解铃还需系铃人,Skimming & Scanning攻克快速阅读题

快速阅读是新世纪大学英语四、六级改革中最具创新的一部分,其命题形式是:给出一篇篇幅约1000-1200单词左右的短文,要求考生在15分钟内阅读完毕并做完其后的10道题。新四级中。

Removing ammonia from skim by air stripping with rotating packed bed

Based on the effects of skim components on ammonium removal as well as the current processing technology, a new process-intensified technology of removing ammonia from skim by air stripping on rotating packed bed was proposed. The experiments were conducted on a wave-thread packed Rotating Packed Bed(RPB) under atmospheric pressure, suggesting that, in terms of order of importance, the ammonium concentration of feed-stock(x_w), the average ultra-gravity factor(β), feed-stock flux(L), and gas flux(G) had significant impact on ammonium removal rate(η) and the ammonium concentration of products(x_D). In the experiment, mass-transfer coefficient in gas phase(k_ya_e) increases with the increase of β, G/L, and L. The ammonium concentration of products decreases with the increase of β, G/L and the increase of L. The ammonium concentration of products would be as low as ~0.10% and the ammonia removal rate would be 63.21% when skim temperature was 25 °C, x_w0.28%, β 133.2, and G/L 15.0 m^3·L^(-1). Experiment results indicated that the proposed technology for removing ammonium from skim on a rotating packed bed would be a new process-intensified technique compared with traditional aeration process and centrifugal atomization method.

Resource utilization of slag from desulphurization and slag skimming:A comprehensive recycling process of all components

In order to make the slag from desulphurization and slag skimming(SDSS)to be comprehensively recycled and utilized,a combined process of beneficiation and building materials preparation was proposed to recover iron from SDSS,meanwhile to apply the remaining slag tailings as cement admixture.From this process,three iron-rich products were recovered in stages by clean gravity-magnetic separation,slag tailings were left.Slag powder was prepared by ultrafine grinding of slag tailings.The stability,setting time and cement mortar strength of the slag tailings cements(STC)which were mixed with Portland cement and slag powder were studied respectively.The results showed that a proper overall performance still could be obtained at the slag powder content of 30%.Chemical composition analysis,X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM)analysis were employed to assess the characteristics of the SDSS and the products obtained from the whole process.The results indicated that the three iron-rich products could be used as a raw material for steelmaking and ironmaking and the relatively large amount of calcium silicate(C_(2)S)and tricalcium silicate(C_(3)S)in the slag tailings make the addition of slag powder into the Portland cement feasible.

The Echo Modelling and Simulation of the Semi-Active Radar Seeker against a Sea Skimming Target

This paper has proposed a new modelling and simulating technique for the echo of the semi-active radar seeker against the sea skimming target. The echo modelling is based on the electromagnetic scattering mechanisms. A modified Four-path model based on the radar detection scene is used to describe the multipath scattering between the target and rough sea surface. A Facet-based Small Slope Approximation (FBSSA) method is employed to calculate the scattering from the sea surface. The Physical Optics (PO) and the Equivalent Edge Current (EEC) Method is used to calculate the target scattering. In the echo simulations. The results present the original echo and the echo processed by the signal processing procedures, where the clutter and multipath effect can be observed.

Development of genomic resources for the genus Celtis (Cannabaceae) based on genome skimming data

