In-Situ Test on Fatigue Characteristics of Top-Mounted Dividable Pile-Board Subgrade for High-Speed Railway

To simulate the fatigue characteristics of the pile-board structure under long-term dynamic load, using the in-situ dynamic testing system DTS-1, the forced vibration loading was repeated one million times at different cross-sections of the pile-board structure for high-speed railway. The dynamic deformation, permanent deformation and dynamic stress of main reinforcements were measured. The test results show that the dynamic responses of the pile-board structure almost did not vary with the forced vibration times under the simulated trainload. After one million times of forced vibration, the permanent deformations of the midspan section of intermediate span and midspan section of side span were 0.7 mm and 0. 6 mm, respectively, and there was no accumulative plastic deformation at the bearing section of intermediate span.

Analysis on the deformation and fracture behavior of carbon steel by in situ tensile test

The deformation and fracture behaviors of low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel were studied on internal microstructure using the scanning electron microscopy in situ tensile test. The microstructure mechanism of their deformation and fracture behavior was analyzed. The results show that the deformation and fracture behavior of low-carbon steel depends on the grain size of ferrite, the deformation and fracture behavior of medium-carbon steel depends on the size of ferrite grain and pearlite lump, and the deformation and fracture behavior of high-carbon steel depends on the size of pearlite lump and the pearlitic interlamellar spacing.

Research of in-situ hydraulic test method by using double packer equipment

Double packer equipment for hydraulic test can be used to measure pressure of test zone directly, and it is frequently used to perform many kinds of hydraulic tests and take groundwater sample from borehole. The test method of this equipment mainly includes the test design, implementation, interpretation and synthetic analysis. By adopting the double packer equipment for hydraulic test, the parameter distribution of rock permeability along borehole can be acquired, as well as the connectivity, water conductivity and water bearing capacity of the disclosed structure and the chemical characteristics of the deep groundwater. It is a necessary method for the research and evaluation of the complex hypotonicity terrace site selection under geological conditions. This method is not only suitable for the geological disposal of high level radioactive waste, but also can be used in the site selection of underground facilities such as storage of petroleum and carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, it has a good application prospect in other hydrogeological investigation fields.

Effects of temperature and wavelength choice on in-situ dissolution test of Cimetidine tablets

The effects of temperature and wavelength choice on in-situ dissolution test instrument of Cimetidine were studied. Absorbance （A）〈 1.0 is required when using a fiber-optic dissolution test system. The detection wavelength of 2 （218 nm） was replaced by 244 nm to carry out this test. The absorbance of Cimetidine solution at different temperature showed an obvious change. Calibration of Cimetidine solution should be tested at the same temperature （37° C） with the test solution. A suitable wavelength with smaller tangent slope could be chosen for in-situ dissolution test of Cimetidine tablets.

Comparison of in situ Shear Test and In-Lab Triaxial Shear Test of Compacted Rockfill

The in situ shear test and in-lab triaxial shear test on compacted rockfill of Fuling safety embankment were carried out and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. The discreteness of cohesive force C and internal frictional angle by in situ shear test is much severer than that by in-lab triaxial shear test. The consolidation of in-lab triaxial shear test is bigger than actual consolidation in rockfill engineerings, so the confining pressure should be reduced to a low level in-lab triaxial shear test.

Impact of elliptical boreholes on in situ stress estimation from leak-off test data

We developed an inversion technique to determine in situ stresses for elliptical boreholes of arbitrary trajectory. In this approach, borehole geometry, drilling-induced fracture information, and other available leak-off test data were used to construct a mathematical model, which was in turn applied to finding the inverse of an overdetermined system of equations.The method has been demonstrated by a case study in the Appalachian Basin, USA. The calculated horizontal stresses are in reasonable agreement with the reported regional stress study of the area, although there are no field measurement data of the studied well for direct calibration. The results also indicate that 2% of axis difference in the elliptical borehole geometry can cause a 5% difference in minimum horizontal stress calculation and a 10% difference in maximum horizontal stress calculation.

