Soil Erosion under Different Land Use Types and Zones of Jinsha River Basin in Yunnan Province,China

Severe soil erosion in the middle and upper reaches of Yangtze River has been regarded as a major environmental problem. The on-site impact of soil erosion on agricultural production and the off-site impact on floods and sedimentation in Yangtze Rive are well known. A quantitative assessment of soil erosion intensity is still scanty for developing appropriate soil erosion control measures for different land use types and zones in this region. This article constructs a localized USLE and estimates the average soil loss in the Jinsha River Region in Yunnan Province, one of the priority areas for soil erosion control in the middle and upper reaches of Yangtze River. The estimation is done under different land uses and zones in this basin. The estimation shows that while soil erosion in the cultivated land is the most severe, 36～40% of the garden and forest land suffers from soil erosion of various degrees due to lack of ground cover and other factors. Soil erosion in the pasture is modest when the ground cover is well maintained. It also confirmed that terracing can reduce soil erosion intensity significantly on the cultivated land. Research findings suggest that sufficient attention must be paid to regeneration of the ground cover in reforestation programs. In addition to mass reforestation efforts, restoration of grassland and terracing of the cultivated land should also play an important role in erosion control.

The Analysis on the Temporal and Spatial Variation of Strong Precipitation Caused Flood and Agricultural Disaster Loss in Huaihe River Basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu Period of 2007

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation of strong precipitation caused flood and agricultural disaster loss in Huaihe River basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu period of 2007.[Method] On the basis of rainfalls of each station in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,rainfall data during Meiyu period of 2007 and flood disaster data in the same period,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of strong precipitation caused flood during Meiyu period of 2007 and its harm on agriculture were analyzed.The variation rule,distribution characteristics of strong precipitation during Meiyu period in Huaihe River basin of Anhui and its relationship with agricultural disaster loss were discussed.[Result] During Meiyu period of 2007 in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,the rainstorm was more,and the rainfall was large.The precipitation variation showed 'three-peak' trend.Rainfall in Huaihe River basin during Meiyu period of 2007 was greatly more than that homochronously in Yangtze River basin.The rain area over 400.0 mm during Meiyu period mainly located in Huaihe River basin,and the rain area over 600.0 mm mainly located from area along Huaihe River to central Huaibei.The rainfall during Meiyu period gradually decreased toward south and north by the north bank of Huaihe River as the symmetry axis.The rainfall in area along Huaihe River showed wavy distribution in east-west direction.The flood disaster loss index and disaster area of crops in Huaihe River basin of Anhui both increased as rainfall in Meiyu period.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for flood prevention,disaster reduction and agricultural flood-avoiding development in Huaihe River basin.

A New Species of <i>Gentiana, Gentiana ciliolata</i>and It’s Two Subspecies of subsp. ciliolata and subsp. <i>longiloba</i>of Yunnan &Sichuan Provinces

A new species of Gentiana (Gentianaceae), Gentiana ciliolata is described and illustrated;it has a spectacular characteristics of calyx lobe ciliolate, distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces on the two sides of Jinsha River, and then two subspecies have been further re-classified as Gentiana ciliolata subsp. ciliolata and Gentiana ciliolata subsp. longiloba respectively. The subsp. ciliolata idistributes on the right side of Jinsha River in Yiliang County, Yunnan Province and the subsp. longiloba distributes itself on the southwest and west part of Sichuan Province, such as Leibo County, Wenchuan County and Mabian Yi Autonomous Prefacture, in the grassland under forests and moist rock slopes at an altitude of 1300 - 3200 m.

The Preliminary Research and Analysis of Ecological Environment Construction in the Small River Basin——A Case Study in Taojia Small River, Yunnan

Through nearly seven months of investigation and research, detailed information and data on vegetation resources, land resources and other ecological resources in the Taojia small river basin were obtained, and the data were analyzed and processed. The results show that due to the destruction of forest vegetation, the steep slope reclamation and water channel leakage in the Taojia small river basin, well fields and forest land at multiple sites in the basin have been buried by mud and rock, and abundant forest vegetation distributed in the middle and upper reaches has reduced to the situation of a forest coverage rate of only 15.5%. As a result, a vicious circle of "ecological destruction, soil erosion, farmland reduction, poverty, steep slope cultivation, ecological destruction" has been formed. Based on the analysis of the basic ecological background of the basin, six ecological restoration proposals such as planting soil and water conservation forests and fruit trees and blockading protection were proposed, in order to provide support for restoring the ecological environment of the basin and achieving sustainable development of the ecological environment within the basin.

