Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part II: Numerical Simulation of Bird Impact

Bird impact is one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. The consequences of bird impact can be severe and, therefore, the aircraft components have to be certified for a proven level of bird impact resistance before being put into service. The fan rotor blades of aeroengine are the components being easily impacted by birds. It is necessary to ensure that the fan rotor blades should have adequate resistance against the bird impact, to reduce the flying accidents caused by bird impacts. Using the contacting-impacting algorithm, the numerical simulation is carded out to simulate bird impact. A three-blade computational model is set up for the fan rotor blade having shrouds. The transient response curves of the points corresponding to measured points in experiments, displacements and equivalent stresses on the blades are obtained during the simulation. From the comparison of the transient response curves obtained from numerical simulation with that obtained from experiments, it can be found that the variations in measured points and the corresponding points of simulation are basically the same. The deforming process, the maximum displacements and the maximum equivalent stresses on blades are analyzed. The numerical simulation verifies and complements the experiment results.

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part I:Experimental Study of Bird Impact

The conditions of experiment for bird impact to blades have been improved. The experiment of bird impact to the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is carried out. Through analyzing the transient state response of blades impacted by bird and the change of blade profile before and after the impact, the anti-bird impact performance of blades in the first fan rotor is verified. The basis of anti-foreign object damage design for the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is provided.

Numerical Study on Low-Reynolds Compressible Flows around Mars Helicopter Rotor Blade Airfoil

High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the Cp distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.

The 3D Modeling of Blades of Multiphase Flow Helico-Axial Pump's Rotor Based on Solidworks

The structure of multiphase flow helico-axial pump＇s rotor and how to model the rotor, especially the blades of the rotor, based on the Solidworks software. More important, the principle of the blade design is mainly introduced. Under the guide of the principle, the 3D coordinates of the blade data points can be got by matlab programming. In the paper, the design step and the modeling step are particularly described through a concrete example.

3D LDV MEASUREMENTS OF ROTOR BLADE TIP VORTEX IN HOVER

An investigation made on the rotor blade tip vortex through use of a Three Dimensional Laser Doppler Velocimetry(3D LDV) is described. The experiment is conducted with a 2 m in diameter model helicopter rotor. By a series of measurements near blade tip, the velocity field near blade tip is documented, and through which, the tip vortex rollup and development are presented. The radial distribution of instantaneous velocities at various levels above and under the rotor disc is also measured in this investigation. Using this distribution, the influence of the tip vortex from the preceding blade on the follow up blade is discussed.

Modeling and Dynamic Analysis for the Foundation of a Blade-Rotor System

In order to achieve the model-based fault monitoring and diagnosis,an accurate model for the rotor system is necessary to locate and quantify faults.Since the dynamic characteristics of a blade-rotor system is influenced by foundation flexibility,the modeling and dynamic analyses on the foundation were sequentially investigated.Firstly,the effect of element size on the model convergence was investigated using the forward difference quotient as the slope of the frequency difference,which found that the model converged when the element size refined to 4mm.Secondly,a modal analysis and a harmonic response analysis were performed to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the foundation structure.Finally,an optimization to the foundation utilizing an additional stiffener was conducted to reduce the foundation response and make the critical speed far away from the working frequency band of 20—50Hz.

Intelligent Wind Power Unit with Tandem Wind Rotors and Armatures （Optimization of Front Blade Profile）

The authors have invented the superior wind power unit, which is composed of the tandem wind rotors and the double rotational armature type generator without the traditional stator. The large-sized front wind rotor and the small-sized rear wind rotor drive, as for the upwind type, the inner and the outer rotational armatures, respectively, in keeping the rotational torque counter-balanced between both wind rotors/armatures. The unique rotational behaviors of the tandem wind rotors and the fundamental performances of the unit have been discussed at the previous paper. Continuously, this paper investigates experimentally and numerically the flow condition around the wind rotors to know the flow interactions between the front and the rear wind rotors, and optimizes the blade profile in the front wind rotor. The front blade should work fruitfully at the larger radius and had better not work at the smaller radius for giving plenty of wind energy to the rear wind rotor, taking account of the flow interaction between both wind rotors.

