Agarwood has the mixed scent of ambergris and sandalwood, and cannot be artificially synthesized. Due to massive logging, agarwood is now listed as an endangered plant. Agarwood tissue culture can save provenance for ...Agarwood has the mixed scent of ambergris and sandalwood, and cannot be artificially synthesized. Due to massive logging, agarwood is now listed as an endangered plant. Agarwood tissue culture can save provenance for breeding. For different combinations of TDZ (Thidiazuron), BA (6-Benzylaminopurine), and activated carbon of different concentrations, this study used the six sigma, as well as design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize agarwood adventitious buds induced incidences and growth numbers. The results showed that, the combination of 4.0 ppm TDZ and 0.5 ppm BA, without activated carbon, had the best effect of adventitious bud induced incidence up to 21.75%, and adventitious bud growth number up to 24.8, improvements of 35.29% and 42.78%, respectively. The results verified that using the six sigma methodology could effectively enhance the induction of agarwood tissue culture adventitious buds, promote the blooming of agarwood in large numbers, and further realize agarwood restoration.展开更多
Natural fibre reinforced polymer composite(NFRPC)materials are gaining popularity in the modern world due to their eco-friendliness,lightweight nature,life-cycle superiority,biodegradability,low cost,and noble mechani...Natural fibre reinforced polymer composite(NFRPC)materials are gaining popularity in the modern world due to their eco-friendliness,lightweight nature,life-cycle superiority,biodegradability,low cost,and noble mechanical properties.Due to the wide variety of materials available that have comparable attributes and satisfy the requirements of the product design specification,material selection has become a crucial component of design for engineers.This paper discusses the study’s findings in choosing the suitable thermoplastic matrices of Natural Fibre Composites for Cyclist Helmet utilising the DMAIC,and GRA approaches.The results are based on integrating two decision methods implemented utilising two distinct decision-making approaches:qualitative and quantitative.This study suggested thermoplastic polyethylene as a particularly ideal matrix in composite cyclist helmets during the selection process for the best thermoplastic matrices material using the 6σtechnique,with the decision based on the highest performance,the lightest weight,and the most environmentally friendly criteria.The DMAIC and GRA approach significantly influenced the material selection process by offering different tools for each phase.In the future study,selection technique may have been more exhaustive if more information from other factors had been added.展开更多
Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), an optimizing model of concurrent parameter and tolerance design is proposed where response mean equals its target in the target being best. The optimizing function of the mod...Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), an optimizing model of concurrent parameter and tolerance design is proposed where response mean equals its target in the target being best. The optimizing function of the model is the sum of quality loss and tolerance cost subjecting to the variance confidence region of which six sigma capability can be assured. An example is illustrated in order to compare the differences between the developed model and the parameter design with minimum variance. The results show that the proposed method not only achieves robustness, but also greatly reduces cost. The objectives of high quality and low cost of product and process can be achieved simultaneously by the application of six sigma concurrent parameter and tolerance design.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Six Sigma (SS) methodology can be used to improve the performance of students in English as a second language and enhance the teaching process by utilizing qual...Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Six Sigma (SS) methodology can be used to improve the performance of students in English as a second language and enhance the teaching process by utilizing quality tools in an educational environment. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper uses the different quality improvement tools within the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) phases to improve student performance in an English language class at a private school. Findings: Quality tools, such as cause and effect diagrams and quality function deployment, have been successfully applied within the Six Sigma DMAIC framework in the educational sector to improve the performance of students and enhance the teaching process. Practical Implications: This paper helps school administrations to analyze student performance and implement improvement actions to improve their performance. Originality/Value: The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate how quality improvement tools can be introduced and successfully applied in an elementary school to improve student performance and communication between the school administration, teachers and parents.展开更多
Iterations in optimization and numerical simulation for the sheet metal forming process may lead to extensive computation. In addition, uncertainties in materials or processing parameters may have great influence on t...Iterations in optimization and numerical simulation for the sheet metal forming process may lead to extensive computation. In addition, uncertainties in materials or processing parameters may have great influence on the design quality. A six sigma optimization method is proposed, by combining the dual response surface method (DRSM) and six sigma philosophy, to save computation cost and improve reliability and robustness of parts. Using this method, statistical technology, including the design of experiment and analysis of variance, approximate model and six sigma philosophy are integrated together to achieve improved quality. Two sheet metal forming processes are provided as examples to illustrate the proposed method.展开更多
