至更低频率的超低频阻尼减振;采取TLMD控制后,模型试验主结构的阻尼比从0.038%提高至2.2%,主结构的加速度幅值从减振前的0.41 m/s2降低至0.01 m/s2;贵州龙里河大桥超低频TLMD当采用0.31%的质量比时,主梁一阶竖弯模态实测阻尼比从0.20%提高至0.82%,阻尼比提高了3.1倍。超低频TLMD参数稳定、性能可靠,有效降低了阻尼器的安装高度,显著提升了结构阻尼比,增强了桥梁的抗风性能。

速度脉冲型地震动作用下局部可液化场地响应

为研究速度脉冲效应对可液化场地的影响,基于OpenSees平台建立有限元模型,对近断层速度脉冲型地震动与无速度脉冲地震动作用下局部可液化场地的竖向位移、加速度时程、土体剪应力-应变、超孔隙水压力比、循环应力比等土体的响应差异进行研究。数值计算结果表明:相同输入地震动幅值前提下,无脉冲地震动作用下可液化土体的竖向永久位移与位移发展持时平均值比速度脉冲型地震动作用分别大13%、19%;而速度脉冲型地震动作用下土体最大剪应变是无速度脉冲地震动的约5.4倍,最大剪应力约1.7倍;速度脉冲效应使土体的剪应力-剪应变滞回圈所围面积更大但滞回圈数量较少,且不同深度土体具有更大的循环应力比,从而促进土体发生液化;非液化密砂层放大地震动加速度幅值;液化松砂层对地震加速度时程进行了高频滤波,使地表加速度时程更为平滑且稀疏;速度脉冲效应作用下液化土层超孔隙水压力比整体较小,表明土体剪胀效应更加强烈。

黑岱沟矿区场地地脉动测试和分析

黑岱沟露天煤矿在开采过程中由于采用大剂量的抛掷爆破从而产生了强烈的地表振动,该矿区上覆数十米黄土,研究该区域黄土覆盖场地的放大效应和卓越频率对煤矿开采爆破设计有重要意义。在现场调查的基础上,选取黑岱沟露天煤矿一号矿区的基岩面和黄土场地开展了地脉动测试,并获取了基岩和黄土场地地表的加速度时程。对测试数据采用快速傅里叶变换和单点谱比进行分析。结果表明,该矿区黄土场地的放大系数在2.7倍左右,卓越频率在2.3Hz左右。同时根据场地的实测资料建立了FLAC一维土柱模型,将基岩加速度时程作为输入计算黄土覆盖场地的微振反应,计算得到的结果与脉动测试的结果基本一致。

计及经济性与可靠性的台区储能优化配置

分布式光伏装机量猛增影响了台区的安全可靠运行,台区储能成为消纳分布式光伏的关键,但台区储能项目投资的经济性与电网可靠性之间难以平衡。对此,提出一种基于台区储能反配新能源模式的综合考虑经济性与可靠性的台区储能优化配置方法。首先,建立台区储能容量优化经济模型;其次,基于台区储能经济性优化结果进行电网可靠性模拟仿真;最后,考虑经济性与可靠性等综合指标,运用优劣解距离法对各节点进行选址评估,通过累积分布曲线确定台区储能配置方案。算例仿真结果表明,文中所提方法可以有效提升配电网分布式光伏消纳能力,更好地平衡了台区储能投资的经济性与电网可靠性,相关结果可为新能源配储比例的合理设置提供借鉴。