The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized the relevant research ideas, the techni...The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized the relevant research ideas, the technical methods used, and the obtained achievements through an extensive synthesis of the previous studies. Moreover, the major shortcomings and the limitations in the recent studies are pointed in order to present a useful reference for our Chinese investigators. It indicates that the future climate warming would cause the loss of skiable areas, the shortening of skiing seasons and the sharp drop of ski visitors in many low altitude and low latitude ski resorts. The paper finally stressed that future research should pay particular attention to strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation and consider more factors about the impacts of climate-induced environmental changes on tourist flows. In the future ski resort planning and management, the possible impacts of global climate change should be taken into account.展开更多
Chongli is one of the venues for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.Since 2009,the government of Chongli has emphasized the development of a tourism strategy,which gradually contributed to alleviating regional poverty.W...Chongli is one of the venues for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.Since 2009,the government of Chongli has emphasized the development of a tourism strategy,which gradually contributed to alleviating regional poverty.With data collected from 2009 to 2019,ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli were analyzed using the Coupling Coordination Degree(CCD)Model.This analysis indicated,first,there were three stages in the relationship between ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli,including weak coordination(2009–2011),starting coordination(2012–2015),and strong coordination(2016–2019).Second,sport tourism,such as ski tourism,is likely to contribute to the regional economy and alleviate poverty.Third,the case of Chongli illustrates that policy and sports events are significant for helping a place to develop sports tourism,in addition to making full use of local resources.Finally,the development of skiing tourism has had a positive impact on citizens’and farmers’incomes,though it may have impacted citizens more.This research suggests that regional resources are essential for the development of sport tourism and the promotion of regional economies.Developing regions should seize the bonus period of sports events and policies.More attention should be paid to the differences between urban citizens and farmers in order to establish a better redistribution system.Considering the climatic factors,more studies need to analyze the sustainability of ski tourism in developing regions.展开更多
The development of ice-and-snow tourism (IST) has great potential for poverty alleviation and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of alpine areas. However, little attention has been give...The development of ice-and-snow tourism (IST) has great potential for poverty alleviation and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of alpine areas. However, little attention has been given to evaluating the suitability and potential of ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken areas. Taking 832 poverty-stricken counties in China as samples, this study proposed an integrity suitability index (ISI) based on natural and socioeconomic factors to evaluate the suitability and potential of developing ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken counties. The results showed that there are significant differences between the spatial distributions of the suitability of glacier- and ski-related tourism. The former is mainly distributed in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau, while the latter is distributed in low-altitude mountainous areas. Additionally, 36.0% of the total number of poverty-stricken counties have the potential to match medium-to high-level ISIs of ice-and-snow tourism, of which 2.5%, 32.9% and 0.2% are suitable for glacier excursions, ski sports and both, respectively. Furthermore, climate change and environmental protection are the main constraints on the development of ice-and-snow tourism and corresponding development strategies are proposed. This study can provide references for scientific planning and policy making regarding the sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas.展开更多
Ski tourism is extremely sensitive to climate change and is also heavily affected by socioeconomic conditions.Although some ski areas arestill profitable under current climate and socioeconomic conditions,they will be...Ski tourism is extremely sensitive to climate change and is also heavily affected by socioeconomic conditions.Although some ski areas arestill profitable under current climate and socioeconomic conditions,they will become difficult to operate in the face of rising winter temper-atures,which will result in further economic losses,resource waste and environmental damage.This study projects variability in the suitability ofski area development across China in the coming decades.Natural suitability under three representative concentration pathway emission sce-narios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5),socioeconomic suitability under four shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP1,SSP2,SSP3,and SSP5)andintegrated suitability under four climatic-socioeconomic scenarios(RCP2.6-SSP1,RCP4.5-SSP2,RCP8.5-SSP3,and RCP8.5-SSP5)are re-ported.Furthermore,the suitability of 731 existing ski areas in China is assessed.The results show a substantial decline in integrated suitabilityfor most regions of China except for some very cold areas,where higher air temperatures will make visitors feel more comfortable and therelatively poor socioeconomic conditions will improve in the 2030s,2050s and 2090s.The average higher integrated suitability area(integratedsuitability values greater than 0.5)under four climatic-socioeconomic scenarios decreases from the current 29.9%e14.4%,5.0%and 4.5%bythe 2030s,2050s and 2090s,respectively.Under RCP2.6-SSP1,the higher integrated suitability area is projected to decrease from the current28.0%e5.2%by the 2050s and then increase to 5.3%by the 2090s.Under RCP4.5-SSP2,RCP8.5-SSP3,and RCP8.5-SSP5,the higher inte-grated suitability area is projected to continuously decrease from 30.3%,30.6%and 30.6%in the 2010s to 4.1%,4.4%and 4.4%in the 2090s,respectively.By the 2090s,41,138 and 277 existing ski areas are projected to be closed under RCP2.6-SSP1,RCP4.5-SSP2,and RCP8.5-SSP3/RCP8.5-SSP5,respectively.It is clear that emission pathways and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies will greatly shape thedevelopment of China's regional ski tourism.展开更多
Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism,this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions,and the moderating effect of the ski resort’s comprehensive leisure environment(including t...Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism,this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions,and the moderating effect of the ski resort’s comprehensive leisure environment(including the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment),in order to both understand their impacts on the travel distance characteristics of skiers and attempt to provide necessary research support for the development of China’s ski industry and the construction of destinations.Based on the data from multi-period visitor surveys,this paper constructs the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment.The results show three main characteristics.(1)The travel radius obviously differs among skiers with different skill levels.The skill level of skiers has a significant positive effect on the larger travel radius,and a significant negative effect on the smaller travel radius.That is,skiers with a higher skill level are more inclined to undertake long-distance skiing travel,while skiers with a lower skill level are more inclined to undertake short-distance skiing travel.(2)The comprehensive leisure environment has a significant moderating effect on the skiers’travel radius,with a significant positive impact on enlarging the travel radius,while the influences on high-skill and low-skill skiers are significantly higher than on middle-skill skiers.(3)In the comprehensive leisure environment,there are differences in the moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment on the skiers travel radius,and the positive moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment on the high-skill skiers’travel radius is more obvious.While the regional cultural tourism environment has a more obvious positive moderating effect on the travel radius of non-skiers and junior skiers,it is more conducive to promoting domestic travel.In general,the skier skill level in China was generally lower,and the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment optimization is conducive to overcoming the limitation of the travel radius caused by the disadvantageous skill level of consumers.However,to promote the development of China’s ski industry in the long run,it is necessary to focus on improving the consumer’s ski skill level,but prevent the risk of losing high-skill consumers overseas.In the course of improving the level of domestic ski sports facilities,we should also focus on the domestic leisure cultural tourism environment to better enhance the attractiveness of domestic ski destinations.展开更多
The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics has provided a strong impetus for the development of China's ski industry.Ski areas have sprung up throughout the country,even in the low latitudes south of 30°...The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics has provided a strong impetus for the development of China's ski industry.Ski areas have sprung up throughout the country,even in the low latitudes south of 30°N.However,ski tourism is extremely susceptible to weather and climate conditions.In the context of global warming,it has become important to assess the climate reliability of ski areas.Therefore,this study demonstrates a novel approach to assessing the ski tourism sector's climate risks,which can be easily applied in other markets catering to the same industry.Using the random forest regression model based on climate projections and survey data,we projected the ski season start dates,end dates and season lengths of 694 existing ski areas in China under three emission scenarios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).Climate projections,including air temperature,snowfall,rainfall,wind speed and air humidity,were the ensemble means from five climate models.Results indicate that ski areas in China may have later start dates,earlier end dates and shorter ski seasons before 2099.By the 2090s,under RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,20%(139),28%(195)and 35%(245)of ski areas are projected to be at high climate risk(ski season less than 60 d),respectively,while 28%(197),23%(157)and 8%(56)of ski areas are at low climate risk(ski season with at least 100 d),respectively.The climate risks are ranked from the highest to lowest in East,Central,Southwest,North,Northwest and Northeast China.Furthermore,the ski tourism sector in the latitudes south of 40°N is exposed to much higher climate risks than in areas north of 40°N.Therefore,climatic reliability should be carefully considered before establishing or expanding ski areas to avoid unnecessary resource waste and ecological damage,as well as to promote sustainable development in mountain areas.展开更多
基金the foundation for the Project of Key Subject of Human Geography of Fujian Normal University for the partial financial support of this research
文摘The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized the relevant research ideas, the technical methods used, and the obtained achievements through an extensive synthesis of the previous studies. Moreover, the major shortcomings and the limitations in the recent studies are pointed in order to present a useful reference for our Chinese investigators. It indicates that the future climate warming would cause the loss of skiable areas, the shortening of skiing seasons and the sharp drop of ski visitors in many low altitude and low latitude ski resorts. The paper finally stressed that future research should pay particular attention to strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation and consider more factors about the impacts of climate-induced environmental changes on tourist flows. In the future ski resort planning and management, the possible impacts of global climate change should be taken into account.