Application of wave equation theory to improve dynamic cone penetration test for shallow soil characterisation

Among the geotechnical in situ tests,the dynamic penetration test(DPT)is commonly used around the world.However,DPT remains a rough technique and provides only one failure parameter:blow count or cone resistance.This paper presents an improvement of the dynamic cone penetration test(DCPT)for soil characterisation based on the wave equation theory.Implemented on an instrumented lightweight dynamic penetrometer driving with variable energy,the main process of the test involves the separation and reconstruction of the waves propagating in the rods after each blow and provides a dynamic cone load-penetration(DCLT)curve.An analytical methodology is used to analyse this curve and to estimate additional strength and deformation parameters of the soil:dynamic and pseudo-static cone resistances,deformation modulus and wave velocity.Tests carried out in the laboratory on different specimens(wood,concrete,sand and clay)in an experimental sand pit and in the field demonstrated that the resulting DCLT curve is reproducible,sensitive and reliable to the test conditions(rod length,driving energy,etc.)as well as to the soil properties(nature,density,etc.).Obtained results also showed that the method based on shock polar analysis makes it possible to evaluate mechanical impedance and wave velocity of soils,as demonstrated by the comparisons with cone penetration test(CPT)and shear wave velocity measurements made in the field.This technique improves the method and interpretation of DPT and provides reliable data for shallow foundation design.

On the installation of an in situ large-scale vertical SEALing (VSEAL) experiment on bentonite pellet-powder mixture

Recently,the Institute for Radiological protection and Nuclear Safety(IRSN)has launched VSEAL(Vertical SEALing)project to investigate the impact of gas migration on the long-term performance of bentonite based vertical sealing systems(VSS).The first VSEAL in situ test was emplaced in IRSN’s Underground Research Laboratory(URL)in Tournemire(France)in 2019 and was equipped with 76 wired and wireless sensors.The test is still in progress,but the collected set of data provides already valuable information of the hydro-mechanical behavior of VSS during hydration.The swelling core consists of a mixture of highdensity pellets and powder of MX80 bentonite in a ratio of 80/20(in dry mass).An innovative method was adopted to drill a 1-m diameter and w10-m deep shaft in order to minimize the rock perturbation at the sidewalls.Because a specific protocol was adopted to install the bentonite mixture together with a careful characterization of the core during construction,VSEAL 1 constitutes the unique in situ sealing test with a well-known initial structural distribution of the pellets and the powder.Some heterogeneities occurred within the experiment during the installation process:a damaged zone developed around the shaft walls due to the interruption of the installation operations caused by COVID19 lockdown in France;a technological gap with a variable thickness between the last pellets layer and the top confining lid and a heterogeneous distribution of the bentonite powder at some layers inducing large inter pellets voids close to the bentonite-rock interface.Artificially injected water volume,relative humidity,water content and swelling pressure in both radial and axial directions were monitored.Comparison of the results showed that the presence of installation-induced heterogeneities led to the generation of preferential flow paths that influenced the swelling pressure evolution at radial and axial directions.

Seasonal influence on cone penetration test: An unsaturated soil site example

Interpretation of electric cone penetration test(CPT) based pore water pressure measurement(CPTu) is well established for soils with behavior that follows classical soil mechanics. The literature on the interpretation of these tests performed on unsaturated tropical soils is limited, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on in situ test data. In this context, the CPT data are presented and discussed to illustrate the seasonal variability in an unsaturated tropical soil site. The test data show that soil suction significantly influenced CPT data up to a depth of 4 m at the study site. It shows the importance of considering seasonal variability in unsaturated soil sites caused by soil suction, which was related to water content through a soil-water retention curve(SWRC). It is also important to consider this aspect in the interpretation of CPT data from these soils.

Application of in situ direct shear device to shear strength measurement of rockfill materials

A simplified in situ direct shear test （DST） was developed for measuring the shear strength of soils in fields. In this test, a latticed sheafing frame replaces the upper half of the shear box used in the conventional direct shear box test. The latticed shearing frame is directly embedded in the ground to be tested after a construction process and is pulled with a flexible chain while a constant dead load is applied to the sample in the sheafing frame. This simplified in situ DST has been validated by comparing its results with those of triaxial tests on samples with parallel gradations under normal stresses less than 100 kPa. In this study, the DST was further validated by carrying out tests on samples with the same gradations, rather than on samples with parallel gradations, under normal stresses up to 880 kPa. In addition, the DST was performed inside fills in two applications.

