New indices to balanceα-diversity against tree size inequality

The number and composition of species in a community can be quantified withα-diversity indices,including species richness(R),Simpson’s index(D),and the Shannon-Wiener index(H΄).In forest communities,there are large variations in tree size among species and individu-als of the same species,which result in differences in eco-logical processes and ecosystem functions.However,tree size inequality(TSI)has been largely neglected in studies using the available diversity indices.The TSI in the diameter at breast height(DBH)data for each of 99920 m×20 m forest census quadrats was quantified using the Gini index(GI),a measure of the inequality of size distribution.The generalized performance equation was used to describe the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of the cumulative proportion of DBH and the cumulative proportion of number of trees per quadrat.We also examined the relationships ofα-diversity indices with the GI using correlation tests.The generalized performance equation effectively described the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of DBH distributions,with most root-mean-square errors(990 out of 999 quadrats)being<0.0030.There were significant positive correlations between each of threeα-diversity indices(i.e.,R,D,and H’)and the GI.Nevertheless,the total abundance of trees in each quadrat did not significantly influence the GI.This means that the TSI increased with increasing spe-cies diversity.Thus,two new indices are proposed that can balanceα-diversity against the extent of TSI in the com-munity:(1−GI)×D,and(1−GI)×H’.These new indices were significantly correlated with the original D and H΄,and did not increase the extent of variation within each group of indices.This study presents a useful tool for quantifying both species diversity and the variation in tree sizes in forest communities,especially in the face of cumulative species loss under global climate change.

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE INNER CORE SIZE AND OUTER SIZE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AND THEIR INTENSITY

Based on the Regional Spectral Model(RSM) re-analysis data from Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) with a horizontal resolution of 20 km and a time interval of 6 h,this study works on the outer and inner core size of 2174 samples of tropical cyclones(TCs) occurring over the western North Pacific between 2001 and 2007.Some conclusions have been drawn on the basis of preliminary analysis of the TC inner core size and outer size and their relationship with TC intensity.First,the outer size increase(decrease) helps TCs intensify(weaken).Second,the enlargement(shrinking) of the inner core size helps TCs intensify(weaken) if TCs have a large inner core(with radius of maximum winds larger than 120 km).Contrarily,when TCs have small inner core(with radius of maximum winds smaller than 120 km),the enlargement(shrinking) of the inner core is good for weakening(intensifying) of TCs.

Inner and outer pressure forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections

A novel forming method of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections was proposed by using inner and outer pressure with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium at room temperature,and the principle of the method was provided.Experiments and FE simulations were carried out to analyze the deformation characteristics for the part with larger variable diameter ratio(35%).The results show that visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of the room-temperature deformation condition for nickel based super-alloy sheet.The inner and outer pressure forming with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of dimensional accuracy for the thin-walled part with variable diameter sections.The thinning of wall-thickness is less than 4%.This method provides a new approach for near-net shape forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled parts with variable diameter sections.

Influences of the inner diameter of the solid shielding tube on the characteristics of the radio-frequency cold atmospheric plasma jet

Active control of the local environment of the cold atmospheric plasma(CAP) jet is of great importance in actual applications since the CAP operates in an open atmosphere with the inevitable entrainment of the surrounding cold air. In this paper, the solid shielding effects of the cylindrical quartz tubes with different inner diameters on the characteristics of the CAP jets driven by a radio-frequency(RF) power supply are studied experimentally. The experimental results show that the total length of the shielded plasma jet can be increased significantly by an appropriate combination of the quartz tube inner diameter and that of the plasma generator nozzle exit with other parameters being unchanged. This phenomenon may be qualitatively attributed to the loss of diffusion of the charged particles in the radial direction under different inner diameters of the quartz tubes. Compared with the plasma free jet, the plasma shielding jet is produced with optimized parameters including longer plasma jet length, higher concentrations of chemically reactive species, higher rotational, vibrational, and electron excitation temperatures when the inner diameters of the solid shielding tube and the generator nozzle exit are the same. A maximum plasma jet length of 52.0 cm is obtained in contrast to that of 5.0 cm of the plasma free jet in this study. The experimental results indicate that the solid shielding effect provides a new method for the active control of the local environment of the RF-CAP jet operating in an open atmosphere.

