Assessing the externalities of a ski resort in Tzoumerka:willingness to pay in order to promote or to prevent its construction

The present study aims to assess the externalities of a ski resort,that is planned to be built at Tzoumerka mountains,in Greece.The research relies on the Contingent Valuation method,which indirectly estimates the economic value of environmental and other nonmarket assets,based on the expressed preferences of members of a social group.The investigation was based on primary data.The core idea of questionnaire’s design,is subject to the use of a double WTP(willingness to pay)question,aiming at the monetary assessment of the attitude of the residents,regarding the upcoming infrastructure project,taking into account both its positive and its negative externalities.Depending on the attitude of the survey respondents,they were asked to decide if they wish to offer an amount of money either to promote or to prevent the construction of the ski resort.Parametric and non-parametric models were then applied in order to calculate in economic terms the expressed opinion of the respondents.The primary question to be answered is whether the willingness to build the ski resort holds a higher economic value than the desire to prevent it.According to the results of the survey,the vast majority of residents(92.4%)supported the idea of building the ski resort,projecting their apparent desire for the tourist and economic development of the area.The reinforcement of the construction idea of the project was estimated on average at €378,200.The very low proportion of the participants who disagreed with the project(5%),did not allow the economic assessment of its prevention,leaving room for further research into the application of Contingent Valuation method and its contribution in cost-benefit analysis and decision making,regarding upcoming projects.

Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli,China and Japan

Purpose:The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district,Zhangjiakou city,one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics.Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances,and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results.Methods:In this retrospective study,the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China(Chongli district)and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts.We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017–2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons.We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service–Japan Ski Safety Association.The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts.Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test.Results:During the 2019–2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts,the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93,of which 457(17.3%)were over 50 years old,accounting for a large proportion of injuries,meanwhile in Chongli ski resort,the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%.The knee joint(23.7%at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4%in Japanese ski resorts)was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers.Among snowboarders,shoulder joint injury(17.7%in Japanese ski resorts)was the most common,and injury on hands and fingers(16.3%in Wanlong ski resorts)was the most common.Head injury rates are similar in Chongli,China and Japanese ski resorts(8.2%and 8.7%,respectively).Conclusion:Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts(Chongli district)than that in Japanese ski resorts,and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts.Thus,according to our research,the protection of knee joints,shoulder joints,and hands and fingers should be taken seriously.It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles(for finger protection),and use protective devices such as knee pads,helmets,etc.

Potential impacts of climate change on the spatial distribution of Chinese ski resorts

Chinese skiing tourism is rapidly developing,but it will be potentially affected by snow resources and climate conditions.This study systematically analysed the spatial characteristics of snow resources,climatic conditions and ski resorts in China;revealed the potential impacts of climatic environment on current ski resorts by using Regional Climate Model(RegCM4.4);and proposed suggestions for climate resource assessment and spatial planning of ski resorts.The mean snow depth and snow cover days are more than 4.50 cm and 150 d between the years 2000 and 2014,respectively,in high-latitude areas,where fewer ski resorts are located.In the middle-low latitude areas,the mean snow depth and snow cover days are less than 3.00 cm and 100 d,respectively,with ski resorts being intensively distributed.In most of these areas,the pronounced climate warming exceeded 0.50℃ during the ski period of 2009–2015 relative to 1961–2015,and mean annual precipitation was less than 800 mm,with some even less than 400 mm.In the 2030s and 2050s,the regions with drastic temperature increases are mainly in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,Northeast China,and the Yangtze River Basin.The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are expected to experience reduced snowfalland temperature increases with an almost 1–1.6℃,respectively.In this context,some ski resorts will face major threats because of shortened skiing durations and rising management costs.Skiing tourism should not pursue a one-sided growth rate in the number of ski resorts in areas with short snowpack periods.Instead,it should rely highly on snow resources,climatic conditions,geographical environment,population and economic basis,and rationalise its spatial layout to promote the industry towards sustainable development.

The Spatio-temporal Evolution of Ski Resorts in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region:Characteristics and Influencing Factors

Ski resorts are one of the bases for the development of ice-snow sports and tourism,and they are also a hot topic of social concern.Taking 117 ski resorts in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei as the research object,geospatial analysis methods such as kernel density and spatial autocorrelation were used to explore the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the ski resorts.The geographic detector was used to deeply explore the underlying factors influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of ski resorts in terms of policy factors,natural factors and economic and social factors.This study found that the spatial and temporal distribution of ski resorts in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region showed a significant Olympic event-driven characteristic.From 2009 to 2021,the spatial pattern of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resorts has changed from“single-core development”,to a“single-core with multi-point”layout,and then to a“multi-core”layout.The spatial pattern has changed from agglomeration to diffusion.Cold and hot spots of the spatial and temporal characteristics in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resort have shifted from north to south,from the initial suburbs of Beijing to the southern cities of Baoding,Shijiazhuang,Xingtai and other cities in Hebei Province.The spatial and temporal distribution of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resorts has been influenced by many factors,from“GDP per capita”to“population density”to“policy quantity”,showing a shift from“Economic-driven”to“population-driven”to“policy-driven”processes.