基金The Key Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(21ATY001).
文摘Chongli is one of the venues for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.Since 2009,the government of Chongli has emphasized the development of a tourism strategy,which gradually contributed to alleviating regional poverty.With data collected from 2009 to 2019,ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli were analyzed using the Coupling Coordination Degree(CCD)Model.This analysis indicated,first,there were three stages in the relationship between ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli,including weak coordination(2009–2011),starting coordination(2012–2015),and strong coordination(2016–2019).Second,sport tourism,such as ski tourism,is likely to contribute to the regional economy and alleviate poverty.Third,the case of Chongli illustrates that policy and sports events are significant for helping a place to develop sports tourism,in addition to making full use of local resources.Finally,the development of skiing tourism has had a positive impact on citizens’and farmers’incomes,though it may have impacted citizens more.This research suggests that regional resources are essential for the development of sport tourism and the promotion of regional economies.Developing regions should seize the bonus period of sports events and policies.More attention should be paid to the differences between urban citizens and farmers in order to establish a better redistribution system.Considering the climatic factors,more studies need to analyze the sustainability of ski tourism in developing regions.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41690145,41671058)Beijing Normal University Talent Introduction Project of China(12807-312232101).
文摘The development of ice-and-snow tourism (IST) has great potential for poverty alleviation and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of alpine areas. However, little attention has been given to evaluating the suitability and potential of ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken areas. Taking 832 poverty-stricken counties in China as samples, this study proposed an integrity suitability index (ISI) based on natural and socioeconomic factors to evaluate the suitability and potential of developing ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken counties. The results showed that there are significant differences between the spatial distributions of the suitability of glacier- and ski-related tourism. The former is mainly distributed in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau, while the latter is distributed in low-altitude mountainous areas. Additionally, 36.0% of the total number of poverty-stricken counties have the potential to match medium-to high-level ISIs of ice-and-snow tourism, of which 2.5%, 32.9% and 0.2% are suitable for glacier excursions, ski sports and both, respectively. Furthermore, climate change and environmental protection are the main constraints on the development of ice-and-snow tourism and corresponding development strategies are proposed. This study can provide references for scientific planning and policy making regarding the sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41690140 and 41771389)the National Foundational Scientific and Technological Work Programs of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2017FY100501).
文摘Ski tourism is extremely sensitive to climate change and is also heavily affected by socioeconomic conditions.Although some ski areas arestill profitable under current climate and socioeconomic conditions,they will become difficult to operate in the face of rising winter temper-atures,which will result in further economic losses,resource waste and environmental damage.This study projects variability in the suitability ofski area development across China in the coming decades.Natural suitability under three representative concentration pathway emission sce-narios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5),socioeconomic suitability under four shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP1,SSP2,SSP3,and SSP5)andintegrated suitability under four climatic-socioeconomic scenarios(RCP2.6-SSP1,RCP4.5-SSP2,RCP8.5-SSP3,and RCP8.5-SSP5)are re-ported.Furthermore,the suitability of 731 existing ski areas in China is assessed.The results show a substantial decline in integrated suitabilityfor most regions of China except for some very cold areas,where higher air temperatures will make visitors feel more comfortable and therelatively poor socioeconomic conditions will improve in the 2030s,2050s and 2090s.The average higher integrated suitability area(integratedsuitability values greater than 0.5)under four climatic-socioeconomic scenarios decreases from the current 29.9%e14.4%,5.0%and 4.5%bythe 2030s,2050s and 2090s,respectively.Under RCP2.6-SSP1,the higher integrated suitability area is projected to decrease from the current28.0%e5.2%by the 2050s and then increase to 5.3%by the 2090s.Under RCP4.5-SSP2,RCP8.5-SSP3,and RCP8.5-SSP5,the higher inte-grated suitability area is projected to continuously decrease from 30.3%,30.6%and 30.6%in the 2010s to 4.1%,4.4%and 4.4%in the 2090s,respectively.By the 2090s,41,138 and 277 existing ski areas are projected to be closed under RCP2.6-SSP1,RCP4.5-SSP2,and RCP8.5-SSP3/RCP8.5-SSP5,respectively.It is clear that emission pathways and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies will greatly shape thedevelopment of China's regional ski tourism.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071199)The General Project of Scientific Research Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(SM202110031002)The Key Project of National Key Research and Development Plan(2019YFB1405600).