Mode-Field-Diameter and the Coupling Loss between Inner and Outer Segment of Photoreceptors

The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision. The mode-field-diameter (MFD) is a very important parameter of a single-mode waveguide, and it is related to many important optical characteristics of a single-mode waveguide. Here we show that MFDs of outer segments of human foveal cones are close to the minimum values at their geometric diameter for outer segments of foveal cones. Small MFD of outer segment is important for eyes to have high spatial resolution and low interaction between neighboring cones. We propose that the ellipsoids of foveal cones act as spot size converters to reduce the coupling losses between myoids and outer segments.

Effect of Velocity Ratio,Viscosity Ratio,Contact Angle,and Channel Size Ratio on Droplet Formation

This study uses a T-junction to examine the effects of different parameters(velocity ratio,viscosity,contact angle,and channel size ratio)on the generation of microdroplets,related rate,and size.More specifically,numerical simulations are exploited to investigate situations with a velocity varying from 0.004 to 1.6 m/s for the continuous phase and from 0.004 to 0.8 m/s for the dispersed phase,viscosity ratios(0.668,1,6.689,10,66.899),contact angle 80°<θ<270°and four different canal size ratios(1,1.5,2 and 4).The results show that canal size influences droplet size and the generation rate.The contact angle has an impact on the form and the quality of generated droplets.Moreover,the relationship between velocity and viscosity ratios,droplet size,and generation rate is non-monotonic.

气体流量和喷嘴直径对鼓泡塔内气泡大小和形状分布的影响

通过高速摄影结合图像处理算法,研究气体流量和喷嘴直径对气泡尺寸和纵横比分布的影响。结果表明,在所有喷嘴直径下,气泡当量直径的概率密度呈现双峰分布,其中第一个峰值接近直径为1.5~2 mm的小气泡区域,另一个峰值位于较大的气泡区域。将气体流量从0.1 L/min增加到0.2 L/min会导致大气泡的概率密度更高,表明气泡聚并现象普遍存在。当气体流量增加至1.2L/min时,峰值对应的气泡直径变小,并且气泡破裂占主导地位。对于直径为1~2 mm的气泡,形状受气体流量的影响较小,而3~9 mm的气泡在所有气体流量下气泡纵横比概率密度分布的峰值均位于纵横比E=0.5处。Iguchi和Chihara提出的模型能更好地预测气泡脱离直径随气体流量的增大的变化。

前混合水射流喷丸单丸粒冲击特性研究

单丸粒冲击特性是研究混合射流表面喷丸强度和覆盖率的基础指标,丸粒特性与靶材特性均会对冲击后的弹坑形态产生影响。以不同热处理后的18CrNiMo7-6低碳合金钢为靶材,研究了不同丸粒冲击条件下的弹坑特性。从弹坑形成机理出发,建立了单丸粒冲击弹坑尺寸模型,并通过试验研究,修正了高硬度靶材弹坑的误差,使弹坑深度预测误差降低到30%以下。在此基础上,研究了弹坑相关特征参数(深径比、坑深坑直径占比、脊高)的规律。结果表明,丸粒硬度和靶材硬度对深径比以及坑深直径占比影响最为显著,而弹坑周边的脊状结构只存在于低硬度靶材中。各参数对脊高的影响由大到小分别为丸粒直径、丸粒硬度和丸粒速度。

岩石类材料直接拉伸破坏的FDEM数值模拟

有限元-离散元耦合算法(FDEM)在岩石裂纹扩展模拟中广泛应用,尤其在直接拉伸模拟中用于参数校核。然而,模拟结果通常受到拉伸速率和网格尺寸的影响。本文首先阐述FDEM基本原理;然后,建立直接拉伸数值计算模型,探究拉伸速率、网格尺寸及高径比对破坏模式和力学参数的影响;最后,给出直接拉伸模拟中建议采用的拉伸速率和网格尺寸。研究结果表明:随着拉伸速率增加,试样抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增加,而平均弹性模量减小;在较低拉伸速率下(v≤0.01 m/s),试样仅产生1条主拉伸裂缝;当拉伸速率较高时,有分支裂缝出现在主拉伸裂缝上侧。网格尺寸对抗拉强度、峰值应变率和平均弹性模量的影响较小,但对破坏模式和破坏程度的影响较显著。随着高径比增加,试样的抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增大,但平均弹性模量呈相反趋势,并且高径比对破坏程度的影响较为显著。建议在直接拉伸模拟中使用0.01 m/s的拉伸速率,并将网格尺寸限制在1.5 mm以内。