The Moderating Effect of the Ski Resort Environment on the Skier’s Travel Radius under the Restriction of Skill Consumption

Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism,this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions,and the moderating effect of the ski resort’s comprehensive leisure environment(including the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment),in order to both understand their impacts on the travel distance characteristics of skiers and attempt to provide necessary research support for the development of China’s ski industry and the construction of destinations.Based on the data from multi-period visitor surveys,this paper constructs the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment.The results show three main characteristics.(1)The travel radius obviously differs among skiers with different skill levels.The skill level of skiers has a significant positive effect on the larger travel radius,and a significant negative effect on the smaller travel radius.That is,skiers with a higher skill level are more inclined to undertake long-distance skiing travel,while skiers with a lower skill level are more inclined to undertake short-distance skiing travel.(2)The comprehensive leisure environment has a significant moderating effect on the skiers’travel radius,with a significant positive impact on enlarging the travel radius,while the influences on high-skill and low-skill skiers are significantly higher than on middle-skill skiers.(3)In the comprehensive leisure environment,there are differences in the moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment on the skiers travel radius,and the positive moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment on the high-skill skiers’travel radius is more obvious.While the regional cultural tourism environment has a more obvious positive moderating effect on the travel radius of non-skiers and junior skiers,it is more conducive to promoting domestic travel.In general,the skier skill level in China was generally lower,and the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment optimization is conducive to overcoming the limitation of the travel radius caused by the disadvantageous skill level of consumers.However,to promote the development of China’s ski industry in the long run,it is necessary to focus on improving the consumer’s ski skill level,but prevent the risk of losing high-skill consumers overseas.In the course of improving the level of domestic ski sports facilities,we should also focus on the domestic leisure cultural tourism environment to better enhance the attractiveness of domestic ski destinations.

Resilience:Analyzing the Crisis Management of Ski Resorts in China

Resilience has become an important concept for the ski resorts of China,which have suffered heavy losses due to COVID-19.In order to help China’s ski resort service industry successfully adapt to the crisis and achieve sustainable development,the goal of this paper is to develop the definition of resilience of the ski resort service industry through interviews based on the concept and general analysis framework of resilience.The ski resort resilience theory analysis framework is then constructed from the three basic elements(market,skiing,and stakeholders)and four system features(flexibility,adaptability,and collaborative learning ability).The results indicate several measures that can be taken to spread risk:enrich the product supply;eliminate risks and build a multi-agent networked industrial governance system;and establish a risk prevention and management mechanism based on a multi-organization alternative learning mechanism to overcome the difficulties encountered in the development of ski resorts.

Establishment and Maintenance of Grass Skiing Resort Turf Based on Climatic Characteristics of Western Sichuan

In recent years, a new type of leisure sport—grass skiing, has been introduced from abroad. However, there is no standard design system for this type of turf. This paper, based on climatic characteristics of western Sichuan, introduced the requirements of the construction of grass skiing resort turf in western Sichuan as well as its maintenance management mode, and tried to explore the standard system of turf establishment and maintenance management of grass skiing resort in western Sichuan.

国家级滑雪旅游度假地游客感知价值维度识别——基于网络文本分析

随着国家层面利好政策的持续深化和市场规模的逐渐拓展,中国滑雪旅游蓬勃发展,在此背景下文章基于携程、马蜂窝和去哪儿网平台的网络文本分析,从设施价值、服务价值、品牌价值、成本价值和情感价值等五个维度,深入识别国家级滑雪旅游度假地的游客感知价值。研究发现:设施价值是游客最为关注的维度,表明以滑雪基础设施和周边环境为代表的设施,是滑雪游客最重视的要素;其次是服务价值、品牌价值和成本价值;而情感价值则相对较低。根据研究结果,提出国家级滑雪旅游度假地应关注设施建设、服务品质、品牌形象、合理定价和情感营造等发展建议,旨在为我国国家级滑雪旅游度假地以及冰雪事业的发展提供助益。