Aerodynamic Performance and Aeroacoustic Characteristics of Model Rotor with Anhedral Blade Tip in Hover

Experimental investigation on the aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic characteristics of model rotors with different tip anhedral angles in hover are conducted in the paper.Three sets of model rotors with blade-tip anhedral angle 0°(reference rotor),20°and 45°respectively are designed to analyze the influence of the anhedral angle on the hovering performance and aeroacoustics of rotor.In the environment of anechoic chamber,the hover experiments under the different collective pitch and blade numbers,are carried out to measure the figure of merit(FM),time history of sound pressure and sound pressure level(SPL)of the three rotor models.Based on test results,the comparison and analysis of hovering performance and aeroacoustic characteristics among the three rotor models have been done.Meanwhile,for the sake of analysis,the rotor wake and blade pressure distribution are simulated by means of computational fluid method(CFD).At last,some conclusions about the effects of blade-tip anhedral angle on the aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic characteristics in hover are obtained.An anhedral blade tip can enhance the FM of the rotor,and decrease the rotor loads noise to some extent.

Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of the Mechanical Erosion in Steam Turbine Blades. Part I

The methodology of calculation of the velocity distribution for the stream frictionless and the drops in the flow line, on the basis of the frictionless, two-dimensional, stationary, transonic and homogenous flow is established. The knowledge of conditions that govern the low pressure section of steam turbines in the last stage to have an approximate movement of the droplets in the blade cascades and the accumulation of droplets on the stator blades, flowing through the steam, is presented. This study is used for developing a code in Fortran about the velocity distribution in the output of stator blades that have flow conditions of wet steam, in order to understand the causes that originate the erosion on the blades of the last stages in the low pressure section of steam turbines.

Blade-Loss-Caused Rubbing Dynamic Characteristics of Rotor-Bladed Disk-Casing System

Considering the elastic supports,the finite element model of rotor-bladed disk-casing system is established using commercial software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.Assuming that broken blade is released from the disk,the complicate rubbing responses of unbalanced rotor-bladed disk-casing system are studied under different operational speeds.In addition,influences of both plastic deformation of blade and casing failure are analyzed.The results show that there exist some multiple even fractional frequencies in the transient and steady vibration responses of unbalanced rotor.Besides,one nodal diameter vibration of bladed disk coupling with the lateral vibration of the shaft as well as the first order bending vibration of blade can be excited under low operational speed,while the first order bending vibration of blade coupling with the lateral vibration of disk-shaft is easily excited under high operational speed.During rubbing process,three distinct contact states can be observed:broken blade-casing contact,broken blade-blade component-casing contact and broken blade-casing contact/blade component-casing contact/blade selfcontact.It is worth noting that the third contact state is related to the operational speed.With the increase of operational speed,self-contact in the blade may occur.

Detection of Blade Mistuning in a Low Pressure Turbine Rotor Resulting from Manufacturing Tolerances and Differences in Blade Mounting

For a serious prediction of vibration characteristics of any structure, a detailed knowledge of the modal characteristic is essential. This is especially important for bladed turbine rotors. Mistuning of the blading of a turbine rotor can appear due to manufacturing tolerances or because of the blading process itself due to unequal mounting of the blades into the disk. This paper investigates the mistuning of the individual blades of a low pressure turbine with respect to the effects mentioned above. Two different rotors with different aerodynamic design of the blades were investigated. The blades were mounted to the disk with a so-called hammer head root which is especially prone to mounting irregularities. For detailed investigations, the rotor was excited with a shaker system to detect the forced response behavior of the individual blades. The measurements were done with a laser vibrometer system. As the excitation of rotor structure was held constant during measurement, it was possible to detect the line of nodes and mode shapes as well. It could be shown that the assembly process has an influence on the mistuning. The data were analyzed and compared with numerical results. For this, different contact models and boundary conditions were used. The above described characterization of modal behavior of the rotor is the basis for the upcoming aeroelastic investigations and especially for the blade vibration measurements of the rotor, turning with design and off-design speeds.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Multi-Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Rotor

