A size-specific aerosol dynamic model is set up to predict the evolution of particle number concentration within a chamber. Particle aggregation is based on the theory of Brownian coagulation, and the model not only c...A size-specific aerosol dynamic model is set up to predict the evolution of particle number concentration within a chamber. Particle aggregation is based on the theory of Brownian coagulation, and the model not only comprises particle loss due to coagulation, but also considers the formation of large particles by collision. To validate the model, three different groups of chamber experiments with SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) are conducted. The results indicate that the advantage of the model over the past simple size bin model is its provision of detailed information of size spectrum evolution, and the results can be used to analyze the variations of number concentration and CMD (Count Median Diameter). Furthermore, some aerosol dynamic mechanisms that cannot be measured by instrument can be analyzed by the model simulation, which is significant for better understanding the removal and control mechanisms of ultrafine particles.展开更多
Multispecies ecological models have been used for predicting the effects of fishing activity and evaluating the performance of management strategies. Size-spectrum models are one type of physiologically-structured eco...Multispecies ecological models have been used for predicting the effects of fishing activity and evaluating the performance of management strategies. Size-spectrum models are one type of physiologically-structured ecological model that provide a feasible approach to describing fish communities in terms of individual dietary variation and ontogenetic niche shift. Despite the potential of ecological models in improving our understanding of ecosystems, their application is usually limited for data-poor fisheries. As a first step in implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management（EBFM）, this study built a size-spectrum model for the fish community in the Haizhou Bay, China. We describe data collection procedures and model parameterization to facilitate the implementation of such size-spectrum models for future studies of data-poor ecosystems. The effects of fishing on the ecosystem were exemplified with a range of fishing effort and were monitored with a set of ecological indicators. Total community biomass, biodiversity index, W-statistic, LFI（Large fish index）, Mean W（mean body weight） and Slope（slope of community size spectra） showed a strong non-linear pattern in response to fishing pressure, and largest fishing effort did not generate the most drastic responses in certain scenarios. We emphasize the value and feasibility of developing size-spectrum models to capture ecological dynamics and suggest limitations as well as potential for model improvement. This study aims to promote a wide use of this type of model in support of EBFM.展开更多
为了实现致密岩心的孔隙量化表征,采用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)技术,利用T2弛豫时间和孔隙半径(r)的正比关系可测致密岩心的孔隙度、渗透率和孔径分布,利用核磁共振T2截止值可区分孔隙中的自由流体和束缚流体。从核磁...为了实现致密岩心的孔隙量化表征,采用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)技术,利用T2弛豫时间和孔隙半径(r)的正比关系可测致密岩心的孔隙度、渗透率和孔径分布,利用核磁共振T2截止值可区分孔隙中的自由流体和束缚流体。从核磁共振表征岩心孔隙的原理出发,分析了核磁共振T2谱与岩心孔隙度、渗透率、孔径分布、孔隙内可动流体的关系。根据上述原理,通过实例验证了核磁共振技术在致密岩心孔隙度和渗透率量化表征中的准确性和适用性。实验岩心的T2截止值和孔径分布测试表明:1号岩心T2截止值为21.85 ms,2号岩心的T2截止值为40.11 ms;1号岩心小孔隙分量大,2号岩心孔隙分布较均匀。截止值的计算结果表明地区经验法得出的T2截止值不完全适用于该区域的致密岩心,有必要建立区域性的截止值变化范围图版。展开更多
Two kinds of nanopowders were studied.One is NiFe 2O 4 spherical nanopowders which have different particle sizes.Another is ZnO nanopowders including two series of spherical particles and tetrapod nanowhiskers.Throu...Two kinds of nanopowders were studied.One is NiFe 2O 4 spherical nanopowders which have different particle sizes.Another is ZnO nanopowders including two series of spherical particles and tetrapod nanowhiskers.Through measuring the infrared diffuse reflection spectra of nanopowders,it can be found that the particle size and morphology affect the infrared diffuse reflection spectra.For the NiFe 2O 4 nanopowders the smaller the particle size,the larger the K-M value.And when the particle size is large enough,the effect of the particle size on infrared diffuse reflection spectra would disappear.For the ZnO nanopowders the effects of the particle size and morphology are more special.The effect of the particle sizes of tetrapod whisker nanopowders on infrared diffuse reflection spectra is more than that of spherical nanopowders.展开更多
文摘A size-specific aerosol dynamic model is set up to predict the evolution of particle number concentration within a chamber. Particle aggregation is based on the theory of Brownian coagulation, and the model not only comprises particle loss due to coagulation, but also considers the formation of large particles by collision. To validate the model, three different groups of chamber experiments with SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) are conducted. The results indicate that the advantage of the model over the past simple size bin model is its provision of detailed information of size spectrum evolution, and the results can be used to analyze the variations of number concentration and CMD (Count Median Diameter). Furthermore, some aerosol dynamic mechanisms that cannot be measured by instrument can be analyzed by the model simulation, which is significant for better understanding the removal and control mechanisms of ultrafine particles.