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

微膨胀泥岩地基原位水分入渗响应特征试验研究

红层泥岩的膨胀性和水敏性对地区公路、高铁的建设和工后变形控制构成了长期潜在威胁。为此,依托甘肃兰州一红层泥岩路堑段,开展了微膨胀泥岩地基原位水分入渗响应特征试验,分析泥岩地基膨胀变形量、膨胀力和体积含水率时空演化规律,并讨论了室内试验和原位试验的差异性。研究结果表明:红层泥岩地基水分入渗形式包括裂隙流和孔隙流,水分场具有明显的时空分布不均匀性,岩体裂隙对渗流、膨胀具有促进作用。入渗过程中泥岩吸水膨胀具有显著的时效性,原位地基膨胀量和膨胀力均经历骤增、减速增长和缓慢增长阶段,并未能达到收敛,浸润峰后泥岩表面逐渐软化甚至泥化,会导致地基承载力下降。室内试验对原位泥岩的水分入渗响应特征反映有限。

岩土工程勘察、测试与评价进展

文章全面总结了近5年岩土工程勘察测试与评价领域的技术进展,主要包括土工室内试验技术,原位测试技术、模型试验以及岩土工程勘察测试智能化技术。重点介绍了特殊环境(低温)试验技术、特殊材料(含气土、污染土等)、新型微观分析、技术原位测试新功能与新应用、水陆域超深原位测试技术、土工离心机技术、大型模型试验技术、智能勘察技术、智能监测技术、智能评价技术以及岩土工程智能管理平台建设等方面的进展。分析表明,重大工程建设、低碳绿色理念、智能技术、极端环境催生了一批岩土工程勘察测试新技术与新方法,智能化测试与评价是未来一段时期我国岩土工程勘察评价技术发展的方向。

利用原位测试试验确定黄河口潮滩粉质土固结状态研究

黄河口泥沙快速堆积在河口一带,在波浪和潮波作用下,表层沉积物处于超固结状态,但试验中发现采用Casagrande作图法求取的黄河口粉质土先期固结压力往往偏大。为了了解黄河口粉质土固结状态、合理估算先期固结压力,在黄河口刁口流路三角洲叶瓣潮坪上,现场取土在试坑内配置了模拟黄河口快速沉积形成的流体状堆积物,利用原位测试手段(静力触探、十字板剪切试验和孔隙水压力测试),并在长期观测基础上,对比研究了1.0 m深度范围内试坑和潮滩原状土体固结过程及固结状态。研究发现:黄河口快速沉积粉质土在自重作用下固结很快,固结完成后,土体强度随时间发展呈现不均匀增长,沿深度方向从上到下出现高-低-次高不均匀固结特征;历经16个月后,试坑和潮滩原状土体先期固结压力进一步提高,固结不均匀性和结构性不断增强。从试坑土体自重固结完成后的实际固结状态及原状土体物理性质指标来看,Casagrande作图法结果偏大,采用静力触探比贯入阻力法、十字板剪切试验不排水抗剪强度经验公式法估算的试坑和潮滩原状土体先期固结压力数值更为可靠;同时该方法为土体固结状态研究提供了新途径。

数字集成电路电离总剂量辐射效应原位测试系统的研究与实现

电离总剂量效应将会导致数字集成电路电参数超差,甚至功能失效。目前数字集成电路的电离总剂量效应试验主要采用移位测试,移位测试需要一定时间将器件移动到测试机上进行测试,移动耗费的时间将导致器件有不同程度的退火,同时只有在移位测试过程中才能获得辐射效应数据,相较于在线原位测试数据量较少。数字集成电路测试系统采用PXI系统,系统内装配数字向量测试模块和电源量测模块,同时编写了测试软件和制作了测试板。通过对一款NAND Flash存储器进行在线原位辐照测试,测试结果满足对数字集成电路在X射线辐照过程中的DC、AC及功能测试要求。系统的装备应用为未来应用到各种加速器或其他辐射源的数字集成电路的在线测试奠定了基础。

