Loading direction dependence of asymmetric response of pyramidal slip in rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy

Textured magnesium alloys usually exhibit anisotropic mechanical behavior due to the asymmetric activation of different twinning and slipping modes.This work focuses on the pyramidal slip responses of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy under two loading conditions,compressive and tensile loading along the normal direction.Under the condition where the compressive loading direction is closely parallel to the c-axis of the unit cell,tensile twinning and basal slips are prohibited, dislocations then active and tend to accumulate at grain boundaries and form dislocation walls.Meanwhile,these dislocations exhibit zigzag morphologies,which result from the cross-slip from {10■1} first-order pyramidal plane to {11■2} second-order pyramidal plane,then back to {10■1} first-order pyramidal plane.Under the condition where tensile twins are prevalent,{10■1} first-order and {11■2} second-order pyramidal dislocations are favorable to be activated.Both types of dislocations behave climb-like dissociations onto the basal plane,forming zigzag dislocations.

Semantic segmentation of pyramidal neuron skeletons using geometric deep learning

Neurons can be abstractly represented as skeletons due to the filament nature of neurites.With the rapid development of imaging and image analysis techniques,an increasing amount of neuron skeleton data is being produced.In some scienti fic studies,it is necessary to dissect the axons and dendrites,which is typically done manually and is both tedious and time-consuming.To automate this process,we have developed a method that relies solely on neuronal skeletons using Geometric Deep Learning(GDL).We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using pyramidal neurons in mammalian brains,and the results are promising for its application in neuroscience studies.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure VII: Effects of Pyramid Power and Bio-Entanglement on the Circadian Rhythm of Biosensors

We have demonstrated the existence of a pyramid power and have revealed its characteristics by strictly scientific experiments using biosensors. We also revealed the existence of a Bio-Entanglement, an entangled relationship between biosensors. A parallel study of biosensors (edible cucumber slices) had also been conducted, and we found that the circadian rhythm of gas concentrations emitted from biosensors changes seasonally. The pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement did not change the number of cycles in the periodic approximation curve representing circadian rhythm. Therefore, in this paper we analyzed the influence of the pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement, i.e., their influence on the phase, amplitude, and correlation coefficient of the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm of emitted gas concentrations. The main results are as follows. 1) The pyramid power shifted the phase of the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm by 43 minutes. 2) The amplitude of the periodic approximation curve changed with the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement. The effect on the lower and upper sections of the biosensors stacked in two layers was different, with a tendency to increase the amplitude of the lower layer and decrease the amplitude of the upper layer. 3) The pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affected the correlation coefficient between gas concentration and the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm of gas concentration. The effect on the lower and upper layers of the biosensors was different, with a tendency for the lower layer correlation coefficient to be larger and the upper layer correlation coefficient to be smaller. Previously we demonstrated that the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affect the ratio of gas concentration, i.e., psi index Ψ. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affect time, i.e., phase difference.

Dissociation of edge and screw pyramidal Ⅰ and Ⅱ dislocations in magnesium

Pyramidal dislocations in magnesium (Mg) and other hexagonal close-packed metals play an important role in accommodating plastic strains along the c-axis.Bulk single crystal Mg only presents very limited plasticity in c-axis compression,and this behavior was attributed to out-of-plane dissociation of pyramidal dislocations onto the basal plane and resulted in an immobile dislocation configuration.In contrast,other simulations and experiments reported in-plane dissociation of pyramidal dislocations on their slip planes.Thus,the core structure and mode of dissociation of pyramidal dislocations are still not well understood.To better understand the dissociation behavior of pyramidal dislocations in Mg at room temperature,in this work,atomistic simulations were conducted to investigate four types of pyramidal dislocations at 300 K:edge and screw Py-Ⅰ on{1011},edge and screw Py-Ⅱ on{1122}by using a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential for Mg and anisotropic elasticity dislocation model.The results show that when energy minimization was performed before relaxation,in-plane dissociation of edge dislocations on respective pyramidal plane could be obtained at room temperature for all four types of dislocation.Without energy minimization,the edge dislocations dissociated out-of-plane onto the basal plane.Calculations of potential energy and hydrostatic stress of individual atoms at the edge dislocation core show that the extraordinarily high energy and atomic stresses in the as-constructed dislocation structures caused the out-of-plane dissociation onto the basal plane.The core structures of all four types of pyramidal dislocation after in-plane dissociation were analyzed by computing the distribution of the Burgers vector.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure VIII: Exploration of Periodic Diurnal Oscillation of Pyramid Power and Bio-Entanglement