基金The Special Fund for Agriscientific Research in the Public Interest under contract No.201303050the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under contract Nos 201022001 and 201262004
文摘Multispecies ecological models have been used for predicting the effects of fishing activity and evaluating the performance of management strategies. Size-spectrum models are one type of physiologically-structured ecological model that provide a feasible approach to describing fish communities in terms of individual dietary variation and ontogenetic niche shift. Despite the potential of ecological models in improving our understanding of ecosystems, their application is usually limited for data-poor fisheries. As a first step in implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management（EBFM）, this study built a size-spectrum model for the fish community in the Haizhou Bay, China. We describe data collection procedures and model parameterization to facilitate the implementation of such size-spectrum models for future studies of data-poor ecosystems. The effects of fishing on the ecosystem were exemplified with a range of fishing effort and were monitored with a set of ecological indicators. Total community biomass, biodiversity index, W-statistic, LFI（Large fish index）, Mean W（mean body weight） and Slope（slope of community size spectra） showed a strong non-linear pattern in response to fishing pressure, and largest fishing effort did not generate the most drastic responses in certain scenarios. We emphasize the value and feasibility of developing size-spectrum models to capture ecological dynamics and suggest limitations as well as potential for model improvement. This study aims to promote a wide use of this type of model in support of EBFM.
文摘为了实现致密岩心的孔隙量化表征,采用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)技术,利用T2弛豫时间和孔隙半径(r)的正比关系可测致密岩心的孔隙度、渗透率和孔径分布,利用核磁共振T2截止值可区分孔隙中的自由流体和束缚流体。从核磁共振表征岩心孔隙的原理出发,分析了核磁共振T2谱与岩心孔隙度、渗透率、孔径分布、孔隙内可动流体的关系。根据上述原理,通过实例验证了核磁共振技术在致密岩心孔隙度和渗透率量化表征中的准确性和适用性。实验岩心的T2截止值和孔径分布测试表明:1号岩心T2截止值为21.85 ms,2号岩心的T2截止值为40.11 ms;1号岩心小孔隙分量大,2号岩心孔隙分布较均匀。截止值的计算结果表明地区经验法得出的T2截止值不完全适用于该区域的致密岩心,有必要建立区域性的截止值变化范围图版。
文摘Two kinds of nanopowders were studied.One is NiFe 2O 4 spherical nanopowders which have different particle sizes.Another is ZnO nanopowders including two series of spherical particles and tetrapod nanowhiskers.Through measuring the infrared diffuse reflection spectra of nanopowders,it can be found that the particle size and morphology affect the infrared diffuse reflection spectra.For the NiFe 2O 4 nanopowders the smaller the particle size,the larger the K-M value.And when the particle size is large enough,the effect of the particle size on infrared diffuse reflection spectra would disappear.For the ZnO nanopowders the effects of the particle size and morphology are more special.The effect of the particle sizes of tetrapod whisker nanopowders on infrared diffuse reflection spectra is more than that of spherical nanopowders.
