Analysis of Trends of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Patients with Systemic Essential Hypertension

Background: Studies have revealed a strong link between sleep-related breathing disorders and essential hypertension. However, the trends of sleep-disordered breathing in hypertensive patients have not been analyzed frequently. Methods: In this prospective, single-center and observational study, random patients with systemic essential hypertension, who were visiting GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India between December 2012 and July 2014, were selected. After obtaining informed consent, patients were analyzed for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Subsequently, all patients underwent overnight polysomnography to estimate the events of apnea and hypopnea. Observed data were compared between stage I and stage II hypertensive patients. Results: A total of 51 patients (age: 45.7 ± 13.43 years), comprising 36 stage I hypertensives and 15 stage II hypertensives, were enrolled in the study. About 47% of these patients displayed no symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. Compared to stage I hypertensives, higher percentage of stage II hypertensives reported excessive day time sleepiness. Sleep latency time and sleep architecture were comparable between stage I and stage II hypertensives. Stage II hypertensives displayed shorter total sleep time and higher snore time than stage I hyper-tensives. Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) values increased with the severity of hypertension. Nocturnal oxygen desaturation was present in 25.0% and 53.3% of stage I and II hypertensives respectively. Mean lowest oxygen saturation was lower and the mean C-reactive protein levels were higher in stage II hypertensives as compared to stage I hypertensives. The mean C-reactive protein levels increased with increasing AHI scores, while the mean lowest oxygen saturation decreased with increasing AHI scores. Conclusion: Almost half of the hypertensives patients reported no symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep-disordered breathing was more common and was more severe in majority of patients with stage II hypertension as compared to that in patients with stage I hypertension.

Causal role of immune cells in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome:Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Despite being one of the most prevalent sleep disorders,obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome(OSAHS)has limited information on its immunologic foundation.The immunological underpinnings of certain major psychiatric diseases have been uncovered in recent years thanks to the extensive use of genome-wide association studies(GWAS)and genotyping techniques using highdensity genetic markers(e.g.,SNP or CNVs).But this tactic hasn't yet been applied to OSAHS.Using a Mendelian randomization analysis,we analyzed the causal link between immune cells and the illness in order to comprehend the immunological bases of OSAHS.AIM To investigate the immune cells'association with OSAHS via genetic methods,guiding future clinical research.METHODS A comprehensive two-sample mendelian randomization study was conducted to investigate the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and OSAHS.Summary statistics for each immune cell feature were obtained from the GWAS catalog.Information on 731 immune cell properties,such as morphologic parameters,median fluorescence intensity,absolute cellular,and relative cellular,was compiled using publicly available genetic databases.The results'robustness,heterogeneity,and horizontal pleiotropy were confirmed using extensive sensitivity examination.RESULTS Following false discovery rate(FDR)correction,no statistically significant effect of OSAHS on immunophenotypes was observed.However,two lymphocyte subsets were found to have a significant association with the risk of OSAHS:Basophil%CD33dim HLA DR-CD66b-(OR=1.03,95%CI=1.01-1.03,P<0.001);CD38 on IgD+CD24-B cell(OR=1.04,95%CI=1.02-1.04,P=0.019).CONCLUSION This study shows a strong link between immune cells and OSAHS through a gene approach,thus offering direction for potential future medical research.

Does the Sleep-Related Neurons Modulate the Sensation of Pain under the Use of GA?

General anesthetics (GA) has been discovered for centuries and was often used in surgeries. However, many patients are dying from the usage of GA for different reasons. Although scientists are working on to solve the problems, the mechanism of GA is still a mystery. Recently, scientists from Duke University found neurons that are active during sleep can be activated in anesthesia. These neurons are called Anesthetic Activated Neurons (AANs). This is a massive step for us to break the mystery. In this paper, we designed an experiment that aims to reveal one mechanism of GA: the relationship between sleep-related neurons and sensation of pain under the use of GA. The designed experiment involves several control groups that consist of mice with different treatments on their genes and different GA.

Stubborn Hypoxia in Neonates with D-Transposition of the Great Arteries after Arterial Switch Operation: Central Sleep Apnea as the Cause and Potential Indicator of Brain Immaturity

D-transposition of the great arteries(d-TGA)is surgically repaired with the arterial switch operation(ASO)with excellent results,however short and long-term morbidities still develop including neurocognitive delay.Clinically significant central sleep apnea is uncommon in non-premature infants,but when present indicates immature autonomic control of respiration likely due to a neurologic disorder.We report the unanticipatedfinding of central sleep apnea in four-term neonates with d-TGA after uncomplicated ASO,with the short-term complication of delayed hospital discharge and long-term concerns regarding this early marker of brain immaturity and its hindrance to normal development.Within this report,we will review each patient’s clinical course and then examine the literature on pediatric central sleep apnea,neurodevelopmental outcomes after ASO,and the important overlap of these entities in the care of patients going forward.

