Conversion between solid and beam element solutions of finite element method based on meta-modeling theory:development and application to a ramp tunnel structure

In this study, a new method for conversion of solid finite element solution to beam finite element solution is developed based on the meta-modeling theory which constructs a model consistent with continuum mechanics. The proposed method is rigorous and efficient compared to a typical conversion method which merely computes surface integration of solid element nodal stresses to obtain cross-sectional forces. The meta-modeling theory ensures the rigorousness of proposed method by defining a proper distance between beam element and solid element solutions in a function space of continuum mechanics. Results of numerical verification test that is conducted with a simple cantilever beam are used to find the proper distance function for this conversion. Time history analysis of the main tunnel structure of a real ramp tunnel is considered as a numerical example for the proposed conversion method. It is shown that cross-sectional forces are readily computed for solid element solution of the main tunnel structure when it is converted to a beam element solution using the proposed method. Further, envelopes of resultant forces which are of primary importance for the purpose of design, are developed for a given ground motion at the end.

Pseudo-beam method for compressive buckling characteristics analysis of space inflatable load-carrying structures

This paper extends Le van＇s work to the case of nonlinear problem and the complicated configuration. The wrinkling stress distribution and the pressure effects are also included in our analysis. Pseudo-beam method is presented based on the inflatable beam theory to model the inflatable structures as a set of inflatable beam elements with a prestressed state. In this method, the discretized nonlinear equations are given based upon the virtual work principle with a 3-node Timoshenko＇s beam model. Finite element simulation is performed by using a 3-node BEAM189 element incorporating ANSYS nonlinear program. The pressure effect is equivalent included in our method by modifying beam element cross-section parameters related to pressure. A benchmark example, the bending case of an inflatable cantilever beam, is performed to verify the accuracy of our proposed method. The comparisons reveal that the numerical results obtained with our method are close to open published analytical and membrane finite element results. The method is then used to evaluate the whole buckling and the loadcarrying characteristics of an inflatable support frame subjected to a compression force. The wrinkling stress and region characteristics are also shown in the end. This method gives better convergence characteristics, and requires much less computation time. It is very effective to deal with the whole load-carrying ability analytical problems for large scale inflatable structures with complex configuration.

A New Non-uniform Beam Element and Its Application to Buckling Analysis for Framed Structures

The non-uniform beam components are commonly used in engineering,while the method to analyze such component is not too satisfactory yet. A new non-uniform beam element with high precision was developed based on the non-linear analysis and the static condensation. Based on the interpolation theory, the displacement fields of the three-node non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam element were constructed at first: the quintic Hermite interpolation polynomial was used for the lateral displacement field and the quadratic Lagrange interpolation polynomial for the axial displacement field. Then,based on the basic assumptions of non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam whose section properties were continuously varying along its centroidal axis, the linear and geometric stiffness matrices of the three-node non-uniform beam element were derived according to the nonlinear finite element theory. Finally,the degrees of freedom ( DOFs) of the middle node of the element were eliminated using the static condensation method, and a new two-node non-uniform beam element including axial-force effect was obtained. The results indicate that each bar needs to be meshed with only one element could get a fairly accurate solution when it is applied to the stability analyses.

Method to analyze wrinkled membranes with zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness

To solve the problems of divergence,low accuracy and project application of membrane wrinkling analysis,an analysis method of zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness was proposed.This method is an improvement to the previous method (Method I) of local coordinate transposition and stiffness equivalence.The new method is derived and the feasibility is theoretically proved.A small-scale membrane structure is analyzed by the two methods,and the results show that the computational efficiency of the new method (Method II) is approximately 23 times that of Method I.When Method II is applied to a large-scale membrane stadium structure,it is found that this new method can quickly make the second principal stress of one way wrinkled elements zero,and make the two principal stresses of two-way wrinkled elements zero as well.It could attain the correct load responses right after the appearance of wrinkled elements,which indicates that Method II can be applied to wrinkling analysis of large-scale membrane structures.

Conjugate Gradient Method to Solve Fluid Structure Interaction Problem

In this paper, we propose a method to solve coupled problem. Our computational method is mainly based on conjugate gradient algorithm. We use finite difference method for the structure and finite element method for the fluid. Conjugate gradient method gives suitable numerical results according to some papers.