Celtis is a Cannabaceae genus of 60e70 species of trees,or rarely shrubs,commonly known as hackberries.This woody genus consists of very valuable forest plants that provide important wildlife habitat for birds and mammals.Although previous studies have identified its phylogenetic position,interspecific relationships within Celtis remain unclear.In this study,we generated genome skimming data from five Celtis species to analyze phylogenetic relationships within the genus and develop genome resources.The plastomes of Celtis ranged in length from 158,989 bp to 159,082 bp,with a typical angiosperm quadripartite structure,and encoded a total of 132 genes with 20 duplicated in the IRs.Comparative analyses showed that plastome content and structure were relatively conserved.Whole plastomes showed no signs of gene loss,translocations,inversions,or genome rearrangement.Six plastid hotspot regions(trnH-psbA,psbA-trnK,trnG-trnR,psbC-trnS,cemA-petA and rps8-rpl14),4097 polymorphic nuclear SSRs,as well as 62 low or single-copy gene fragments were identified within Celtis.Moreover,the phylogenetic relationships based on the complete plastome sequences strongly endorse the placement of C.biondii as sister to the((((C.koraiensis,C.sinensis),C.tetrandra),C.julianae),C.cerasifera)clade.These findings and the genetic resources developed here will be conducive to further studies on the genus Celtis involving phylogeny,population genetics,and conservation biology.

Air Entrainment and Pressure Fields over Stepped Spillway in Skimming Flow Regime

This paper deals with some aspects of the air entrainment process along the chute of spillway and study of pressure fluctuations. The experimental study has been carried out using stepped spillway model located in the campus of Government College of Engineering, Amravati (India). It is observed that air concentration is increasing with discharge as well as with number of step. Air concentration is increasing along the length of spillway. It is also observed that the bottom mean air concentration increases with step height in the upstream reach of stepped spillway, which is prone to cavitation. The pressure profiles exhibit a wavy pattern down the stepped chute and pressure on each step increases with ratio of critical depth to step height (yc/h).

Numerical investigation of air-entrainment in skimming flow over stepped spillways

As a widely used flood energy dissipator, the stepped spillway can significantly dissipate the kinetic or hydraulic energy due to the air-entrainment in skimming flow over the steps. The free-surface aeration involves the sharp deformation of the free surface and the complex turbulent shear flows. In this study, the volume of fluid （VOF）, mixture, and Eulerian methods are utilized to simulate the air-entrainment by coupling with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation （RANS/LES） turbulence models. The free surface deformation, air volume fraction, pressure, and velocity are compared for the three different numerical methods. Only the Eulerian＋RANS method fails to capture the free-surface aeration. The air volume fraction predicted by the VOF＋LES method best matches the experimental measurement, while the mixture＋LES method predicts the inception point of the air entrainment more accurately.

skimming和scanning阅读策略在高中英语教学中的应用

阅读策略是指根据不同的篇章类型、不同的语境、不同的阅读目的灵活且有选择地采用的阅读方法，目的是辅助阅读理解。skimming阅读策略在于了解大意，scanning阅读策略在于查找关键词或短语、日期、数字等。skimming和scanning在高中英语教学中的应用共分三步：对模块的skimming和scanning，对单元的skimming和scanning，对课文的skimming和scanning。

Application of Renneted Skim Milk as a Fat Mimetics in Nonfat Yoghurt

For a long time, fermented dairy products have been consumed for human’s nutrition and health. Recently, consumption of whole dairy products, such as full fat yoghurt, has declined due to the awareness of probable harmful effects of fat on consumers’ health, resulting change of market interest in favor of low or non fat dairy products. It is a challenge for food scientists to produce a suitable fat substitute providing the functionality of the missing fat. The present investigation was carried out to examine the effect of 0 to 50% renneted skim milk (RSM) as a fat mimetic upon the physico-chemical, physical, rheological and sensory characteristics of nonfat yoghurt in comparison to control samples (full fat and skim yoghurt). By increasing RSM content, the chemical characteristics (titratable acidity, pH as well as the content of fat and total protein) of yoghurts did not alter except decrease of total solid in sample with 50% RSM. The yoghurts with more content of RSM exhibited higher b*and a* values, while the highest L* value, viscosity, water holding capacity (WHC), firmness and lowest syneresis were found in sample containing 30% RSM. It seems that new interaction in gel network of yoghurts containing RSM, exhibited greater ability to bind water than control skim yoghurt. In addition, probably new bridges between milk proteins (interacting partially hydrolyzed casein with casein) can increase the number of bounds between protein particles leading to lower syneresis. However, excessive RSM content (higher than 30%) did not increase the L* value, viscosity and WHC of samples probably because of too much aggregation of casein. Sensory results revealed that sample containing 30% RSM was exactly alike to full fat yoghurt in terms of overall sensory attributes. New formulation of palatable skim yoghurt was developed using 3% RSM successfully.