黑龙江省滑雪旅游度假地建设的文化影响及可持续发展研究

凭借优越的地理位置及丰富的冰雪资源,黑龙江省在打造高质量滑雪旅游度假地方面具备独特的优势与潜力。通过对黑龙江省滑雪旅游度假地的发展定位及作用进行分析,发现黑龙江省滑雪旅游度假地建设对于促进当地文化的传承与发展、加强文化交流与认同、助力文化资源的开发与利用具有积极影响。为推动黑龙江省滑雪旅游度假地建设的可持续发展,提出加强文化表达与创新、重视冰雪生态文化建设、打造共建共享机制、推动绿色发展与技术驱动等可行化路径。通过促进大众参与和文化传播,完善政策支持和监管机制,创造更为有利的营商条件和经济环境,从而实现黑龙江省冰雪文旅产业的蓬勃振兴和经济社会的全面发展。

中国冰雪旅游地空间分布格局及成因

滑雪场是冰雪旅游地的重要载体。以全国滑雪场为研究对象,综合运用多种空间分析技术对其空间分布格局及成因进行系统探究。结果表明:(1)我国各类滑雪场均呈现出凝聚型的分布态势,方向上呈现出“东北—西南”分布态势,其中轴线大致沿“北京—郑州—重庆”一线。(2)全国滑雪场呈现出以京津冀为发展极,以长三角为发展核,以东北三省为高密度发展带的“一极一核一带”空间结构特征。(3)全国滑雪场热点地区集中在东北地区,其中辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、北京、河北等省滑雪场开发最为活跃。(4)影响滑雪场空间分布的人文因素依次为产业支持引导>人民生活水平>市场培育发展>旅游经济收益效应>交通运输能力>硬件服务配套。其自然趋向于海拔500~800 m范围内的低山、三级河流10 km缓冲区和温带季风气候区内分布。

雪道点云时域波形特征分割及SLAM算法

为提升压雪车在滑雪场行驶与作业的夜间环境感知能力,提出了压雪车车载激光雷达点云时域波形阶跃值检测的雪道分割算法,并构建了适用于高山滑雪场的实时定位与建图算法(SLAM)。首先,对点云反射率分布进行统计并标记飘雪噪声点,利用邻近点线性插值方法对标记的飘雪噪声进行处理,保证点云的时域波形连续性,同时在特定扫描视角内划分栅格并以相邻网格高程值变化实时估计坡度。其次,根据山地滑雪场典型障碍设计了相应的时域波形阶跃值检测判据,筛选雪道-障碍分界点,划分扫描区间并对区间内的波形阶跃值进行包络,实现雪道点云特征分割。然后,根据雪道分割结果对特征进行分类匹配,并利用特征约束方法提高建图速度。最后,在张家口万龙滑雪场的高级和中级雪道进行算法效果验证测试。测试结果表明:所提出的雪道分割算法对单帧点云数据的处理平均耗时为2.36 ms,平均分割准确率可达98.54%,在基于雪道分割算法的改进SLAM方法中可以准确实现雪道-障碍分割,在建图精度方面表现更为优越且大幅缩减了计算耗时。

国家级滑雪旅游度假地认定标准化实践对体育产业工作的启示

标准是决定产业能否规范、科学发展的关键要素之一。国家级滑雪旅游度假地评估标准化实践表明,研制等级划分与评定标准,可以为标准化评估提供依据;构建多元主体参与机制,能够提升标准引领效能;拓宽标准覆盖范围,可以丰富旅游产品体系,拓展旅游产业发展空间。当前,我国体育行政主管部门应通过标准化系统提升我国体育产业工作质量,一是优化标准供给,提升体育产品和服务的种类及品质;二是加强各方协同,积极发挥行业组织和项目协会的协调作用;三是把握体育特色,加强运动项目标准体系建设;四是完善人才队伍,储备和培养相对稳定的高端智库团队。

《民法典》视野下滑雪场的安全保障义务研究--基于504份裁判文书的分析

后冬奥时代在公众热衷参与滑雪运动的同时,滑雪事故频繁发生,这需要滑雪场正确履行《民法典》第1198条规定的安全保障义务。通过对504份裁判文书分析发现,滑雪场涉安全保障义务纠纷数量稳中有升,同时表现出一定的地区差异性。就裁判结果而言,当事人对抗激烈且法院倾向判决滑雪场承担责任,另有近半数案件的受害人以保险方式获得救济。此外,法院在判断滑雪场是否违反安全保障义务、如何配置第三人侵权时滑雪场的责任、如何采纳滑雪场责任的抗辩事由、如何分配举证责任以及滑雪场是否赔偿精神损害等方面缺少统一的裁判标准,存在裁判规则供给的局促。对此,应该承认过错要素在判定滑雪场安全保障责任的独立价值,动态把握滑雪场安全保障义务裁判尺度,要求第三人侵权时滑雪场承担补充责任,允许滑雪场援引自甘风险规则等抗辩事由减轻责任,妥当配置滑雪场的举证责任,导正滑雪场赔偿精神损害的裁判思路,从而为冰雪经济的健康持续发展注入法治力量。