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.

Chronological and Geochemical Study of the Cenozoic Potassic Felsic Igneous Rocks in Western Yunnan,SE Tibet:Implications for their Tectonic Mechanisms

Whether there is a relationship between widespread Cenozoic igneous rocks and the activated Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone(ASRR)in western Yunnan,SE Tibet,remains highly controversial.New geochronological,and geochemical data derived from Cenozoic igneous rocks both within and far from the ASRR offers answers.Although these coeval felsic rocks(36.9-33.5 Ma)are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements relative to high field strength elements,they also display some special geochemical features,such as high Y and Yb values of syenitic porphyries,which contrast with the high Sr and low Y contents of monzoporphyries and granitic porphyries.The syenitic porphyries exhibit geochemical characteristics similar to those of coeval mafic magmas,e.g.,high K 2 O,Y,and Yb contents,indicating that the former were probably generated by fractional crystallization of the latter.However,the high Sr/Y(56.1-109)monzoporphyries and granitic porphyries,combined with their low MgO,and Cr(or Ni)contents,suggest that they were mainly derived from partial melting of a thickened mafic lower crust.Given that these Cenozoic magmatic events exhibiting planar distributions occurred outside of the activation of the ASRR(31-20 Ma),then they were not controlled by the latter.Instead,they were tied to convective removal of a thickened lower lithospheric mantle in western Yunnan during the Paleogene.

GEODYNAMICS OF SUPERLARGE DEPOSITS IN CHINSES YUNNAN-GUIZHOU-GUANGXI ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGZANG PLEAUTAN

Interest in the ore\|forming histories of basins has grown rapid since 1960 and is now intensive. The main reason behind the acceleration is the increasing awareness that the natural processes responsible for generating metal deposits in the sedimentary basin from the source rocks of the beneath the basin and intensively hydrothermal activity in the basin. Observations made in different continental margin basin systems and superlarge deposits in Chinese Yunnan\|Guizhou\|Guangxi Province on the eastern margin of the Qingzang (Himalaya—Karakoram—Tibet) were investigated in terms of geodynamics of basin formation. Geotectonically, the area is situated in the conjoint between the Tethys—Himalaya and the Marginal\|Pacific tectonic domain, characterized by very complex geological structure, typical basin\|mountain tectonics, abundant Superlarge deposits.

Four new records of fish species （Cypriniformes： Nemacheilidae, Balitoridae; Characiformes： Prochilodontidae） and corrections of two misidentified fish species （Tetraodontiformes： Tetraodontidae; Beloniformes： Belonidae） in Yunnan, China

In this study, six fish species of five families are reported for the first time from Yunnan Province, China. The nemacheilid Schistura amplizona Kottelat, 2000 is reported from the Luosuojiang River and Nanlahe River subbasins, Mekong basin; the prochilodontid Prochilodus lineatus(Valenciennes, 1837), the balitorid Vanmanenia serrilineata Kottelat, 2000, and the tetraodontid Monotrete turgidus Kottelat, 2000, from Nanlahe River subbasin, Mekong basin; the balitorid Beaufortia daon(Mai, 1978), and the belonid Xenentodon canciloides(Bleeker, 1854), both, from Black River subbasin, Red River basin. The freshwater puffer M. turgidus and the needlefish X. canciloides have been previously misidentified as Tetraodon leiurus(Bleeker, 1950) and Tylosurus strongylurus(van Hasselt, 1823), respectively.

Simulation of Flood in the Thach Han-Ben Hai River Basin(Vietnam)under the Influence of the Upstream Reservoir System

The central provinces in Vietnam always suffer from the negative impacts of floods every year,especially in the downstream areas.Quang Tri province in the TBRB(Thach Han-Ben Hai River Basin)is one of the provinces suffering heavy damage caused by floods.A 1-dimensional hydrodynamic model was researched and applied connecting 2 dimensions in the MIKE model set(MIKE FLOOD)to simulate inundation level,inundation time,flood flow velocity for communes in TBRB.Simulation results for 111 communes in Quang Tri province show that:39 communes(35%)are not flooded;3 communes are flooded below 0.5 m;15 communes are flooded from 0.5-1.0 m,flooding time is about 1 day;30 communes are flooded from 1.0-2.0 m,inundation time is about 2 days;30 communes are flooded over 2.0 m,flooded for about 3 days,especially 3 communes are flooded over 4.0 m.This result helps to develop flood prevention plans for localities in the province.