To date, numerous books have been published on so-called “pyramid power” but there have been few academic papers on this subject other than our own. Since 2007, to demonstrate the pyramid power, we have undertaken strictly scientific experiments using a pyramidal structure (PS) that we have carefully constructed. In previous reports, we used the edible cucumber, Cucumis sativus as an effective and practical biosensor. Through measurement and analysis of volatile components (gas concentrations) emitted from the biosensor, we were able to demonstrate the existence of the pyramid power and revealed some of its characteristics. In a paper published in 2022, we showed that gas concentration release from this biosensor displayed a circadian rhythm and that this rhythm changed with the season. Based on the result that the biosensor had a periodic diurnal oscillation called a circadian rhythm, we questioned whether or not pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement also had periodic diurnal oscillations. In this paper, we investigated that possibility. Our results have shown that pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement do not exhibit significant periodic diurnal oscillations. Thus we have revealed for the first time that the field associated with pyramid power is a type of static field that always exerts a constant influence. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

Deep Pyramidal Residual Network for Indoor-Outdoor Activity Recognition Based on Wearable Sensor

Recognition of human activity is one of the most exciting aspects of time-series classification,with substantial practical and theoretical impli-cations.Recent evidence indicates that activity recognition from wearable sensors is an effective technique for tracking elderly adults and children in indoor and outdoor environments.Consequently,researchers have demon-strated considerable passion for developing cutting-edge deep learning sys-tems capable of exploiting unprocessed sensor data from wearable devices and generating practical decision assistance in many contexts.This study provides a deep learning-based approach for recognizing indoor and outdoor movement utilizing an enhanced deep pyramidal residual model called Sen-PyramidNet and motion information from wearable sensors(accelerometer and gyroscope).The suggested technique develops a residual unit based on a deep pyramidal residual network and introduces the concept of a pyramidal residual unit to increase detection capability.The proposed deep learning-based model was assessed using the publicly available 19Nonsens dataset,which gathered motion signals from various indoor and outdoor activities,including practicing various body parts.The experimental findings demon-strate that the proposed approach can efficiently reuse characteristics and has achieved an identification accuracy of 96.37%for indoor and 97.25%for outdoor activity.Moreover,comparison experiments demonstrate that the SenPyramidNet surpasses other cutting-edge deep learning models in terms of accuracy and F1-score.Furthermore,this study explores the influence of several wearable sensors on indoor and outdoor action recognition ability.

Control of GaN inverted pyramids growth on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates

Growth of gallium nitride(GaN)inverted pyramids on c-plane sapphire substrates is benefit for fabricating novel devices as it forms the semipolar facets.In this work,GaN inverted pyramids are directly grown on c-plane patterned sapphire substrates(PSS)by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy(MOVPE).The influences of growth conditions on the surface morphol-ogy are experimentally studied and explained by Wulff constructions.The competition of growth rate among{0001},{1011},and{1122}facets results in the various surface morphologies of GaN.A higher growth temperature of 985 ℃ and a lowerⅤ/Ⅲratio of 25 can expand the area of{}facets in GaN inverted pyramids.On the other hand,GaN inverted pyramids with almost pure{}facets are obtained by using a lower growth temperature of 930℃,a higherⅤ/Ⅲratio of 100,and PSS with pattern arrangement perpendicular to the substrate primary flat.

