As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposi...As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.展开更多
An array of distributed round synthetic jets was used to control a fully developed turbulent boundary layer.The study focused on the related skin friction drag reduction and mechanisms involved.The control effects wer...An array of distributed round synthetic jets was used to control a fully developed turbulent boundary layer.The study focused on the related skin friction drag reduction and mechanisms involved.The control effects were analyzed by measuring the streamwise velocities using a hot-wire anemometer downstream of the array.A reduction in the skin friction was observed both in the regions downstream of the orifices and in the regions between two adjacent orifices.A statistical analysis with the variable-interval time-averaging(VITA)technique demonstrated a weakened bursting intensity with synthetic jet in the near-wall region.The streamwise vortices were lifted by the upwash effect caused by synthetic jet and induced less low-speed streaks.The control mechanism acted in a way to suppress the dynamic interaction between the streamwise vortices and low-speed streaks and to attenuate the turbulence production in the near-wall region.The forcing frequency was found to be a more relevant parameter when synthetic jet was applied in turbulent boundary layer flow control.A higher forcing frequency induced a higher reduction in the skin friction.The power spectral density and autocorrelation of the fluctuating velocities showed that the synthetic jets gradually decayed in the streamwise direction,having an effect as far as 34.5 times the displacement thickness that was on the trailing edge of the distributed synthetic jets array.展开更多
对原为沟壑的场地,经回填全风化泥质粉砂岩形成高填方地基。对高填方地基采用3000 k N·m能级强夯预处理后,打设钻孔灌注桩,通过在桩身钢筋笼主筋上安装应力计,在桩身截面和桩周土层分别埋设沉降杆、分层沉降仪,测试桩身轴力、桩身...对原为沟壑的场地,经回填全风化泥质粉砂岩形成高填方地基。对高填方地基采用3000 k N·m能级强夯预处理后,打设钻孔灌注桩,通过在桩身钢筋笼主筋上安装应力计,在桩身截面和桩周土层分别埋设沉降杆、分层沉降仪,测试桩身轴力、桩身及桩周土层沉降变化情况,得到高填方夯实地基未处理填土层桩侧负摩阻力变化规律。试验结果表明,未处理填土层桩侧摩阻力沿深度呈现"负-正"变化的现象,随着固结时间的增加,端承桩负摩阻力区段大于摩擦桩。端承桩桩侧土层提供的最大负摩阻力约是摩擦桩的1.18~2.56倍,桩周土层密实度对桩侧最大负摩阻力有影响。采用一阶负指数函数拟合得到桩身下拉荷载预测模型,随着固结时间的增加,作用于桩身的下拉荷载趋于定值,作用于端承桩的下拉荷载比摩擦桩高41.2%~55.4%,从控制负摩阻力角度推导出高填方夯实地基摩擦桩桩长设计计算方法。桩身中性点位置均随固结时间增加而逐渐下移,端承桩中性点深度较摩擦桩平均大0.7 m。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2014CB744802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11772194)
文摘As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the project“Drag Reduction via Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Control(DRAGY)”.The DRAGY project(April 2016-March 2019)is a China-EU Aeronautical Cooperation project,which is co-funded by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(MIIT),China,and Directorate-General for Research and Innovation(DG RTD),European Commission.
文摘An array of distributed round synthetic jets was used to control a fully developed turbulent boundary layer.The study focused on the related skin friction drag reduction and mechanisms involved.The control effects were analyzed by measuring the streamwise velocities using a hot-wire anemometer downstream of the array.A reduction in the skin friction was observed both in the regions downstream of the orifices and in the regions between two adjacent orifices.A statistical analysis with the variable-interval time-averaging(VITA)technique demonstrated a weakened bursting intensity with synthetic jet in the near-wall region.The streamwise vortices were lifted by the upwash effect caused by synthetic jet and induced less low-speed streaks.The control mechanism acted in a way to suppress the dynamic interaction between the streamwise vortices and low-speed streaks and to attenuate the turbulence production in the near-wall region.The forcing frequency was found to be a more relevant parameter when synthetic jet was applied in turbulent boundary layer flow control.A higher forcing frequency induced a higher reduction in the skin friction.The power spectral density and autocorrelation of the fluctuating velocities showed that the synthetic jets gradually decayed in the streamwise direction,having an effect as far as 34.5 times the displacement thickness that was on the trailing edge of the distributed synthetic jets array.
文摘对原为沟壑的场地,经回填全风化泥质粉砂岩形成高填方地基。对高填方地基采用3000 k N·m能级强夯预处理后,打设钻孔灌注桩,通过在桩身钢筋笼主筋上安装应力计,在桩身截面和桩周土层分别埋设沉降杆、分层沉降仪,测试桩身轴力、桩身及桩周土层沉降变化情况,得到高填方夯实地基未处理填土层桩侧负摩阻力变化规律。试验结果表明,未处理填土层桩侧摩阻力沿深度呈现"负-正"变化的现象,随着固结时间的增加,端承桩负摩阻力区段大于摩擦桩。端承桩桩侧土层提供的最大负摩阻力约是摩擦桩的1.18~2.56倍,桩周土层密实度对桩侧最大负摩阻力有影响。采用一阶负指数函数拟合得到桩身下拉荷载预测模型,随着固结时间的增加,作用于桩身的下拉荷载趋于定值,作用于端承桩的下拉荷载比摩擦桩高41.2%~55.4%,从控制负摩阻力角度推导出高填方夯实地基摩擦桩桩长设计计算方法。桩身中性点位置均随固结时间增加而逐渐下移,端承桩中性点深度较摩擦桩平均大0.7 m。