The principal objective of this work was to investigate the 3D flow field around a multi-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) rotor and to investigate its performance characteristics. The aerodynamic performance of this novel rotor design was evaluated by means of a Computational Fluid Dynamics commercial package. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were selected to model the physics of the incompressible Newtonian fluid around the blades. The Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model was chosen for the assessment of the 3D flow behavior as it had widely used in other HAWT studies. The pressure-based simulation was done on a model representing one-ninth of the rotor using a 40-degree periodicity in a single moving reference frame system. Analyzing the wake flow behavior over a wide range of wind speeds provided a clear vision of this novel rotor configuration. From the analysis, it was determined that the flow becomes accelerated in outer wake region downstream of the rotor and by placing a multi-bladed rotor with a larger diameter behind the forward rotor resulted in an acceleration of this wake flow which resulted in an increase the overall power output of the wind machine.

带后掠桨尖旋翼/螺旋桨的悬停气弹特性分析

针对旋翼/螺旋桨的大负扭和后掠桨尖设计在桨叶内部所带来的严重应力应变集中问题,结合三维结构动力学模型、旋翼气动模型和旋翼配平方法,对复合材料旋翼/螺旋桨进行了综合建模与气弹载荷分析,并通过悬停实验验证了综合模型的准确性。对比分析了无负扭、大负扭和大负扭带后掠桨尖的桨叶气弹特性,发现大负扭导致桨叶应力集中区域扩大,后掠桨尖使桨尖过渡区域的应力集中区域扩大,集中程度加剧。

分流叶片对液力透平压力脉动的影响

为揭示分流叶片对低比转速液力透平性能的影响,以一台低比转速离心泵(n_(s)=33)反转作液力透平为例,设计出4种不同分流叶片数的叶轮(复合叶轮),通过CFX软件对原始叶轮和4种复合叶轮进行数值模拟并对比分析。结果表明,4种新模型在最优工况下效率和水头均有所提高,其中当分流叶片数Z=6+6时液力透平的性能最佳,在最优工况下效率、水头分别提高了2.23%、6.83%;叶轮内压力分布更加均匀;叶轮进口漩涡区域减弱;内部各个监测点压力系数、脉动幅值均小于原始模型,说明分流叶片可以降低液力透平内部的压力脉动、提升透平机组运行的稳定性。研究结果可为低比转速液力透平性能提升提供参考。

基于流固耦合的压气机转子叶片非同步振动分析

压气机转子叶片非同步振动是近年来发现的一类新气动弹性问题,表现为叶片振动频率与转频不同步且具有锁频现象,严重影响航空发动机的可靠性和运行安全,目前对其产生机理并不完全清楚.为了深入研究压气机内不稳定流动与叶片非同步振动之间的耦合机制,基于时间推进的方法建立了多级压气机转子叶片全环的双向流固耦合模型,数值研究了刚性叶片与非同步振动柔性叶片的非定常流场、气流激励频率和结构响应特征,揭示了压气机转子叶片非同步振动的流固耦合机制.结果表明:近失速工况下,转子叶尖吸力面径向分离涡的周期性脱落及再附过程是导致叶尖压力剧烈波动的主要原因,其3倍谐波激励频率与转子一阶弯曲固有频率接近,提供了叶片非同步振动的初始气流激励源.叶片非同步振动发生时,位移响应表现为等幅值的极限环特征,振动以一阶弯曲模态主导,径向分离涡产生的非整数倍气流激励频率及其谐波频率最终锁定为叶片一阶弯曲固有频率,非同步振动的运动胁迫使得相邻通道叶尖流场周向趋于一致.研究成果及对叶片非同步振动流固耦合机制的认识可为压气机内部不稳定流动诱发的叶片振动失效分析提供有益参考.