甘露山文创城冰雪综合体冷区保温系统设计及施工技术

室内滑雪场为一种高能耗建筑,若设计不合理或施工方法不当,会加重雪场运营时制冷设备负荷,从而增加运营成本。以甘露山文创城冰雪综合体为工程背景,对冷区保温系统设计方案进行比选并对其构造进行深化设计,提出高效的室内运输解决方案,总结保温系统施工要点。实践表明,该保温系统在实际工程中应用效果良好。

智慧滑雪场馆建设的驱动机制、现实掣肘与实践进路

以智慧化为理念,推动滑雪场馆与数字技术深度融合,对驱动传统滑雪场馆进行数字化建设和提高整体服务质量意义重大。运用文献研究法、专家访谈法、实地调查法等对滑雪场馆智慧化建设的驱动机制、现实掣肘及实践进路展开研究。经分析认为:政府的倡导、滑雪场馆的自我驱动、科学技术赋能、新消费需求促使构成滑雪场馆智慧化建设的驱动机制;经济发展水平、管理理念、管理制度、数字化人才、数字技术要素的短板是滑雪场馆智慧化建设的现实掣肘。由此提出建议:政府层面应从政策制定、资金支持、基础设施完善方面加强引导;行业层面应从推动智慧化标准制定、智慧化场馆认证、数字化人才培养上完善治理体系;滑雪场馆经营者应从明确数字化战略目标、构建完善的数字化体系、优化成本管理上变革滑雪场馆管理方式。

我国度假型滑雪场旅游吸引力评价研究

以我国度假型滑雪场旅游吸引力为研究对象,运用德尔菲法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等,识别构成我国度假型滑雪场旅游吸引力的主要因素,并构建我国度假型滑雪场旅游吸引力消费者评价指标体系。在此基础上,结合我国度假型滑雪场客观数据,对其旅游吸引力进行全面评价并排名。发现,滑雪场设施、交通可达性、休闲体验、自然环境、教练资源是影响度假型滑雪场旅游吸引力的关键因素。据此认为,未来我国度假型滑雪场进一步增强旅游吸引力应聚焦上述五个方面:推进滑雪大区建设,完善滑雪场服务设施;制定滑雪场交通优惠政策,打造全方位交通系统;挖掘地方特色,提高餐饮住宿服务质量,满足消费者多元需求;优化滑雪场景观,运用高科技手段,提升消费者舒适度;精准营销,构建特色教学课程体系,增强初级消费者黏性。

西安际华园滑雪馆桩基础施工技术研究与应用

某工程结构类型为钢混凝土框架–剪力墙结构及钢排架结构大型体育场馆。基坑采用放坡开挖,钢筋土钉挂网喷射混凝土保护,基础采用素土挤密桩施工处理后,素土挤密桩范围内消除湿陷性。在复合素土挤密桩基础上,建筑物基础采用混凝土灌注桩,桩身完整性、垂直度及单桩竖向抗压承载力均符合规范要求。通过素土挤密桩和灌注桩处理措施,消除基础的湿陷性,解决滑雪馆主体结构的安全性和稳定问题,可为同类工程施工提供参考。

耀雪冰雪世界滑雪场金属屋面施工工艺研究

依托耀雪冰雪世界滑雪场项目的金属屋面施工实践,主要以屋面围护系统的构造做法及类型为基础,重点介绍屋面天沟系统、上表面铝镁锰合金直立锁边屋面板系统、屋面集成保温体系的构造形式以及施工工艺,可为对屋面保温体系性能有较高要求的类似项目提供借鉴。

具身视角下滑雪运动参与者环境责任行为的影响因素与组合路径研究——基于模糊集定性比较分析

随着习近平总书记“两山理论”的提出和近年来社会各界的实践,滑雪运动热度不断攀升,滑雪场环境保护问题的研究价值也愈发凸显。基于模糊集定性比较分析方法,运用复杂性理论的模型建构,对北京周边4家滑雪场的滑雪运动参与者进行问卷调查,从“社会的身体”“运动的身体”和“感知的身体”三方面探析滑雪运动参与者环境责任行为的多元影响因素组合路径。结果表明:难忘的旅游体验和旅游者-环境契合度是高环境责任行为结果发生的必要条件;滑雪运动中的身体与环境责任行为之间具有复杂性和多因素影响性;高学历和短滑雪时间的滑雪运动参与者更易产生环境责任行为。建议滑雪场增强滑雪者的运动体验,加深滑雪者的难忘回忆;突出滑雪者身体参与的主体性,强化滑雪具身体验;深入普及滑雪运动知识,倡导环境责任教育。

基于数字化找形的室内滑雪场曲面滑道建造技术研究

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