Frequentist and Bayesian Sample Size Determination for Single-Arm Clinical Trials Based on a Binary Response Variable: A Shiny App to Implement Exact Methods

Sample size determination typically relies on a power analysis based on a frequentist conditional approach. This latter can be seen as a particular case of the two-priors approach, which allows to build four distinct power functions to select the optimal sample size. We revise this approach when the focus is on testing a single binomial proportion. We consider exact methods and introduce a conservative criterion to account for the typical non-monotonic behavior of the power functions, when dealing with discrete data. The main purpose of this paper is to present a Shiny App providing a user-friendly, interactive tool to apply these criteria. The app also provides specific tools to elicit the analysis and the design prior distributions, which are the core of the two-priors approach.

Epidermal Patterning Genes Impose Non‐cell Autonomous Cell Size Determination and have Additional Roles in Root Meristem Size Control

The regulation of cellular growth is of vital importance for embryonic and postembryonic patterning. Growth regulation in the epidermis has importance for organ growth rates in roots and shoots, proposing epidermal cells as an interesting model for cellular growth regulation. Here we assessed whether the root epidermis is a suitable model system to address cell size determination. In Arabidopsis thaliana L., root epidermal cells are regularly spaced in neighbouring tricho-（root hair） and atrichoblast （non-hair） cells, showing already distinct cell size regulation in the root meristem. We determined cell sizes in the root meristem and at the onset of cellular elongation, revealing that not only division rates but also cellular shape is distinct in tricho-and atrichoblasts. Intriguingly, epidermal-patterning mutants, failing to define differential vacuolization in neighbouring epidermal cell files, also display non-differential growth. Using these epidermal-patterning mutants, we show that polarized growth behaviour of epidermal tricho-and atrichoblast is interdependent, suggesting non-cell autonomous signals to integrate tissue expansion. Besides the interweaved cell-type-dependent growth mechanism, we reveal an additional role for epidermal patterning genes in root meristem size and organ growth regulation. We conclude that epidermal cells represent a suitable model system to study cell size determination and interdependent tissue growth.

Reflections and Enlightenments on the Population Size Determination in Urban Master Planning in China:A Case Study of Xi'an City

There is a long-term problem that the population size determination in urban master planning usually deviates from the implementation result.How to determine the population size scientifically and reasonably during the transformation of spatial planning system in China has become the focus of attention in the new era.Taking Xi’an as an example,based on the analysis of differences between the population size determination and the actual development of population in the four rounds of urban master planning since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,this paper reflects on the reasons for the inaccuracy of population estimates from three aspects:the connotation of"goal-oriented"planning,the planning objective of"growthism,"and the determination method of"mechanical simplicity."In the context of territorial and spatial planning,this paper puts forward enlightenments for the population size determination in urban master planning in three aspects,i.e.,putting the people first and combining rigid and elastic control,practicing ecological civilization and strengthening bottom line thinking,and establishing a sound methodological system and unified standards and regulations.

Determination of Particle Sizes and Crystalline Phases on Colloidal Silicon Nanoparticle Suspensions

Particle size and crystallinity of silicon nanoparticles were determined by analyzing the optical extinction spectra of colloidal suspensions. Experimental results from these colloids were anaiyzed using Mie theory in connection with effective medium theory, in order to determine particle sizes and their internal structure with the simple technique of optical transmission spectroscopy. By modeling an effective refractive index for the particles, the crystalline volume fraction can be extracted from extinction spectra in addition to information about the size. The crystalline volume fraction determined in this way were used to calibrate the ratio of the Raman cross sections for nanocrystalline and amorphous silicon, which was found to be σc./σa = 0.66

Detachment Size Measurement of Two Interacting Bubble Plumes Formed at Neighboring Needles Using an Acoustic Method

Detachment size determination with an acoustic method has been carried out for two interacting bubble plumes formed at neighboring needles in quiescent water. Two sets of needle pairs, one with 1.5mm and 0.8mm inner diameters and the other with the equal 1.5mm inner diameters, were separately used as the bubble pair injectors in the experiments. Consequently, four typical patterns of bubble plumes interaction could be observed in the two cases of needle pair matches. Through measuring the pressure pulses radiated by the bubble pairs immediately after their 'pinching-off ' and by making use of a sophisticated relation between oscillation frequency of volume mode and radius of gas bubble, the detachment size of the bubble plumes have been determined from the amplitude/frequency spectrum of the sound pressure pulses. The experimental results demonstrate that the acoustical method is valid in both of the interacting and non-interacting circumstances in bubble field and the bubble size measurements by this acoustical method agree well with the measurements from photographic analysis. Finally, a comparison has been made on the strong and weak points of the acoustical method with the other size determination methods.