SKIMMING简介

Skimming是一种阅读技巧(reading skill),但本文将把它作为一种教学方法(teaching technique)加以介绍和评述。阅读(reading)是四种基本语言技能之一,在语言教学中占有重要地位。为了达到不同的阅读目的,阅读所采取的方式除精读(intensivc reading)和泛读(extonsive reading)以外,还有略读(skimming)、跳读(scanning)和评读(critical reading)。从某种意义上讲,泛读就是略读,因为要广泛地读,必须略读。

基于图式理论的高中英语skimming策略教学与应用实践探究

教学中发现高中学生在英语阅读理解中失分较为严重,阅读能力参差不齐,相当一部分同学只会逐字逐句阅读,没有掌握正确的阅读方法,无法正确理解文章主旨。针对这一情况,以图式理论为指导,探寻通过指导学生使用skimming策略来获取主旨大意,有效提高学生英语阅读能力的可行方法。

The Comparison and Contrast Between Skimming and Scanning

This paper illustrates the similarity and dissimilarity between two basic reading skills- skimming and scanning from different ways.It advises readers to understand and make full use of them in their everyday reading.They will make reading easier and help improve reading comprehension to a certain extent.

A Study on the Tryptic Hydrolysis of Proteins in Skim Milk and the Characteristics of the Hydrolysate

Limited enzymatic hydrolysis of skim milk by trypsin was investigated in this paper, and it was found that the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of milk proteins had a relationship of DH -1 =a+bt -1 with the time(t) of hydrolysis at low enzyme concentrations, some properties of the protein such as NSI in PI or TCA were changed obviously. It was suggested that most milk proteins would be degraded into peptides by trypsin .

Use of fluorometry for determination of skim milk powder adulteration in fresh milk

A FAST (fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and Soluble Tryptophan) method for identification of recon- stituted milk made from skim milk powder in the fresh milk was developed. Considering milk and skim milk powders variations from different seasons and countries, milk was collected from different dairy farms in different seasons and skim milk powders were collected from different countries to measure the Tryptophan (Trp), advanced Maillard products (AMP) fluorescence values. The results showed that there were differences (P<0.01) between raw and reconstituted milk. The plot of values in each mixed level of raw and reconstituted milk had a correlation coefficient >0.97. The FAST method is a simple, rapid, low-cost and sensitive method enabling the detection of 5% reconstituted milk in fresh milk. The measurement of the Trp, AMP fluorescence values and calculation of the FAST index is a suitable method for large-scale monitoring of fresh milk samples.

碱性及复合蛋白酶复配水解对脱脂牛乳致敏性的影响

牛乳中致敏蛋白在一定程度上限制了其在婴幼儿配方奶粉中的使用。以脱脂牛乳为原料,以水解度、脱脂牛乳IgG抑制率、过敏患者血清IgE抑制率为指标,研究碱性、复合蛋白酶复配处理对其致敏性的影响。结果表明,复配酶的酶活与底物比(E/S)为6000 U/g,碱性蛋白酶与复合蛋白酶质量比为3∶1,酶解时间60 min时,脱脂牛乳的水解度为9.21%,对脱脂牛乳IgG及过敏患者血清IgE抗体抑制率分别为86.94%与43.46%,显著高于单一蛋白酶(P<0.05)的处理效果。研究结果为以脱脂牛乳为婴幼儿奶粉基料的开发提供了重要参考。