Thermal and Structural Behaviour of Offshore Structures with Passive Fire Protection

In offshore structures,hydrocarbon fires cause the structure to loose its rigidity rapidly and this leads to structural integrity and stability problems.The Passive Fire Protection(PFP)system slows the transfer rate of fire heat and helps to prevent the collapse of structures and human losses.The vital design factors are decided in the detailed design stage.The determined design thickness must be accurately applied in the fabrication yard.However,there are many cases that the PFP is overused because of various reasons.This excessive application of the PFP is an unavoidable problem.Several studies have been conducted on the efficient application and optimal design of the PFP.However,the strength of the PFP has not been considered.In addition,research studies on the correlation between the thickness of the PFP and the structural behaviour are not widely available.Therefore,this study attempts to analyse the thermal and mechanical effects of the PFP on the structure when it is applied to the structural member.In particular,it is intended to determine the change in the behaviour of the structural member as the thickness of the PFP increases.

涉水高墩现浇箱梁支撑体系的承载能力分析和方案优化

混凝土现浇梁支架虽然属于临时结构,但仍具有承载功能,而且随着桥梁工程的发展,高大支架的受力也越来越复杂,传统的结构力学手算方法已无法全面反映和权衡特殊体型、特殊部位和特殊工况的受力情况。为保证工程的顺利开展,需采用数值方法进行整体承载力计算和方案设计。该文采用Midas/Civil有限元软件,从强度、刚度、稳定性和经济性(用钢量)等方面综合评价满堂支撑、梁式支撑体系的安全性能和通用性。结果表明:(1)满堂支撑虽然施工简单,用钢量小,下部支撑杆系较多,受力均匀,变形小,最大挠度仅为2.82 mm,但是强度和稳定性不及梁式支撑,对场地要求还高。当应用于高大桥梁时,需整体进行屈曲分析,谨防结构失稳破坏;(2)梁式支撑虽然不会发生强度和失稳性破坏,对场地和地基基本没有要求。但是其用钢量高、施工难度也大,并且因跨中缺乏竖向支撑,变形有所增加。因此,在应用于“预拱度”要求较高的复杂桥梁工程中时,需进行找形分析;(3)在力学指标均达标的前提下,可以适当调整贝雷梁横向净距或下弦杆加强等措施,以获取经济性。以该文案例工程为例,贝雷梁净距由80 cm调整到100cm,可以节省约10%的用钢量。

高度修正实现刚度等效的梁结构有限元建模方法

民用飞机中对于梁结构的有限元建模,一般采用刚度等效方法将梁建成杆单元与剪切板单元的组合形式,这种有限元简化方法仅能保证截面刚度与真实截面刚度近似等效,但有限元中的截面面积与实际面积却相差较大,致使有限元分析的结果不能准确反映结构严重部位的应力情况。针对传统刚度等效有限元建模方法的不足,提出一种采用高度修正的刚度等效有限元建模方法;将该方法的计算结果与传统建模方法的计算结果、理论计算结果、试验测量结果进行对比。结果表明:本文提出的高度修正的有限元建模方法比传统杆板系建模方法更准确,与试验结果更接近;将该方法用于民用飞机结构有限元建模,能够对真实结构进行更准确地模拟,分析结果也更精确。

正交异性钢桥面板双轴疲劳性能评估

为精确评估正交异性钢桥面板在双轴应力状态下的疲劳性能,以东营胜利黄河大桥为背景,建立该桥正交异性钢桥面板顶板、U肋、横隔板交叉连接部位焊缝的节段三维有限元模型,采用等效结构应力法对正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳问题进行研究;通过模型试验验证正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳特性,并进行其构造细节疲劳寿命评估。结果表明:弧形切口起焊点的疲劳裂纹萌生位置在横隔板下方焊趾处,经历裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失效3个阶段,最终失效阶段裂纹形式为Ⅱ型裂纹主导的Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合裂纹,此为该桥正交异性钢桥面板结构体系的主导疲劳失效模式;顶板焊缝焊趾及弧形切口起焊点焊趾处于双轴应力状态,面内剪切结构应力幅对疲劳应力的影响显著,按单轴疲劳应力进行寿命预测误差较大,按单轴疲劳应力状态对结构进行疲劳寿命设计偏于不安全;基于组合等效结构应力法的计算值与试验值吻合较好,各焊接细节计算得到的最大值下的疲劳裂纹起裂位置均与试验结果一致,按双轴疲劳应力预测疲劳寿命与试验值吻合较好,疲劳寿命评价精确度较高。