An anti-aliasing filtering of quantum images in spatial domain using a pyramid structure

As a part of quantum image processing,quantum image filtering is a crucial technology in the development of quantum computing.Low-pass filtering can effectively achieve anti-aliasing effects on images.Currently,most quantum image filterings are based on classical domains and grayscale images,and there are relatively fewer studies on anti-aliasing in the quantum domain.This paper proposes a scheme for anti-aliasing filtering based on quantum grayscale and color image scaling in the spatial domain.It achieves the effect of anti-aliasing filtering on quantum images during the scaling process.First,we use the novel enhanced quantum representation(NEQR)and the improved quantum representation of color images(INCQI)to represent classical images.Since aliasing phenomena are more pronounced when images are scaled down,this paper focuses only on the anti-aliasing effects in the case of reduction.Subsequently,we perform anti-aliasing filtering on the quantum representation of the original image and then use bilinear interpolation to scale down the image,achieving the anti-aliasing effect.The constructed pyramid model is then used to select an appropriate image for upscaling to the original image size.Finally,the complexity of the circuit is analyzed.Compared to the images experiencing aliasing effects solely due to scaling,applying anti-aliasing filtering to the images results in smoother and clearer outputs.Additionally,the anti-aliasing filtering allows for manual intervention to select the desired level of image smoothness.

IMTNet:Improved Multi-Task Copy-Move Forgery Detection Network with Feature Decoupling and Multi-Feature Pyramid

Copy-Move Forgery Detection(CMFD)is a technique that is designed to identify image tampering and locate suspicious areas.However,the practicality of the CMFD is impeded by the scarcity of datasets,inadequate quality and quantity,and a narrow range of applicable tasks.These limitations significantly restrict the capacity and applicability of CMFD.To overcome the limitations of existing methods,a novel solution called IMTNet is proposed for CMFD by employing a feature decoupling approach.Firstly,this study formulates the objective task and network relationship as an optimization problem using transfer learning.Furthermore,it thoroughly discusses and analyzes the relationship between CMFD and deep network architecture by employing ResNet-50 during the optimization solving phase.Secondly,a quantitative comparison between fine-tuning and feature decoupling is conducted to evaluate the degree of similarity between the image classification and CMFD domains by the enhanced ResNet-50.Finally,suspicious regions are localized using a feature pyramid network with bottom-up path augmentation.Experimental results demonstrate that IMTNet achieves faster convergence,shorter training times,and favorable generalization performance compared to existingmethods.Moreover,it is shown that IMTNet significantly outperforms fine-tuning based approaches in terms of accuracy and F_(1).

Two-Layer Attention Feature Pyramid Network for Small Object Detection

Effective small object detection is crucial in various applications including urban intelligent transportation and pedestrian detection.However,small objects are difficult to detect accurately because they contain less information.Many current methods,particularly those based on Feature Pyramid Network(FPN),address this challenge by leveraging multi-scale feature fusion.However,existing FPN-based methods often suffer from inadequate feature fusion due to varying resolutions across different layers,leading to suboptimal small object detection.To address this problem,we propose the Two-layerAttention Feature Pyramid Network(TA-FPN),featuring two key modules:the Two-layer Attention Module(TAM)and the Small Object Detail Enhancement Module(SODEM).TAM uses the attention module to make the network more focused on the semantic information of the object and fuse it to the lower layer,so that each layer contains similar semantic information,to alleviate the problem of small object information being submerged due to semantic gaps between different layers.At the same time,SODEM is introduced to strengthen the local features of the object,suppress background noise,enhance the information details of the small object,and fuse the enhanced features to other feature layers to ensure that each layer is rich in small object information,to improve small object detection accuracy.Our extensive experiments on challenging datasets such as Microsoft Common Objects inContext(MSCOCO)and Pattern Analysis Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning,Visual Object Classes(PASCAL VOC)demonstrate the validity of the proposedmethod.Experimental results show a significant improvement in small object detection accuracy compared to state-of-theart detectors.