钻孔剪切力学参数表征修正方法及其实验研究

钻孔剪切法是现场快速实测岩石抗剪强度的重要方法,但因测量误差较大导致其应用受限。通过对钻孔剪切原理及研究成果分析,发现了不完全剪切是岩石钻孔剪切试验误差大的原因,提出了基于压、剪不等面积的钻孔剪切法修正方法。设计实验装置开展钻孔剪切模拟试验,研究了不同剪切板参数下砂岩剪切力学参数表征规律,证明了所提方法的有效性和修正效果,最后通过文献数据验证了该方法的适用性。具体结果如下:①岩石钻孔剪切试验误差大的根本原因是受压面积和剪切面积选取失真且不相等,实际剪切破坏面积小于剪切齿齿间面积,且不同剪切齿长度情况下修正受压面积和剪切面积均随法向力的增大线性增大。基于剪切齿参数、受压面积和剪切面积的关系式,提出了钻孔剪切法修正方法。②岩石钻孔剪切的剪应力−剪切位移曲线可分为压密阶段、似弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和峰后阶段。随法向力增大,不同剪切板参数下正应力、剪应力和剪切刚度均增大,达到剪应力峰值时的位移减小。钻孔剪切参数与剪切力学参数表征值之间存在明显规律。随剪切齿齿长的增加,黏聚力线性增大,内摩擦角呈二次函数增大。随剪切板面积的增加,黏聚力线性增大,内摩擦角呈二次函数减小。③剪切齿齿长和剪切板面积增大可在一定程度上减少测量偏差。剪切齿齿长从1.0 mm增大到2.5 mm,黏聚力和内摩擦角测量值的总偏差从62.96%降低到19.91%,总修正提升值从30.8%提高到74.1%;剪切板面积从400 mm^(2)增大到520 mm^(2),黏聚力和内摩擦角测量值的总偏差从64.07%降低到37.69%,总修正提升值从39.56%提高到56.05%。实验和文献数据验证均表明,本修正方法可以使钻孔剪切法测得的黏聚力和内摩擦角准确度分别提升约50%和6%。

In-situ three-dimensional visualization of dynamic tension deformation in ferrite stainless steels

An improved three-dimensional （3-D） experimental visualization methodology is presented tor evaluating the fracture mechanisms of ferritic stainless steels by in-situ tensile testing with an environmental scanning electron microscope （ESEM）. The samples were machined with a radial notched shape and a sloped surface. Both planar surface deformation and sloping surface deformation-induced microvoids were observed during dynamic tension experiments, where a greater amount of information could be obtained from the sloping surface. The results showed that microvoids formed at the grain boundaries of highly elongated large grains. The microvoids nucleated in the severely deformed regions grew nearly parallel to the tensile axis, predominantly along the grain boundaries. The microvoids nucleated at the interface of particles and the matrix did not propagate due to the high plasticity of the matrix. The large microvoids propagated and showed a zigzag shape along the grain boundaries,seemingly a consequence of the fracture of the slip bands caused by dislocation pile-ups. The final failure took place due to the reduction of the load-beating area.

深基坑双排微型桩-锚-撑组合支护结构受力与变形特性

为深入研究深厚杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护结构随基坑开挖的受力与变形演化规律,首先,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展双排微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析开挖工况下前、后排桩的桩身弯矩分布规律;然后,结合ABAQUS有限元模拟方法,明确微型桩、预应力锚索与钢支撑之间的协同作用及基坑变形规律;最后,揭示微型桩桩径变化、支护结构作用对桩身受力及基坑变形的影响机制。研究结果表明:增加开挖深度引起桩身正弯矩和负弯矩不断增大,极值点位置不断下移,桩身弯矩整体呈正“S”形分布;开挖至基底,前排桩的桩身反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m和开挖面位置,后排桩的桩身反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m和开挖面下方1.0 m范围内;基坑开挖竖向影响范围约为1.35H(H为基坑开挖深度),桩径增加近1倍,土体水平位移仅减少约51%,且随桩径继续增加,其对于限制基坑变形效果不显著;相较于桩锚支护结构,桩-锚-撑支护结构作用下,前、后排桩的最大水平位移分别减小34.9%和27.3%,基坑土体的最大水平位移减小46.0%。

高水头抽水蓄能电站地应力综合测试及抗劈裂分析

抽水蓄能电站建设处于加速期,合理布置地应力试验和精准获取地应力数据对高水头抽水蓄能电站意义重大。以某高水头抽水蓄能电站为案例,针对高水头抽水蓄能电站地形特点及地应力特征,在不同勘察阶段进行综合地应力测量,同时联合地应力场反演,获取空间三维地应力场分布规律并对围岩进行抗劈裂分析。综合实测结果表明:二维地表深孔结果随埋深梯度有变化,中浅部有应力集中现象,符合高水头抽水蓄能电站的地应力分布特征。三孔交汇法及孔壁应变法的地应力量值及方向吻合,地下厂房和高压岔管部位岩体的最大实测主应力为20.9 MPa,最小主应力为7.0 MPa;岩体以水平应力为主。最大主应力方向集中为NEE向。有利用综合实测结果加强模型精细化进行初始地应力场反演,能较好地反映此类工程的地应力场特征,利于围岩的抗劈裂分析及后续衬砌方案的选择。综合地应力测试对于高水头抽水蓄能的地应力获取具有可行性。可供高水头抽水蓄能电站工程的地应力勘察参考。