Recent advances in managing obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is a rapidly increasing global concern.If it remains untreated,it can lead to cardiovascular,metabolic,and psychiatric complications and may result in premature death.The efficient and effective management of OSA can have a beneficial effect and help reduce the financial burden on the health sector.There has been constant development in OSA management,and numerous options are available.The mainstay of therapy is still the conventional measures and behavioral modifications.However,in cases of failure of these modalities,surgical therapy is the only option.Numerous studies have shown that proper management of OSA has beneficial effects with good long-term outcomes.

Effect of nocturia in patients with different severity of obstructive sleep apnea on polysomnography: A retrospective observational study

Patients with suspected OSA were examined using PSG.They were divided into two groups based on the presence of nocturia.Nocturia was defined as a patient who needed to void at least once.Apneaehypopnea index(AHI)was employed to classify patients according to degrees of severity:AHI<5 events/h,5 events/hAHI<15 events/h,15 events/hAHI<30 events/h,and AHI30 events/h,defined as normal,mild OSA,moderate OSA,and severe OSA,respectively.Demographic variables,PSG parameters,International Prostate Symptom Scores(IPSSs),and quality of life scores due to urinary symptoms were analyzed.Results:In total 140 patients,114 patients had OSA(48 had mild OSA;34 had moderate OSA;and 32 had severe OSA)and 107 patients had nocturia.The total IPSS was significantly higher in nocturia patients in all groups except the group of severe OSA patients.With the increasing severity of OSA,more correlated factors related to nocturia were determined.In mild OSA patients,nocturia related to increased age(p=0.025),minimum arterial blood oxygenation saturation(p=0.046),and decreased AHI of non-rapid eye movement(p=0.047),AHI of total sleep time(p=0.010),and desaturation index(p=0.012).In moderate OSA patients,nocturia related to increased age(p<0.001),awake time(p=0.025),stage 1 sleep(p=0.033),and sleep latency(p=0.033),and decreased height(p=0.044),weight(p=0.025),and sleep efficiency(p=0.003).In severe OSA patients,nocturia related to increased weight(p=0.011),body mass index(p=0.009),awake time(p=0.008),stage 1 sleep(p=0.040),arousal number(p=0.030),arousal index(p=0.013),periodic limb movement number(p=0.013),and periodic limb movement index(p=0.004),and decreased baseline arterial blood oxygenation saturation(p=0.046).Conclusion:Our study revealed that there were more correlated factors related to nocturia with increasing severity of OSA.This study helps in clinical education and treatment for OSA patients with different severity.

Burdened breaths:The influence of depression on obstructive sleep apnea

Depression and metabolic syndrome could exacerbate the risks of the other,leading to a series of severe coexisting conditions.One notable comorbidity that must be mentioned is obstructive sleep apnea(OSA).Current studies suggested that depression increases susceptibility to OSA.As the prevalence of depression rises,it becomes critical to prevent and manage its complications or comorbidities,including OSA.Predictive models,non-invasive electroencephalogram moni-toring,genetic research,and other promising technologies are being applied to the prevention,diagnosis,and personalized treatment of depression and OSA.

Update on the aetiopathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea:Role of inflammatory and immune mediated mechanisms

Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is often a lifestyle disease associated with obesity,which is rapidly evolving as a major health concern with diverse multisystemic implications.To prevent and mitigate its adverse effects and reduce its burden on society,its aetiopathogeneses must be precisely understood.Numerous studies focusing on the range of diverse anatomic,functional,and lifestyle factors have already been carried out to determine the possible contributory roles of these factors in OSA.Recently,evidence to validate the role of inflammatory pathways and immune mechanisms in the aetiopathogeneses of OSA is being developed.This allows for further research and translation of such knowledge for targeted therapeutic and preventive interventions in patients with or who are at risk of developing OSA.

Risk factors and management countermeasures for obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome in children

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome(OSAHS)in children is a sleep respiratory disorder characterized by a series of pathophysiologic changes.Statistics in recent years have demonstrated an increasing yearly incidence.AIM To investigate the risk factors for OSAHS in children and propose appropriate management measures.METHODS This study had a case–control study design.Altogether,85 children with OSAHS comprised the case group,and healthy children of the same age and sex were matched at 1:1 as the control group.Basic information,including age,sex,height,weight and family history,and medical history data of all study participants were collected.Polysomnography was used to detect at least 8 h of nocturnal sleep.All participants were clinically examined for the presence of adenoids,enlarged tonsils,sinusitis,and rhinitis.RESULTS The analysis of variance revealed that the case group had a higher proportion of factors such as adenoid grading,tonsil indexing,sinusitis,and rhinitis than the control group.CONCLUSION A regression model was established,and glandular pattern grading,tonsil indexing,sinusitis,and pharyngitis were identified as independent risk factors affecting OSAHS development.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome immunological relationship