基于声表面波传感器的转子叶片应变无线测量研究

声表面波传感器可以实现无线无源工作,该特性使其在高速旋转部件测试中有重要的应用前景。利用硅酸镓镧压电晶体设计并制备了谐振型SAW传感器,研究了其应变敏感特性,并成功应用于转子叶片应变的无线测试试验。结果表明,所制备的SAW传感器的谐振频率为217.794 MHz,品质因子达到5807,应变灵敏度为-317 Hz/με。在3000~15000 r/min转速下,无线测试了转子叶片应变,测试结果与电阻应变计测量结果及有限元仿真计算结果基本一致。研究结果可以为SAW传感器在高速旋转设备的无线测试工程应用提供参考。

一种新型罗茨真空泵转子型线研究与应用

提出了一种罗茨真空泵三叶直线圆弧型转子型线设计方法,给出了型线方程和针对ZJ-5000型罗茨真空泵转子型线的主要结构参数;对新型罗茨真空泵进行有限元分析,研究了其在不同进气压力下的抽气速率;基于该转子型线进行了实际产品生产,并与双叶转子罗茨泵的抽速和其他性能指标进行了对比。结果表明:新设计的三叶直线圆弧型转子型线具有容积效率高、曲线光滑过度、加工方便、定位准确、工作噪声低的特点,相对于两叶转子,其强度增强,能够承受更大的压差载荷,与传统三叶转子相比抽气效率得到了提高。

转子叶盘结构减振方法研究

转子叶盘结构在高速和超高速的运行状况下,可能因为失稳而剧烈振动,进而引发严重的安全事故。增大叶盘结构阻尼是减轻其振动的有效方法之一。国内外学者针对叶盘结构,开展了大量的研究,为了充分了解叶盘结构减振方法的研究进展,推动相关问题的深入研究,提出了将叶盘结构减振分为干摩擦、内摩擦和其他能量转换方式。对叶盘结构减振方法的相关研究进展进行了总结,并展望了叶盘结构减振的未来研究方向。

GH4169合金叶片条纹形成机理及对疲劳寿命的影响

某批GH4169合金转子叶片在表面腐蚀检查时发现叶身表面存在条纹,对条纹的形成机理及其对叶片疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析。结果表明,叶片表面条纹为沿锻造流线分布的粗晶带及夹杂物聚集带,遗传自熔炼工艺;夹杂物共有两类,一类为Ti、Nb的碳氮化物,另一类为以Mg Al_(2)O_(4)为核心的复合夹杂物。当条纹内夹杂物颗粒尺寸均小于5μm,且粗晶带与基体晶粒度级差小于ASTM的2级时,这类条纹对叶片疲劳寿命影响甚微。δ相析出峰值低温时效后高温再结晶双级退火处理并热轧,可有效细化GH4169合金晶粒。

桨叶分段线性扭转对降低旋翼振动载荷的作用分析

研究了用桨叶分段线性扭转来降低旋翼振动载荷。使用基于弹性梁的旋翼模型用于预测旋翼振动载荷。采用4片桨叶旋翼作为基准旋翼,桨叶形状与UH-60直升机桨叶相似。桨叶被划分为内、中、外3段,讨论了各段扭转对载荷的影响。低速时桨叶每一段的扭转都能减少桨毂四阶垂向力。当以80 km/h前飞时,中段-24°/R的扭转可使其降低99.5%。桨叶内段的扭转不利于降低桨毂四阶滚转和俯仰力矩,另外两段的扭转则可以在大多数前飞速度时控制这2个振动力矩。使用参数扫描以尽可能降低旋翼振动载荷。降低四阶垂向力方面,低速时桨叶所有段都需要扭转,而高速时未扭转的桨叶表现更好。降低四阶滚转和俯仰力矩方面,在低速时需要桨叶外段高度扭转,而在中高速时则需要桨叶中段的扭转。