In engineering practice, influencing factors including material properties,external load,dimension error and so on,are uncertain to structural fatigue life,and those uncertain factors make the structure fatigue life h...In engineering practice, influencing factors including material properties,external load,dimension error and so on,are uncertain to structural fatigue life,and those uncertain factors make the structure fatigue life have a wide dispersion. Aiming at this problem,the parametric model is built in this paper,and it is used to obtain the structural first principal stress in the module of probabilistic design system( PDS). Parameters of P-S-N are added to the parametric model,and then,the fatigue life of chosen points has been calculated automatically under the reliability of 0. 99. The fatigue life response surface model is obtained by simulation of the sampling points using Monte Carlo method. The six sigma robust optimization mathematical model of fatigue life is established with the combination of six sigma robust optimization and fatigue life response surface model. Take a railway passenger car battery hanging device as an example, and the mathematical model of optimization is established. The minimum mean and mean squared of structural fatigue life are obtained under the requirements of design fatigue life. The results show that the material has been saved by the new method,and the robustness of the fatigue life has been improved.展开更多
The International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) provides to researchers and practitioners a repository of software projects’ data that has been used to date mostly for benchmarking and project estimat...The International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) provides to researchers and practitioners a repository of software projects’ data that has been used to date mostly for benchmarking and project estimation purposes, but rarely for software defects analysis. Sigma, in statistics, measures how far a process deviates from its goal. Six Sigma focuses on reducing variations within processes, because such variations may lead to an inconsistency in achieving projects’ specifications which represent “defects”, which mean not meeting customers’ satisfaction. Six Sigma provides two methodologies to solve organizations’ problems: “Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control” process cycle (DMAIC) and Design of Six Sigma (DFSS). The DMAIC focuses on improving the existed processes, while the DFSS focuses on redesigning the existing processes and developing new processes. This paper presents an approach to provide an analysis of ISBSG repository based on Six Sigma measurements. It investigates the use of the ISBSG data repository with some of the related Six Sigma measurement aspects, including Sigma defect measurement and software defect estimation. This study presents the dataset preparation consisting of two levels of data preparations, and then analyzed the quality-related data fields in the ISBSG MS-Excel data extract (Release 12 - 2013). It also presents an analysis of the extracted dataset of software projects. This study has found that the ISBSG MS-Excel data extract has a high ratio of missing data within the data fields of “Total Number of Defects” variable, which represents a serious challenge when the ISBSG dataset is being used for software defect estimation.展开更多
Integrating Lean and Six Sigma found a powerful business tool for the strategy improvement process and saving time is produced. The main aim of this study is to identify the impact of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) practices on...Integrating Lean and Six Sigma found a powerful business tool for the strategy improvement process and saving time is produced. The main aim of this study is to identify the impact of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) practices on physiotherapy service quality at healthcare centers of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), using a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed among 49 physiotherapists working at UNRWA healthcare centers as a census sampling method between July 2016 and August 2017, following the stratified random sampling method. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between Lean Six Sigma (LSS) dimensions and the quality of healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units at the UNRWA healthcare centers. Moreover, the application of Lean Six Sigma dimensions was adopted at 81% of UNRWA healthcare centers. Moreover, the percentage of patients’ satisfaction regarding the quality of healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units was 89%. The study emphasized the effectiveness of Lean Six Sigma dimensions application on the quality healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units at the UNRWA healthcare centers. Furthermore, employee training and reward according to a needs assessment to implement Lean Six Sigma successfully is highly recommended.展开更多
Based on the survey of customer satisfaction,the authors found existing problems in inspection process of the food safety monitoring laboratory A( including the whole process from receiving samples to issue of inspect...Based on the survey of customer satisfaction,the authors found existing problems in inspection process of the food safety monitoring laboratory A( including the whole process from receiving samples to issue of inspection report),and determined solutions using flow chart supplied by sig sigma( 6σ) theory. Through comparing overall effect before and after improvement of the inspection process,it is proved that 6σmanagement theory is a new effective management tool for eliminating errors,simplifying process,and meeting requirements of customers to the maximal extent.展开更多