Experimental Study on Improving Performance and Productivity of Pyramid Solar StillUsing Rotation Technique

Globally,potable water scarcity is pervasive problem.The solar distillation device is a straightforward apparatus that has been purposefully engineered to convert non-potable water into potable water.The experimental study is distinctive due to the implementation of a rotational mechanism within the pyramidal solar still(PSS),which serves to enhance the evaporation and condensation processes.The objective of this research study is to examine the impact of integrating rotational motion into pyramidal solar stills on various processes:water distillation,evaporation,condensation,heat transfer,and energy waste reduction,shadow effects,and low water temperature in saline environments.Ultimately,the study aims to enhance the production of distilled water.An economic evaluation was undertaken in order to ascertain the extent of cost reduction.Experiments measuring freshwater productivity and thermal performance were conducted over a three-month period at the University of Science and Technology in Tehran.The entire pyramid structure was rotated using a direct current motor driven by a photovoltaic cell.The research methodology entailed the operation of a PSS with varying rotational speeds(0.125,0.25,1,and 1.5 rpm)and without rotation,from 9 am to 4 pm.The findings suggested that the productivity of the distillation apparatus in terms of distilled water increased as the rotation speed rose,with the most pronounced increase occurring at 1 rpm in comparison to the other conditions.The presence of turbulence in the water enhanced the heat transfer occurring between the absorber plate and thewater.At 2:00 p.m.on an experimental day,this effect was observed when the absorber plate temperature reached 79.1°C at 1.5 rpm.In contrast,its temperature decreased to 78°C when not in a state of rotation,as the intensity of solar radiation was higher in the non-rotation state.At 1 rpm,the solar pyramid distiller achieved a 30.2%increase in output compared to its non-rotating state.At 1 rpm,the distiller achieved a 20.6%increase in output compared to 0.25 revolutions per minute.In addition to the control condition,the thermal efficiency of the solar still varied as follows:at 1,1.5,0.25,and 0.125 rpm,it was 46.2%;at 44.2%,37.8%;at 35.3%;and at 36.6%,respectively.Furthermore,distilled water generated by a pyramid solar still with rotation(PSSR)is priced at$0.03 per liter,whereas it costs$0.0317 per liter when produced by a pyramid solar still without rotation(PSS without R).

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Pyramid-Type Solar Still Coupled with Magnetic and Electrical Effects by UsingMatlab Simulation

In the face of an escalating global water crisis,countries worldwide grapple with the crippling effects of scarcity,jeopardizing economic progress and hindering societal advancement.Solar energy emerges as a beacon of hope,offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to desalination.Solar distillation technology,harnessing the power of the sun,transforms seawater into freshwater,expanding the availability of this precious resource.Optimizing solar still performance under specific climatic conditions and evaluating different configurations is crucial for practical implementation and widespread adoption of solar energy.In this study,we conducted theoretical investigations on three distinct solar still configurations to evaluate their performance under Baghdad’s climatic conditions.The solar stills analyzed include the passive solar still,themodified solar still coupled with a magnetic field,and themodified solar still coupled with bothmagnetic and electrical fields.The results proved that the evaporation heat transfer coefficient peaked at 14:00,reaching 25.05 W/m^(2).℃for the convention pyramid solar still(CPSS),32.33 W/m^(2).℃for the magnetic pyramid solar still(MPSS),and 40.98 W/m^(2).℃for elecro-magnetic pyramid solar still(EMPSS),highlighting their efficiency in converting solar energy to vapor.However,exergy efficiency remained notably lower,at 1.6%,5.31%,and 7.93%for the three still types,even as energy efficiency reached its maximum of 18.6%at 14:00 with a corresponding peak evaporative heat of 162.4 W/m^(2).

Aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with corona radiata infarct A diffusion tensor tractography study

The aberrant pyramidal tract refers to the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 63-year-old male patient presented with severe paralysis of the left extremities due to a right corona radiata infarct. He was able to extend the affected fingers against resistance at 2 months after stroke onset. At 6 months after stroke onset, he was able to perform some fine motor activities, as well as to walk with a nearly normal gait. Functional MRI, which was performed at 6 months after onset, showed that the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex was activated during affected （left） hand movements. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that at 2 weeks after stroke onset, pyramidal tracts of the affected hemisphere originated from the primary motor cortex and descended along the known pathway of the pyramidal tract with an aberrant pyramidal tract, which was bypassed through the medial lemniscus from the midbrain to the lower pons. However, the pyramidal tract from midbrain to pons in the affected hemisphere could not be depicted by diffusion tensor tractography at 6 months after stroke onset; instead, only the aberrant pyramidal tract existed for the course of the disappeared pyramidal tract. Results from this study indicate that the main motor functions of the affected extremities appeared to be controlled via the aberrant pyramidal tract with degeneration of the pyramidal tract in the brainstem of the affected hemisphere.