大跨度钢屋盖轮辐式索桁架结构施工方法与数值模拟

轮辐式张拉结构通过张拉柔性拉索形成刚度,抵抗结构所承受的外荷载。为保证柔性结构张拉成型全过程安全可靠、张拉完成后满足设计要求,对施工过程各阶段进行数值模拟和计算分析,确定合理的施工方案。采用有限元软件ANSYS建立济南市黄河体育中心钢屋盖轮辐式索桁架整体分析模型;通过等效降温法对轮辐式拉索施加预拉力,得到不同施工阶段整体结构力学响应;对索桁架结构展开形态分析,使索构件实际内力与设计拉力吻合。研究表明,采用等效降温法可实现对大跨度钢屋盖轮辐式拉索预拉力的模拟,整体结构在各施工阶段的力学响应满足安全性要求。

高铁大跨双肢墩连续刚构桥减震系梁地震易损性分析

为了解地震作用下减震系梁对高铁大跨双肢墩连续刚构桥的减震效果,以某主跨180 m的山区高铁双肢墩连续刚构桥为背景,分别建立采用钢筋混凝土(RC)系梁、2种新型减震系梁(可屈服钢系梁与斜交筒式黏弹性阻尼器系梁)方案的全桥有限元模型,对比分析不同系梁方案下的结构损伤、桥面平顺性指标等。结果表明:2种新型减震系梁均不会在地震作用下出现负刚度,新型减震系梁方案较RC系梁方案能有效降低系梁和主墩的结构损伤概率,主墩最大压应变降低83.3%;但减震系梁对震后桥面平顺性指标无明显改善,需采用更具针对性的技术措施。

多点点焊件疲劳寿命分析

根据ST12钢的双点及三点拉剪电阻点焊试件的恒幅疲劳测试结果,分别使用缺口应力法和等效结构应力法进行疲劳寿命预测。在使用缺口应力法时,按试件的实际尺寸和国际焊接学会(International institute of welding, IIW)推荐标准,分别建立了双点和三点拉剪试件的三维实体有限元模型进行弹性应力分析,从有限元分析结果提取von Mises最大应力变化值,结合IIW推荐标准中的S-N曲线对试件进行疲劳寿命分析预测;在使用结构应力法时则采用梁壳混合单元进行有限元应力分析,并且根据主S-N曲线进行疲劳寿命预测。结果表明,在低周疲劳范围内,缺口应力法和等效结构应力法预测的结果相对于试件的实际寿命有较好地相关性,其中等效结构应力法的结果更接近实验寿命结果。

梁端削弱形式对火灾下钢框架抗连续倒塌性能影响

为探究不同梁端削弱形式对火灾下钢框架结构抗连续倒塌性能影响,对中柱失效2层2跨钢框架梁-柱子结构进行常温下Pushdown加载试验,研究其竖向抗力曲线和破坏模态。试验结果表明:中柱失效钢框架结构主要依靠弯曲机制和悬链线机制抵抗外加荷载,且悬链线机制具有滞后性。随后在试验的基础上,通过ABAQUS建立二层平面钢框架模型,并对其展开常温下和火灾下的拟静力模拟,对出现的削弱型梁翼缘、二次削弱型梁翼缘、开洞梁腹板和开洞梁翼缘4种梁端削弱方式进行抗连续倒塌分析。有限元结果表明:削弱型梁翼缘和二次削弱型梁翼缘不论在常温还是高温下,都能提供比未削弱情况下的模型更高的结构竖向抗力和变形能力。较于其他梁端削弱形式,考虑悬链线效应,二次削弱型梁翼缘变形能力最好。

内压薄壁圆柱壳电阻凸焊接头疲劳寿命研究

为提高凸焊接头在使用过程中的安全性能,笔者采用有限元法和等效结构应力法,对内压薄壁圆柱壳电阻凸焊接头疲劳寿命预测方法进行了研究。提出了一种考虑预压载荷对圆柱壳形状影响的建模方法,计算了不同预压载荷下的筒体变形和凸焊接头疲劳寿命。研究结果表明薄壁圆柱壳在凸焊接头处的变形对凸焊接头疲劳寿命有显著影响。建议在制造中采取措施减小焊接过程对圆柱壳在开孔区的变形的影响,从而使凸焊接头获得较高的疲劳寿命。

钢与混凝土组合弯梁桥不同施工方法对结构内力的影响

随着经济和交通建设的发展,组合弯梁桥逐渐成为城市桥梁建设中的优选桥型。组合弯梁桥与直桥的受力特点不同,不同的施工方法涉及不同的体系转换问题,因此施工方法的选择会对结构的力学性能产生影响。基于组合弯梁桥的三种施工方法——先简支后连续、先支点后跨中和满堂支架施工,通过有限元软件模拟不同施工方法的施工过程,研究了不同施工方法对组合弯梁桥结构力学性能的影响,针对预制组合弯梁桥提出合理主梁、横梁施工方法,对组合弯梁桥从结构受力角度选择合理的主梁施工方法具有指导意义。