Optimization of a manufacturing process results in higher productivity and reduced wastes. Production parameters of a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Pakistan is optimized by using six Sigma-Define, measure,...Optimization of a manufacturing process results in higher productivity and reduced wastes. Production parameters of a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Pakistan is optimized by using six Sigma-Define, measure, analyze, improve, and controlmethodology. Production data is collected and analyzed. After analysis, experimental design result is used to identify significant factors affecting process performance. The significant factors are controlled to optimized level using two-level factorial design method. A regression model is developed that helps in the estimation of response under multi variable input values. Model is tested, verified, and validated by using industrial data collected at a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Peshawar(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). The sigma level of the manufacturing process is improved to 4.01 from 3.58. The novelty of the research is the identification of the significant factors along with the optimum levels that affects the process yield, and the methodology to optimize the steel bar manufacturing process.展开更多
This paper presents a management process for creating adaptive, real-time security policies within the Six Sigma (6σ) framework. A key challenge for the creation of a management process is the integration with models...This paper presents a management process for creating adaptive, real-time security policies within the Six Sigma (6σ) framework. A key challenge for the creation of a management process is the integration with models of known Industrial processes. One of the most used industrial process models is Six Sigma which is a business management model wherein customer centric needs are put in perspective with business data to create an efficient system. The security policy creation and management process proposed in this paper is based on the Six Sigma model and presents a method to adapt security goals and risk management of a computing service. By formalizing a security policy management process within an industrial process model, the adaptability of this model to existing industrial tools is seamless and offers a clear risk based policy decision framework. In particular, this paper presents the necessary tools and procedures to map Six Sigma DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) methodology to security policy management.展开更多
The importance of the project selection phase in any six sigma initiative cannot be emphasized enough. The successfulness of the six sigma initiative is affected by successful project selection. Recently, Data Envelop...The importance of the project selection phase in any six sigma initiative cannot be emphasized enough. The successfulness of the six sigma initiative is affected by successful project selection. Recently, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been proposed as a six sigma project selection tool. However, there exist a number of different DEA formulations which may affect the selection process and the wining project being selected. This work initially applies nine different DEA formulations to several case studies and concludes that different DEA formulations select different wining projects. Also in this work, a Multi-DEA Unified Scoring Framework is proposed to overcome this problem. This framework is applied to several case studies and proved to successfully select the six sigma project with the best performance. The framework is also successful in filtering out some of the projects that have “selective” excellent performance, i.e. projects with excellent performance in some of the DEA formulations and worse performance in others. It is also successful in selecting stable projects;these are projects that perform well in the majority of the DEA formulations, even if it has not been selected as a wining project by any of the DEA formulations.展开更多
Today, the demand for security software is Six Sigma quality, i.e. practically zero-defects. A practical and stochastic method is proposed for a Six Sigma security software quality management. Monte Carlo Simulation i...Today, the demand for security software is Six Sigma quality, i.e. practically zero-defects. A practical and stochastic method is proposed for a Six Sigma security software quality management. Monte Carlo Simulation is used in a Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach to security software testing. This elaboration used a published real project’s data from the final product testing lasted for 15 weeks, after which the product was delivered. The experiment utilised the first 12 weeks’ data to allow the results verification on the actual data from the last three weeks. A hypothetical testing project was applied, supposed to be completed in 15 weeks. The product due-date was Week 16 with zero-defects quality assurance aim. The testing project was analysed at the end of the 12th week with three weeks of testing remaining. Running a Monte Carlo Simulation with data from the first 12 weeks produced results which indicated that the product would not be able to meet its due-date with the desired zero-defects quality. To quantify an improvement, another simulation was run to find when zero-defects would be achieved. Simulation predicted that zero-defects would be achieved in week 35 with 56% probability, and there would be 82 defects from Weeks 16 - 35. Therefore, to meet the quality goals, either more resources should be allocated to the project, or the deadline for the project should be moved to Week 36. The paper concluded that utilising Monte Carlo Simulations in a Six Sigma DMAIC structured framework is better than conventional approaches using static analysis methods. When the simulation results were compared to the actual data, it was found to be accurate within ﹣3.5% to +1.3%. This approach helps to improve software quality and achieve the zero-defects quality assurance goal, while assigning quality confidence levels to scheduled product releases.展开更多