基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法

基于光散射原理测定粉尘质量浓度只能定时定点手动检测,实时性差,且只能检测出粉尘质量浓度,并不能给出粒径分布范围。目前基于图像分析的粉尘颗粒检测研究主要是针对粉尘质量浓度或粒径分布进行单方面研究,并不能实现粉尘质量浓度和粒径分布范围的同时检测。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法,探究图像特征与粉尘质量浓度、粒径分布间的关系。通过粉尘样本收集及图像采集装置,采集粉尘颗粒图像并获取采集图像时的粉尘质量浓度。编写粉尘样本图像处理算法,提取图像的灰度特征、纹理特征、几何特征相关参数。对提取的图像特征与实测粉尘质量浓度进行相关性分析,选取相关性较大的图像特征作为参数建立回归数学模型。提取粉尘颗粒对象像素点个数,结合转换系数,基于几何当量等效面积径计算粉尘粒径大小及分布范围。实验结果表明:实测粉尘质量浓度与建立的图像特征多元非线性回归模型数学模型计算值间的平均相对误差为12.37%,标准实测粒径与几何当量等效面积径得到的粒径分布间的最大相对误差为8.63%,平均相对误差为6.37%,验证了基于图像特征的粉尘质量浓度回归数学模型和基于几何当量等效面积径分布数学模型的准确性。

可调式专用内径尺的设计

内径是孔类零件加工过程中的关键几何尺寸,是加工过程中的必检项。针对目前专用内径尺检测效率不足的问题,设计了一种可调式专用内径尺。本文对设计方案进行了介绍,完成加工后通过试验对可调式专用内径尺的稳定性与检测时间进行了分析,与传统的专用内径尺相比,可调式专用内径尺在保持稳定性的同时,检测时间更短。在保证检测数据可信的同时,达到提高检测效率的目的。

轴承套圈整径机用活动挡料装置的结构设计

本设计旨在提供一种轴承套圈内径整径机上料用的活动挡料装置,本装置的设计实现了内径整径机按序上料、防止工件随意滚落的目的,有助于提高加工产品的材料利用率和精度。

日钢大型高炉经济炼铁技术的应用效果

经济炼铁是基于系统集成的炼铁技术,运用经营理念指导炼铁生产实践,从而实现炼铁的经营目标。日钢根据自身的原燃料条件和技术经验,在新建3000m高炉时,对炉型设计充分优化,并创新性地把各系统先进技术进行集成应用,为高炉经济开炉及经济运行打下了良好基础。通过采取保障原燃料质量、控制合理的煤气流分布、活跃炉缸、优化渣相等措施,高炉实现了经济冶炼条件下炉况长期稳定顺行,生铁成本优势明显。2023年1-8月,对比沿江沿海25家钢企同类高炉综合生铁成本,日钢大型高炉生铁成本领先82元/t。

Genetic Analysis on the Lambing Effects of Ewe Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the genetic law of litter size of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat.[Method] A total of 22 721 litter records from 3 044 mothers were statistically analyzed.[Result] As shown by the least square variance analysis,the sex,parity and birth type had significant effect on lamb birth weight.As indicated by restricted maximum likelihood method,the parity,population and maternal effect influenced litter size significantly.The birth weight heritability of single lamb,twins and total was 0.16,0.40 and 0.17,respectively.[Conclusion] The study provided a certain basis for the establishment of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat line with superior reproductive performance.

层状地基中海洋大直径管桩水平动力响应分析

考虑桩−海水−层状土相互作用,研究了水平动荷载作用下层状地基中海洋大直径管桩的动力响应特性。将海水视为无黏性可压缩流体介质建立桩周、桩芯海水的运动方程,通过分离变量法并结合海水的边界条件求得桩周、桩芯海水作用在管桩上的动水压力。将海床土体视为黏弹性介质并考虑其成层非均质性,利用微分变化并结合土体振动边界条件解得桩周、桩芯土体作用在管桩上的水平抗力。进而根据各桩段上水平力的平衡建立管桩控制方程,利用传递矩阵法并结合桩身的连续条件以及桩顶、桩底的边界条件,得到层状海床土中海洋大直径管桩的水平动力响应解析解,给出了桩顶位移解析表达式。将所得解与有限元模拟结果以及退化解与已有文献解进行对比,验证了本研究计算方法的合理性。并基于所得解分析了管桩−海水−层状土系统水平动力响应对动水压力、水深、土体模量、土层厚度等关键参数的敏感性。