基于整体节点理念的钢盖梁与混凝土墩柱连接结构优化设计

针对传统钢盖梁设置套筒外包混凝土墩柱方案墩梁连接位置刚度突变、应力集中及施工定位精度要求高的问题,基于梁柱整体节点理念,以门式框架墩为例,提出一种钢盖梁与钢套筒连接结构优化方案。该方案将连接位置处钢盖梁和钢套筒腹板设计为整体节点板,钢盖梁和钢套筒翼缘板加劲肋一一对应,并将现场接头设置在钢盖梁侧。以某公路工程匝道桥为背景,采用有限元软件分析其门式框架墩采用传统方案与优化方案的受力性能,并将优化方案应用于实桥。结果表明:该优化方案传力顺畅,结构应力集中程度较低,构造合理;该优化方案施工较为简单,容错性更好,具有良好的推广应用前景。

关于液压支架掩护梁结构的优化设计研究

利用SolidWorks和ANSYS软件构建了ZY13000型液压支架的有限元模型,对掩护梁结构承受冲击载荷时的受力情况进行仿真分析。结果发现,掩护梁结构承受的应力非常不均匀,最大应力达到了674.3 MPa,几乎接近材料的屈服强度690 MPa,存在一定风险。从掩护梁整体箱型结构和千斤顶耳座结构两个方面进行优化设计,再次对优化后的掩护梁结构进行受力分析,发现最大应力降低至446.1 MPa,降低的幅度为33.84%。将优化后的掩护梁结构应用到液压支架工程实践中,经过6个月时间的现场测试,发现整体运行良好,使用寿命可延长20%左右。

Inverse Problems for an Euler-Bernoulli Beam: Identification of Bending Rigidity and External Loads

We present a method for identifying the flexural rigidity and external loads acting on a beam using the finite-element method. We used mixed beam elements possessing transverse deflection and the bending moment as the primary degrees of freedom. The first step is to determine the bending moment from the transverse deflection and boundary conditions. The second step is to substitute the bending moment into the final equations with respect to the unknown parameters (flexural rigidity or external load). The final step solves the resulting system of equations. We apply this method to some inverse beam problems and provide an accurate estimation. Several numerical examples are performed and show that present method gives excellent results for identifying bending stiffness and distributed load of beam.

非完全绞合利兹线的高频损耗特性分析与计算

现有的利兹线损耗计算模型,普遍是基于每股绝缘细导线流过相同电流的假设,根据铜箔和圆形实心导体的1维和2维电流密度、涡流场函数推导而来,忽略了不完全绞合结构对股间电流分布的影响,造成计算精度偏低。为了解决利兹线高频损耗的精确数学表征问题,首先系统分析了高频条件下利兹线的磁场分布、电流密度分布以及利兹线的绞合结构特点;然后基于利兹线股线的绞合结构,通过分段等效电路法和有限元方法建立利兹线损耗的精确计算方法,即将完整绞合节距内的利兹线分段后等效为直线结构的电感元胞,通过2维有限元法计算出股线之间的阻抗矩阵,进而根据系统方程求解出股线电流向量;最后,针对3种典型的利兹线绞合结构,从计算精度和计算量的角度对新方法、传统解析法与3维有限元法进行对比分析。结果表明,新方法能快速准确计算出不同绞合结构利兹线的高频损耗电阻,其最大相对偏差≤2.34%,并且借助新方法明确了绞合结构、频率对利兹线高频损耗电阻、电流流动模式的影响规律。

基于应变的几何非线性梁建模与分析

柔性机翼在气动载荷作用下产生较大变形,几何非线性因素不容忽视。利用机翼柔性特点,通常采用梁模型进行结构建模。从几何精确梁理论出发,结合Hamilton原理推导了几何非线性梁的动力学平衡方程。不同于经典的位移基有限元,采用梁广义应变作为插值变量,得到广义质量阵、广义阻尼阵、刚度阵及载荷列向量,建立非线性应变梁模型。结合Newmark数值算法和牛顿-拉夫森(Newdon-Raphson)迭代法建立了动力学方程求解算法。针对典型算例,开展静、动力学分析,并分别与有限元软件的仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:在相当计算精度下,所建模型收敛特性更好。为进一步验证所建模型在工程实际应用中的精度和有效性,开展针对典型大展弦比机翼的地面静力试验。试验表明:仿真结果与激光位移计和光纤传感设备测得的变形值具有较高的一致性,验证了所建模型具有较高精度。