Increasing competition in service businesses (eg: Information Technology, Healthcare, Education, Logistics, Distribution, Hospitality Financial and other services) is compelling corporates to adopt business improvemen...Increasing competition in service businesses (eg: Information Technology, Healthcare, Education, Logistics, Distribution, Hospitality Financial and other services) is compelling corporates to adopt business improvement philosophies and methodologies for addressing customer demands for better quality service and organizational demands for improving the profit margins through cost reduction. Many companies around the world have already implemented Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) as a way to manage and control their Information Technology (IT) Departments more effectively. These companies are now willing to improve their ITIL processes in order to become even more efficient. Lean Six Sigma is a methodology that has been suggested as a means to resolve these problems, reducing costs and improving quality. Its application in the IT Services area is becoming increasingly popular among researchers and academicians and can be used to conduct these improvements. Despite the application of lean six sigma approaches to different contexts in the service sector, the application of Lean Six Sigma approaches in service delivery specific to Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) remains largely untested. The purpose of this paper is to implement Integrated Lean Six Sigma for Software application support services and evaluate the benefits of continual service improvement over ITIL.展开更多
文摘Agarwood has the mixed scent of ambergris and sandalwood, and cannot be artificially synthesized. Due to massive logging, agarwood is now listed as an endangered plant. Agarwood tissue culture can save provenance for breeding. For different combinations of TDZ (Thidiazuron), BA (6-Benzylaminopurine), and activated carbon of different concentrations, this study used the six sigma, as well as design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize agarwood adventitious buds induced incidences and growth numbers. The results showed that, the combination of 4.0 ppm TDZ and 0.5 ppm BA, without activated carbon, had the best effect of adventitious bud induced incidence up to 21.75%, and adventitious bud growth number up to 24.8, improvements of 35.29% and 42.78%, respectively. The results verified that using the six sigma methodology could effectively enhance the induction of agarwood tissue culture adventitious buds, promote the blooming of agarwood in large numbers, and further realize agarwood restoration.
文摘Natural fibre reinforced polymer composite(NFRPC)materials are gaining popularity in the modern world due to their eco-friendliness,lightweight nature,life-cycle superiority,biodegradability,low cost,and noble mechanical properties.Due to the wide variety of materials available that have comparable attributes and satisfy the requirements of the product design specification,material selection has become a crucial component of design for engineers.This paper discusses the study’s findings in choosing the suitable thermoplastic matrices of Natural Fibre Composites for Cyclist Helmet utilising the DMAIC,and GRA approaches.The results are based on integrating two decision methods implemented utilising two distinct decision-making approaches:qualitative and quantitative.This study suggested thermoplastic polyethylene as a particularly ideal matrix in composite cyclist helmets during the selection process for the best thermoplastic matrices material using the 6σtechnique,with the decision based on the highest performance,the lightest weight,and the most environmentally friendly criteria.The DMAIC and GRA approach significantly influenced the material selection process by offering different tools for each phase.In the future study,selection technique may have been more exhaustive if more information from other factors had been added.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No:70572044)New Central Elitist(No:04-0240)
文摘Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), an optimizing model of concurrent parameter and tolerance design is proposed where response mean equals its target in the target being best. The optimizing function of the model is the sum of quality loss and tolerance cost subjecting to the variance confidence region of which six sigma capability can be assured. An example is illustrated in order to compare the differences between the developed model and the parameter design with minimum variance. The results show that the proposed method not only achieves robustness, but also greatly reduces cost. The objectives of high quality and low cost of product and process can be achieved simultaneously by the application of six sigma concurrent parameter and tolerance design.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Six Sigma (SS) methodology can be used to improve the performance of students in English as a second language and enhance the teaching process by utilizing quality tools in an educational environment. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper uses the different quality improvement tools within the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) phases to improve student performance in an English language class at a private school. Findings: Quality tools, such as cause and effect diagrams and quality function deployment, have been successfully applied within the Six Sigma DMAIC framework in the educational sector to improve the performance of students and enhance the teaching process. Practical Implications: This paper helps school administrations to analyze student performance and implement improvement actions to improve their performance. Originality/Value: The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate how quality improvement tools can be introduced and successfully applied in an elementary school to improve student performance and communication between the school administration, teachers and parents.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50475020).