A Study on Ecological Management for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan

Promoting ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin is a major national strategy that is planned and promoted by President Xi Jinping.As an important ecological formation in the Yellow River Basin and an important part of the“China Water Tower,”the Sichuan part of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in ecological management of the whole basin.Therefore,based on the present situation and the rich experience of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan,this study puts forward a feasible plan for long-term ecological management of the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan.

长江流域青海区域水生生物完整性评价

依据《长江流域水生生物完整性指数评价办法(试行)》的要求和指标,通过梳理历史记录和文献,厘清了长江流域青海区域水生生物完整性评价的基准值;于2022年开展全面系统地野外调查,并对研究区域的水生生物完整性进行了评价。结果显示:长江流域青海区域鱼类种类基准值为20种,鱼类种类现状值为19种;长江在青海省境内的长江源河段、大渡河源河段,以及长江流域青海区域整体的水生生物完整性得分分别为88.22,82.67分和81.56分,完整性等级均为“良”。其中,长江源河段历史有记录以来的15种鱼类在此次调查中均被发现,反映长江源流域水生生物群落受人类干扰较少,重点保护物种完整。研究区域鱼类栖息地生境良好,但主要制约完整性的因素是水电站对河流的阻隔、外来物种入侵和关键物种川陕哲罗鲑的缺失。研究结果可为全面评估长江水生态完整性提供青海区域的基础数据,还可为科学评估长江十年禁捕成效、针对性开展水域生态修复提供科学依据。

沿黄省区非物质文化遗产的空间分异与影响因素

为探究沿黄省区非物质文化遗产(以下简称非遗)的空间分异与影响因素,运用GIS空间分析和地理探测器等方法对沿黄省区890项国家级非遗进行了分析。结果表明,沿黄省区非遗的区域、省域数量差异明显,非遗类型的数量结构不均匀;非遗的分布呈凝聚型、空间分布不均衡,但各类非遗的空间集聚度差异明显;空间分布上形成了上游“青-团型”、中下游“晋陕豫鲁-斜N字型”的高密度区;社会经济因素对非遗空间分布的影响强于自然地理因素,以公路密度、传统村落核密度、人口密度、河流密度尤为突出,各因素间的交互作用对非遗分布呈双因子增强和非线性增强的协同效应。研究成果对沿黄省区非遗的系统性保护和乡村文化振兴具有一定支撑作用。

传统村落保护与发展评价体系构建与实证——以河南省黄河流域传统村落为例

以乡村地域系统理论为指导,结合大量调研工作实践,将传统村落视为由传统建筑、历史文化、资源环境、社会经济4个要素所构成的复杂乡村地域系统。在此基础上,遵循评价体系构建原则,参考层次分析法、五级记分法等方法,构建了包括4项准则和25个评价指标的传统村落保护与发展评价体系,对河南省黄河流域15个中国传统村落保护与发展的现状进行了评价检验,对部分传统村落进行了对比分析。结果表明:该评价体系具有数据易得、计算简便等特点,并具有较好的适用性和良好的效度。

蜻蛉河流域工程活动对地质灾害的影响研究

本文以云南姚安县蜻蛉河流域为例,对流域内人类重大工程活动详细调查并对地质灾害发育特征及形成机理精细化调查和分析,通过对流域类典型地质灾害的归类和分析,总结区内人类工程活动因素诱发地质灾害的孕灾机理及成灾模式,为下一步国土空间规划和风险双控提供可靠的数据基础和理论依据。