小橡胶粒子对浓缩天然胶乳胶体性能的影响

基于鲜天然胶乳制备浓缩胶乳的过程中胶清未得到有效利用,同时小橡胶粒子有着自己的独特的性能。本文通过膏化法从胶清中获得小橡胶粒子,将小橡胶粒子胶乳(SRPL)与浓缩胶乳以不同质量比进行混合,对贮存过程中混合胶乳的胶体性能进行研究。结果表明,小橡胶粒子的相对分子质量较大,小橡胶粒子在浓缩胶乳中含量越多,混合胶乳的相对分子质量随之增大;随着小粒子含量的增加,浓缩胶乳样的平均粒径不断减少;随着贮存时间的增加,各胶乳样品中橡胶粒子的平均粒径变化不大;SRPL加入到浓缩胶乳中,对浓缩胶乳的黏度、机械稳定度、热稳定度都有影响,随着小橡胶粒子用量的增加,胶乳的黏度随之升高,胶乳的机械稳定度和热稳定性先下降,随后上升并趋于稳定。

4℃诱导解离对山羊乳酪蛋白胶束结构的影响

山羊脱脂乳于25℃超离心,分为乳清和胶束,后者复溶于脱脂乳超滤液,于4℃超离心,分为乳清和胶束,探究4℃诱导解离对胶束结构的影响。4℃下超离心和超滤液复溶2次后,胶束态酪蛋白的解离达平衡,总酪蛋白的解离达36.5%,其中β-、κ-、αs-酪蛋白的解离达60.4%、31.4%、11.8%;25℃下游离β-酪蛋白以2P、3P和4P的低磷酸化形式存在,4℃下胶束钙的解离导致5P和6P的高磷酸化β-酪蛋白的解离;4℃诱导解离后,胶束钙相对含量从72.0%减少至50.2%,胶束中钙与酪蛋白物质的量之比从21.8减少至19.4,胶束仍保持完整的球状形貌,胶束均方回转半径R_(g)、流体力学半径R h、重均分子质量均减小,胶束形状因子R_(g)/R h、水合率和内源荧光强度均增加,胶束内部结构中酪蛋白空间分布的非均一性降低,表明低温诱导解离后胶束内部组分发生了重排,骨架结构变得更加松散。该研究为羊乳酪蛋白配料的分离提供参考。

Development and characterization of an atorvastatin solid dispersion formulation using skimmed milk for improved oral bioavailability

Atorvastatin has low aqueous solubility resulting in low oral bioavailability(12%)and thus presents a challenge in formulating a suitable dosage form.To improve the aqueous solubility,a solid dispersion formulation of atorvasta tin was prepared by lyophilization utilising skimmed milk as a carrier.Six different formulations were prepared with varying ratios of drug and carrier and the corresponding physical mixtures were also prepared.The formation of a solid dispersion formulation was confirmed by differential scanning ca lorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies.The optimum drug-to-carrier ratio of 1:9 en hanced solubility nearly 33-fold as compared to pure drug.In vitro drug release studies exhibited a cumulative release of 83.69% as compared to 22.7% for the pure drug.Additionally,scanning electron microscopy studies suggested the conversion of crystalline atorvastatin to an amorphous form.In a Triton-induced hyperlipidemia model,a 3-fold increase in the lipid lowering potential was obtained with the reformulated drug as compared to pure drug.These results suggest that solid dispersion of atorvastatin using skimmed milk as carrier is a promising approach for oral delivery of atorvastatin.

基于自适应干扰观测器的巡航导弹掠海飞行轨迹跟踪控制

构建了巡航导弹动力学模型,将不确定性项与风浪干扰项合并,同时引入一种自适应干扰观测器予以补偿,提高导弹控制系统的鲁棒性,并利用高阶滑模控制器和任意阶微分器实现控制系统反馈环节的有限时间镇定.仿真实验表明,该方案可实现在1∼7级海况下巡航导弹掠海飞行的高精度轨迹跟踪,同时具备较高的收敛速度和良好的适应性.