文摘Iterations in optimization and numerical simulation for the sheet metal forming process may lead to extensive computation. In addition, uncertainties in materials or processing parameters may have great influence on the design quality. A six sigma optimization method is proposed, by combining the dual response surface method (DRSM) and six sigma philosophy, to save computation cost and improve reliability and robustness of parts. Using this method, statistical technology, including the design of experiment and analysis of variance, approximate model and six sigma philosophy are integrated together to achieve improved quality. Two sheet metal forming processes are provided as examples to illustrate the proposed method.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(No.2014028020)Liaoning Province Education Administration Project,China(No.L2013182)+1 种基金Railw ay Corporation Project,China(No.2014J004-N)Dalian Science and Technology Project,China(No.2015A11GX026)
文摘In engineering practice, influencing factors including material properties,external load,dimension error and so on,are uncertain to structural fatigue life,and those uncertain factors make the structure fatigue life have a wide dispersion. Aiming at this problem,the parametric model is built in this paper,and it is used to obtain the structural first principal stress in the module of probabilistic design system( PDS). Parameters of P-S-N are added to the parametric model,and then,the fatigue life of chosen points has been calculated automatically under the reliability of 0. 99. The fatigue life response surface model is obtained by simulation of the sampling points using Monte Carlo method. The six sigma robust optimization mathematical model of fatigue life is established with the combination of six sigma robust optimization and fatigue life response surface model. Take a railway passenger car battery hanging device as an example, and the mathematical model of optimization is established. The minimum mean and mean squared of structural fatigue life are obtained under the requirements of design fatigue life. The results show that the material has been saved by the new method,and the robustness of the fatigue life has been improved.
文摘The International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) provides to researchers and practitioners a repository of software projects’ data that has been used to date mostly for benchmarking and project estimation purposes, but rarely for software defects analysis. Sigma, in statistics, measures how far a process deviates from its goal. Six Sigma focuses on reducing variations within processes, because such variations may lead to an inconsistency in achieving projects’ specifications which represent “defects”, which mean not meeting customers’ satisfaction. Six Sigma provides two methodologies to solve organizations’ problems: “Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control” process cycle (DMAIC) and Design of Six Sigma (DFSS). The DMAIC focuses on improving the existed processes, while the DFSS focuses on redesigning the existing processes and developing new processes. This paper presents an approach to provide an analysis of ISBSG repository based on Six Sigma measurements. It investigates the use of the ISBSG data repository with some of the related Six Sigma measurement aspects, including Sigma defect measurement and software defect estimation. This study presents the dataset preparation consisting of two levels of data preparations, and then analyzed the quality-related data fields in the ISBSG MS-Excel data extract (Release 12 - 2013). It also presents an analysis of the extracted dataset of software projects. This study has found that the ISBSG MS-Excel data extract has a high ratio of missing data within the data fields of “Total Number of Defects” variable, which represents a serious challenge when the ISBSG dataset is being used for software defect estimation.
文摘Integrating Lean and Six Sigma found a powerful business tool for the strategy improvement process and saving time is produced. The main aim of this study is to identify the impact of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) practices on physiotherapy service quality at healthcare centers of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), using a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed among 49 physiotherapists working at UNRWA healthcare centers as a census sampling method between July 2016 and August 2017, following the stratified random sampling method. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between Lean Six Sigma (LSS) dimensions and the quality of healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units at the UNRWA healthcare centers. Moreover, the application of Lean Six Sigma dimensions was adopted at 81% of UNRWA healthcare centers. Moreover, the percentage of patients’ satisfaction regarding the quality of healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units was 89%. The study emphasized the effectiveness of Lean Six Sigma dimensions application on the quality healthcare services provided in physiotherapy units at the UNRWA healthcare centers. Furthermore, employee training and reward according to a needs assessment to implement Lean Six Sigma successfully is highly recommended.
基金Supported by Project of General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China(2011K067)
文摘Based on the survey of customer satisfaction,the authors found existing problems in inspection process of the food safety monitoring laboratory A( including the whole process from receiving samples to issue of inspection report),and determined solutions using flow chart supplied by sig sigma( 6σ) theory. Through comparing overall effect before and after improvement of the inspection process,it is proved that 6σmanagement theory is a new effective management tool for eliminating errors,simplifying process,and meeting requirements of customers to the maximal extent.