陕西北洛河流域地下水水化学和同位素特征及其水质评价

【研究目的】北洛河是黄河的重要二级支流,研究该流域典型支流地下水的水质状况对于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。【研究方法】本文以北洛河流域为主要对象,系统查明流域地下水水质现状,圈定劣质地下水分布区,为饮水安全提供保障。此外,对该区地下水水化学和D-18O同位素组成进行分析,研究地下水水化学特征及演化机制,揭示水文地质条件及人为因素对区域地下水水文地球化学特征的控制和影响作用。【研究结果】区内地下水水化学成分除受岩石风化和蒸发浓缩作用的共同控制之外,部分还受到人类活动的影响。D-18O同位素组成指示了地下水整体上受蒸发浓缩作用影响。【结论】上游碎屑岩中的石膏、盐岩等易溶矿物经溶滤进入地下水,下游松散孔隙水在蒸发浓缩的作用下积聚盐分导致上、下游地下水TDS较高;奥陶系岩溶含水岩组和新生界断陷盆地含水岩组地下水水化学组成主要受蒸发盐岩影响,此外还受到人类活动的影响。白垩系和石炭系—侏罗系含水岩组地下水主要分布于岩石风化区,说明该地下水水化学组分主要受岩石风化作用控制,且主要受硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩风化影响,人类活动影响的扰动相对较小。上、下游地区地下水受工矿活动影响较严重,中游地下水受工矿活动、农业活动、生活污水影响均较小,水质整体较好。

云南红河流域土地利用变化的地形梯度效应及其功能分区

明确土地利用情况及其地形梯度分布格局,并进行功能分区,是云南红河流域土地资源可持续利用和土地利用规划优化调整的基础.基于RS和GIS技术,使用地形分布指数、地形位指数方法系统分析了2000、2010年和2020年云南红河流域土地利用变化在高程、坡度和地形位梯度上的时空分异特征,并基于分析结果开展了云南红河流域土地利用功能区划分.结果表明:(1)林地(56.46%)和耕地(29.34%)是云南红河流域主要的土地利用类型,其次是草地(6.93%)和灌木地(6.17%),而湿地、水体和人造地表所占面积比例均不到1%.2000—2020年云南红河流域耕地和人造地表面积扩张明显,而林地持续减少,存在林地被侵占的现象;(2)云南红河流域土地利用类型分布呈现明显的地形梯度特征.耕地、人造地表受到高地形位开发难度的限制,优势位处于中低地形位的河谷、山腰区域,湿地、水体高度汇集在低地形位,草地、灌木地在中低地形位较为集中,林地则广泛分布于中高地形位;(3)基于土地利用地形分异规律,将云南红河流域划分为4个土地利用功能区,即河谷集约发展区、陡坡综合治理区、高山潜在开发区和山顶生态调控区.

贵州巴拉河流域乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制研究

文章基于实地调研和地理空间数据,运用ArcGIS软件的空间分析和形状指数、平均最近邻分析等方法,探究贵州巴拉河流域乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制。结果表明:1)巴拉河流域乡村聚落平面以带状或指状为主,背山面水而居;聚落选址趋向于自然环境的区系过渡地带,以获取良好的资源;流域内聚落密度中部密南北疏,整体为聚集模式,自上而下呈现均匀—聚集—随机的分布形式;2)聚落的分布与高程、坡度、交通等具有明显正相关性,主要分布在海拔700~900m,坡度6°~25°的低山丘陵地区,靠近河流和交通要道。

赤水河流域(云南段)土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

应用土地利用类型数据和价值“当量因子法”计算2012—2020年赤水河流域(云南段)生态系统服务价值(ESV)并分析其时空变化。结果表明:研究区土地利用类型(地类)以耕地和林地为主,且土地利用类型变化主要集中在耕地和林地之间,2012—2020年间林地和耕地的动态度均不足2%,建设用地的动态度最大;研究区生态系统服务价值由2012年的45.0331亿元增加至2020年的50.5844亿元,各地类生态系统服务价值量林地最高;林地价值量的变化对研究区生态系统服务价值量变化的生态贡献率最大。各乡镇相比,扎西镇的生态服务价值量最高;一级服务功能以调节服务为主,其价值量占研究区总价值量的60%以上,文化服务最低;二级服务功能的气候调节价值量最高;大多服务功能的价值随时间变化均呈增加趋势,仅供给服务中的粮食生产先减少后稍增加。

黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率时空格局与影响因素研究

为探索黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率,采用SBM-DEA模型和Tobit模型对黄河九省(区)99个地级市水资源绿色效率的时空分布及影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:1)黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率整体呈上升趋势,下游的中原城市群和山东半岛城市群水资源绿色效率较高,上游的兰西城市群和宁夏沿黄城市群相对较低;2)黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率空间集聚分布显著,“高-高”型城市主要集聚在下游经济较发达的省份,水资源绿色效率呈显著的正向空间自相关,并存在集聚现象和溢出效应;3)第一产业和第三产业规模、水资源禀赋和节水水平对水资源绿色效率提升具有显著积极影响,外商直接投资对水资源绿色效率的影响较为消极。