Structural changes in pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the unaffected side of the sensorimotor cortex following transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct

Very little is known about the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses of the contralateral, unaffected sensorimotor cortex in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying improved motor function via transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training following cerebral infarction. Results showed that rehabilitation training or transcranial magnetic stimulation alone reduced neurological impairment in rats following cerebral infarction, as well as significantly increased synaptic curvatures and post-synaptic density in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex and narrowed the synapse cleft width. In addition, the percentage of perforated synapses increased. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation resulted in significantly increased total dendritic length, dendritic branching points, and dendritic density in layer V pyramidal cells of the non-injured cerebral hemisphere motor cortex. These results demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training altered structural parameters of pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex, thereby improving the ability to compensate for neurological functions in rats following cerebral infarction.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure II

Research on “pyramid power” began in the late 1930s. To date, many documents on “pyramid power” have been published. We have been conducting scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS) since October 2007. The research focuses on the detection of a non-contact effect of the unexplained “power” of the PS on biosensors (i.e., edible cucumber sections of Cucumis sativus “white spine type”) placed at the top of the PS. In this paper, in particular, we compared the non-contact effect of upper and lower biosensors placed in two layers on the PS apex, and we analyzed the difference of the non-contact effect due to the difference in the layers. The magnitude of the non-contact effect was represented by the calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL) calculated from gas concentrations emitted from the biosensors. A method to determine the presence or absence of the non-contact effect by analyzing the gas concentrations was developed by the International Research Institute (IRI). Ψ(E-CAL), which represents the magnitude of the non-contact effect, was the average value of the respective non-contact effect of the upper and lower biosensors stacked in two layers on the PS apex. We conducted the analysis on the assumption that the non-contact effect on the upper and lower biosensors might be different. Therefore, we considered that upper and lower biosensor calibration was required for Ψ(E-CAL), and we introduced a new calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL)Layer. Scientifically rigorous experiments to date have detected Ψ(E-CAL) with statistical significance and have demonstrated potential power of the PS (p = 6.0 × 10-3;Welch’s t-test, two-tails, the following p values are also the Welch’s t-test values). Based on data demonstrating the potential power of the PS, we analyzed the non-contact effects on the upper and lower biosensors of the PS apex. We obtained a surprising result that the non-contact effect on the upper biosensors (farther from the PS) was larger than that on the lower biosensors (closer to the PS) (p = 4.0 × 10-7). This suggested that the characteristic of the potential power of the PS, which is considered to exist near the PS apex, is distinctive. We also found that the non-contact effect due to the potential power of the PS varies with the season, and is large in summer and small in winter. In our discussion, we proposed a model that could theoretically explain the experimental results that the non-contact effect on the upper biosensors at the PS apex is larger than the lower biosensors. In proposing this model, we assumed that there were two different types of potential power at the PS apex and that the biosensors had two different gas-generating reactions. In a simulation using the model, the experimental results were well approximated in which the non-contact effect on the biosensors differs depending on the difference between the upper and lower layers. The results of this paper are the world’s first to prove aspects of the “pyramid power” through scientifically rigorous experiments and analysis. These results will become a new field of science in the future, and their broad applications are expected.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure

There have been various traditions and books which describe a so-called “pyramid power”, but there have been almost no reliable academic studies and no statistically significant data about it. We have continued scientifically rigorous experiments using biosensors to elucidate unexplained functions of a pyramidal structure (PS) since 2007. We used edible cucumber sections as biosensors and measured the concentrations of gas emitted from the sections by a technique developed by our group. From them we have demonstrated with high statistical accuracy the existence of the “pyramid power”, which was often recognized as having no scientific basis. We reached two conclusions from the work. 1) The PS converted the unconsciousness of a human (the test subject) more than 6 km away to energy detectable by the biosensors (1% significance). 2) The PS accumulated the influence that a human (the test subject) had when meditating within the PS. Then the PS converted the influence into the energy detectable by the biosensors (10-3% significance). These two conclusions showed that the functions of the PS were detected when “the PS and a human were related”. On the other hand, we hypothesized that the potential power of the PS could be detected even when “the PS and a human were not related”. In this paper, our purpose is to verify the existence of the potential power of the PS alone by experiment when “the PS and a human were not related”. The following three results were obtained by experiment. 1) The presence of the potential power of the PS was demonstrated with 1% significance. 2) The potential power of the PS changed in value between summer and winter, and it was clear that the non-contact effect on the biosensors was larger in summer and smaller in winter. 3) The potential power of the PS affected only the biosensors placed at the PS apex, and did not affect the biosensors placed at the calibration control point 8 m away from the PS. This paper is the first report in the world to show this type of effect by scientific measurements. Our research results may open up a new science field of “pyramid power”, from which we expect further development of fields applying this “pyramid power”.

Motor recovery via aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with traumatic brain injury A diffusion tensor tractography study

The aberrant pyramidal tract is the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 21-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis due to a traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata. His motor function recovered almost to the normal state at 10 months after onset. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the pyramidal tract in the affected （left） hemisphere showed discontinuation at the pontine level at 13 months after onset. An aberrant pyramidal tract was observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area and descended through the corona radiata, then through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, finally entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction, it suggests that the motor functions of the right extremities in this patient had recovered by this aberrant pyramidal tract.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure III: Discovery of Pyramid Effects with and without Seasonal Variation

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify the pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types. (i) The pyramid effects in which the PS converted the test subject’s unexplained energy to affect biosensors when the test subject entered the PS and meditated. (ii) The pyramid effects in which the potential power of the PS affected biosensors if the test subject had not been inside the PS for at least 20 days and the test subject’s unexplained energy was excluded. In this paper, we report new results regarding (ii). As a result of dividing a year according to the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn and analyzing the pyramid effect of each period, the following points were found. 1) There was a pyramid effect without seasonal variation. The pyramid effect on the lower and upper layers was different throughout the year for the biosensors placed at the PS apex in two layers, regardless of the season. 2) There was a pyramid effect with seasonal variation. The value of the psi index, which indicates the magnitude of the pyramid effect, changed as the seasons changed, while different pyramid effects were maintained on the lower and upper layers. Regarding the change in the pyramid effect depending on the season, the psi index in summer was larger than that in winter in both the lower and upper layers. From these results, we found that there are two types of potential power at the PS apex: seasonal potential power and non-seasonal potential power.

The optimum layer number of multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns under in-plane compression

The effect of the face thickness to core height ratio on different multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns under in-plane compression is investigated theoretically and numerically. Numerical simulation is in good agreement with theory. Results indicate that one specified face thickness to core height ratio corresponds to one optimum layer number of multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns in consideration of engineering application. This result can guide the sandwich structure design.

Motor recovery via aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with a cerebral peduncle infarct

The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old right-handed female patient with an infarct in the mid to lateral portion of the left cerebra peduncle, who showed an aberrant pyramidal tract by diffusion tensor tractography. The patient presented with severe weakness of the right extremities at stroke onset. The patient showed progressive motor recovery as much as being able to extend the affected extremities against some resistance at 6 months after onset. At 20 months after stroke onset, motor function of the left extremities had recovered to a nearly normal state. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that the PT was disrupted at the lower midbrain of the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after stroke onset and this disruption was not changed at 20 months. An aberrant pyramidal tract in the left hemisphere was also observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and descended through the corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, and then entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potential from the affected hand muscle at 3 weeks, but it elicited motor evoked potential with mildly delayed latency and low amplitude in the affected hand muscle at 20 months. The main motor functions of the affected extremities in this patient appeared to be recovered via this aberrant pyramidal tract.