文摘Optimization of a manufacturing process results in higher productivity and reduced wastes. Production parameters of a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Pakistan is optimized by using six Sigma-Define, measure, analyze, improve, and controlmethodology. Production data is collected and analyzed. After analysis, experimental design result is used to identify significant factors affecting process performance. The significant factors are controlled to optimized level using two-level factorial design method. A regression model is developed that helps in the estimation of response under multi variable input values. Model is tested, verified, and validated by using industrial data collected at a local steel bar manufacturing industry of Peshawar(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). The sigma level of the manufacturing process is improved to 4.01 from 3.58. The novelty of the research is the identification of the significant factors along with the optimum levels that affects the process yield, and the methodology to optimize the steel bar manufacturing process.
文摘This paper presents a management process for creating adaptive, real-time security policies within the Six Sigma (6σ) framework. A key challenge for the creation of a management process is the integration with models of known Industrial processes. One of the most used industrial process models is Six Sigma which is a business management model wherein customer centric needs are put in perspective with business data to create an efficient system. The security policy creation and management process proposed in this paper is based on the Six Sigma model and presents a method to adapt security goals and risk management of a computing service. By formalizing a security policy management process within an industrial process model, the adaptability of this model to existing industrial tools is seamless and offers a clear risk based policy decision framework. In particular, this paper presents the necessary tools and procedures to map Six Sigma DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) methodology to security policy management.
文摘The importance of the project selection phase in any six sigma initiative cannot be emphasized enough. The successfulness of the six sigma initiative is affected by successful project selection. Recently, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been proposed as a six sigma project selection tool. However, there exist a number of different DEA formulations which may affect the selection process and the wining project being selected. This work initially applies nine different DEA formulations to several case studies and concludes that different DEA formulations select different wining projects. Also in this work, a Multi-DEA Unified Scoring Framework is proposed to overcome this problem. This framework is applied to several case studies and proved to successfully select the six sigma project with the best performance. The framework is also successful in filtering out some of the projects that have “selective” excellent performance, i.e. projects with excellent performance in some of the DEA formulations and worse performance in others. It is also successful in selecting stable projects;these are projects that perform well in the majority of the DEA formulations, even if it has not been selected as a wining project by any of the DEA formulations.
文摘Today, the demand for security software is Six Sigma quality, i.e. practically zero-defects. A practical and stochastic method is proposed for a Six Sigma security software quality management. Monte Carlo Simulation is used in a Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach to security software testing. This elaboration used a published real project’s data from the final product testing lasted for 15 weeks, after which the product was delivered. The experiment utilised the first 12 weeks’ data to allow the results verification on the actual data from the last three weeks. A hypothetical testing project was applied, supposed to be completed in 15 weeks. The product due-date was Week 16 with zero-defects quality assurance aim. The testing project was analysed at the end of the 12th week with three weeks of testing remaining. Running a Monte Carlo Simulation with data from the first 12 weeks produced results which indicated that the product would not be able to meet its due-date with the desired zero-defects quality. To quantify an improvement, another simulation was run to find when zero-defects would be achieved. Simulation predicted that zero-defects would be achieved in week 35 with 56% probability, and there would be 82 defects from Weeks 16 - 35. Therefore, to meet the quality goals, either more resources should be allocated to the project, or the deadline for the project should be moved to Week 36. The paper concluded that utilising Monte Carlo Simulations in a Six Sigma DMAIC structured framework is better than conventional approaches using static analysis methods. When the simulation results were compared to the actual data, it was found to be accurate within ﹣3.5% to +1.3%. This approach helps to improve software quality and achieve the zero-defects quality assurance goal, while assigning quality confidence levels to scheduled product releases.
文摘Increasing competition in service businesses (eg: Information Technology, Healthcare, Education, Logistics, Distribution, Hospitality Financial and other services) is compelling corporates to adopt business improvement philosophies and methodologies for addressing customer demands for better quality service and organizational demands for improving the profit margins through cost reduction. Many companies around the world have already implemented Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) as a way to manage and control their Information Technology (IT) Departments more effectively. These companies are now willing to improve their ITIL processes in order to become even more efficient. Lean Six Sigma is a methodology that has been suggested as a means to resolve these problems, reducing costs and improving quality. Its application in the IT Services area is becoming increasingly popular among researchers and academicians and can be used to conduct these improvements. Despite the application of lean six sigma approaches to different contexts in the service sector, the application of Lean Six Sigma approaches in service delivery specific to Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) remains largely untested. The purpose of this paper is to implement Integrated Lean Six Sigma for Software application support services and evaluate the benefits of continual service improvement over ITIL.