文摘Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism,this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions,and the moderating effect of the ski resort’s comprehensive leisure environment(including the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment),in order to both understand their impacts on the travel distance characteristics of skiers and attempt to provide necessary research support for the development of China’s ski industry and the construction of destinations.Based on the data from multi-period visitor surveys,this paper constructs the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment.The results show three main characteristics.(1)The travel radius obviously differs among skiers with different skill levels.The skill level of skiers has a significant positive effect on the larger travel radius,and a significant negative effect on the smaller travel radius.That is,skiers with a higher skill level are more inclined to undertake long-distance skiing travel,while skiers with a lower skill level are more inclined to undertake short-distance skiing travel.(2)The comprehensive leisure environment has a significant moderating effect on the skiers’travel radius,with a significant positive impact on enlarging the travel radius,while the influences on high-skill and low-skill skiers are significantly higher than on middle-skill skiers.(3)In the comprehensive leisure environment,there are differences in the moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment on the skiers travel radius,and the positive moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment on the high-skill skiers’travel radius is more obvious.While the regional cultural tourism environment has a more obvious positive moderating effect on the travel radius of non-skiers and junior skiers,it is more conducive to promoting domestic travel.In general,the skier skill level in China was generally lower,and the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment optimization is conducive to overcoming the limitation of the travel radius caused by the disadvantageous skill level of consumers.However,to promote the development of China’s ski industry in the long run,it is necessary to focus on improving the consumer’s ski skill level,but prevent the risk of losing high-skill consumers overseas.In the course of improving the level of domestic ski sports facilities,we should also focus on the domestic leisure cultural tourism environment to better enhance the attractiveness of domestic ski destinations.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(42125604,41690143,and 42201159)the open fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science(SKLCS-OP-2021-01).
文摘The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics has provided a strong impetus for the development of China's ski industry.Ski areas have sprung up throughout the country,even in the low latitudes south of 30°N.However,ski tourism is extremely susceptible to weather and climate conditions.In the context of global warming,it has become important to assess the climate reliability of ski areas.Therefore,this study demonstrates a novel approach to assessing the ski tourism sector's climate risks,which can be easily applied in other markets catering to the same industry.Using the random forest regression model based on climate projections and survey data,we projected the ski season start dates,end dates and season lengths of 694 existing ski areas in China under three emission scenarios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).Climate projections,including air temperature,snowfall,rainfall,wind speed and air humidity,were the ensemble means from five climate models.Results indicate that ski areas in China may have later start dates,earlier end dates and shorter ski seasons before 2099.By the 2090s,under RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,20%(139),28%(195)and 35%(245)of ski areas are projected to be at high climate risk(ski season less than 60 d),respectively,while 28%(197),23%(157)and 8%(56)of ski areas are at low climate risk(ski season with at least 100 d),respectively.The climate risks are ranked from the highest to lowest in East,Central,Southwest,North,Northwest and Northeast China.Furthermore,the ski tourism sector in the latitudes south of 40°N is exposed to much higher climate risks than in areas north of 40°N.Therefore,climatic reliability should be carefully considered before establishing or expanding ski areas to avoid unnecessary resource waste and ecological damage,as well as to promote sustainable development in mountain areas.