精密位移传递的直径三点轴承内外径高精度检测

基于V形块角分线特性,结合光栅精密位移测量技术,通过精密位移传递方式实现了轴承内外径的检测.此方法通过测量直径三点空间距离进行内外径检测,计算时不存在数据拟合误差,且对不同曲率轴承可实现快速装夹,测量效率及精度高.先通过建立坐标系推导了基于该测量方法的位移传递数学模型,为精度分析提供理论基础;然后分析了轴承夹具装调误差、杠杆传感器装调误差、轴承最大直径寻迹误差及位移台轴系正交性误差对测量精度的影响;并根据提出的V形块角分线多点对准法实现了轴承夹具的高精度装调;最后搭建实验平台,进行了高精度环规内径测量实验.实际检测结果表明,基于该测量方法搭建的系统对直径分别为75.0004和24.9994 mm环规测量的准确度分别为0.68和0.69μm,满足精密轴承内外径检测的需求.

多毛细管中子聚焦透镜仿真模拟及实验研究

为了分析中子波长,透镜几何参数对透镜聚焦性能的影响,利用MATLAB进行仿真建模和编程,根据射线追迹法模拟中子束在透镜中的传输;利用中国散裂中子源提供的0.10~1.18 nm波段多色中子束测试透镜聚焦性能.结果表明,透镜对所测宽波段中子束调控所得焦斑的模拟值562.0μm和实测值549.0μm非常接近,验证了仿真模型和程序的正确性.对实测焦斑数据进行分析得出:该透镜适用于0.20~1.18 nm波段;在适用波段内,焦斑尺寸与波长呈正相关,增益整体呈现先增大后降低的趋势.对通道内径变量系列仿真发现,在保证内外径比为0.8的前提下,降低微通道内径有利于获得具有高倍增益的小焦斑.

不同结构参数对喷头雾化特性的影响规律

针对目前雾化喷嘴存在的雾化压力高、雾化范围小等问题,设计了一种雾化喷头,并分析了该喷头的雾化特性.利用激光粒度测试仪探究压力为0.15~0.30 MPa、出口直径为0.3~0.9 mm等条件下对喷头雾化锥角、速度场和液滴粒径的影响,获取了不同试验条件下流场流动特性的变化规律:在低压力下,雾化锥角受喷头出口直径的影响较大,出口收缩角越大则雾化特性越优良;出口直径为0.9 mm的喷头,喷腔长孔比为1、出口收缩角为75°时更能实现大范围的作业;随着喷雾压力增大,水滴速度最大值也显著增大,但压力对雾化流场整体速度分布趋势的影响不大.水滴直径也随着喷头出口直径增大而增大,且喷头出口直径对水滴直径影响显著,但水滴直径相同时,出口直径越大,水滴速度越小.该结果为雾化喷头在中低压范围内的应用提供了理论参考.

超强台风“舒力基”(2021)的尺度可预报性

台风尺度表征了台风低层风场特定风速半径大小,是台风灾害影响范围的重要度量.针对超强台风“舒力基”(2021),对其尺度可预报性进行初步探讨.结果表明,模式可以模拟出台风发展初期台风尺度(内核尺度RMW、外围尺度R17)的演变趋势.基于集合预报的模拟试验,具体分析了内核尺度RMW、外围尺度R17演变及其误差增长特征.台风预报总体误差主要出现在对流层下层850 h Pa,距离台风中心50~150 km.从初始环境场看,初始相对湿度是影响台风尺度误差增长的重要因子,初始高湿环境有利于台风发展阶段的台风尺度高离散度,从而限制了台风尺度的可预报性.在一定程度上,外围风圈半径的可预报性要高于内核风圈半径.

刚性弹侵彻缩比实验尺寸效应分析

侵彻缩比实验的弹体尺寸效应是影响实验结果应用的重要因素。为提高缩比实验结果换算至原型的准确性,通过刚性弹对岩石介质侵彻深度理论公式的分析,阐明了引起尺寸效应的主要因素,给出了侵彻深度公式中弹径系数等关键参数的实验确定方法,进一步给出了模型弹实验结果换算至原型弹的理论与方法。结果表明,对于率相关材料,应变率会导致尺寸效应;对于率无关材料,缩比本身也会导致尺寸效应,其本质是由于介质破坏发展存在尺寸效应。缩比越小,尺寸效应越明显。尺寸效应还与靶体材料本身性质以及原型弹口径有关。对于缩比为0.1的实验,安全起见可取弹径系数为1.3。控制尺寸效应的材料参数可通过2组不同缩比的侵彻实验得到。