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is a complex disorder cha-racterized by symptoms resulting from intermittent hypoxia and hypopnea,with research indicating a crucial role of immune system dysregulation and genetic variations in its pathogenesis.A recent Zhao et al study utilizes Mendelian ran-domization analysis to explore the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and OSAHS.The study identifies specific lymphocyte subsets as-sociated with OSAHS,providing valuable insights into the disease's pathophy-siology and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.The findings underscore the significance of genetic and immunological factors in sleep disorders,offering a fresh perspective on OSAHS's complexities.Compared to existing literature,Zhao et al's study stands out for its focus on genetic markers and specific immune responses associated with OSAHS,expanding upon previous research primarily centered on systemic inflammation.In conclusion,the study represents a signi-ficant advancement in the field,shedding light on the causal role of immune cells in OSAHS and paving the way for future research and targeted treatments.

Obstructive sleep apnea:Overlooked comorbidity in patients with diabetes

In this review article,we explore the interplay between obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),highlighting a significant yet often overlooked comorbidity.We delve into the pathophysiological links between OSA and diabetes,specifically how OSA exacerbates insulin resistance and disrupts glucose metabolism.The research examines the prevalence of OSA in diabetic patients and its role in worsening diabetes-related complications.Emphasizing the importance of comprehensive management,including weight control and positive airway pressure therapy,the study advocates integrated approaches to improve outcomes for patients with T2DM and OSA.This review underscores the necessity of recognizing and addressing OSA in diabetes care to ensure more effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

The Relationship Between NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Downstream Inflammatory Factors in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis Under Cigarette Exposure

Aim:To study the relationship between NLRP3(nucleotide oligomerization domain[NOD]-,leucine-rich repeats[LRR]-,and pyrin domain-containing protein 3)inflammasome and its downstream inflammatory factors in obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)patients with carotid atherosclerosis(CAS)under cigarette exposure,further exploring the risk factors of CAS in OSA patients.Methods:A total of 109 adult males who underwent polysomnography and carotid artery ultrasonography in our hospital from October 2019 to December 2021 were selected.According to the detection results,they were divided into the OSA group,the CAS group,and the OSA combined CAS group;additionally,29 healthy subjects who underwent a physical examination were also included.According to whether they were smoking,the groups were further divided into smoking and non-smoking groups.The age,body mass index(BMI),blood pressure,apnea-hypopnea index(AHI),lowest blood oxygen saturation(LSaO2),carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT),levels of blood sugar,blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLc),and serum NLRP3,interleukin-1β(IL-1β),and interleukin-18(IL-18)of all subjects were recorded.Results:The OSA combined CAS group had higher LDLc levels and AHI and lower LSaO2 than the OSA group and CAS group.The levels of serum NLRP3,IL-1β,and IL-18 in the OSA group were higher than those in the normal control group(P<0.05);and those in the OSA combined CAS group were higher than the OSA group and CAS group(P<0.05),regardless of cigarette exposure.Considering cigarette exposure,serum NLRP3,IL-1β,and IL-18 levels were higher in the OSA,CAS,and OSA combined CAS smoking groups than those in the non-smoking group(P<0.05).Under cigarette exposure,AHI,LDLc,NLRP3,IL-1β,and IL-18 were significantly positively correlated(P<0.05),and LSaO2 was negatively correlated with CAS in OSA(P<0.05).AHI,LSaO2,LDLc,NLRP3,and IL-1βare the risk factors for OSA combined with CAS.Conclusion:LSaO2,AHI,LDLc,NLRP3,and IL-1βare the important risk factors for OSA combined with CAS under cigarette exposure,and their levels can be used to predict the occurrence of CAS in OSA.

血清MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3水平在COPD并发OSAS诊断中的临床价值

目的探究血清肥大细胞羧肽酶(MC-CP)、趋化因子26(CCL26)、诱饵受体3(DcR3)水平在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)诊断中的临床价值。方法选取2021年1月至2023年1月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的COPD患者90例,其中单纯COPD患者48例即为COPD组,COPD合并OSAS患者42例即为COPD-OSAS组。同期选取在河北北方学院附属第一医院体检健康志愿者48例为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3水平。受试者工作特征(ROC)和曲线下面积(AUC)分析血清MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3水平在COPD并发OSAS诊断中的临床价值。多因素Logistic回归分析COPD并发OSAS的影响因素。结果与对照组相比,COPD组和COPD-OSAS组患者吸烟指数、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平依次显著升高,1秒钟用力呼气容积与用力肺活量的比(FEV1/FVC)依次显著降低(P<0.05);与对照组相比,COPD组和COPD-OSAS组患者MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3水平依次显著升高(P<0.05);血清MC-CP、CCL26、DcR33者联合对COPD并发OSAS诊断的AUC比单独诊断的更高(Z=4.066,P<0.001;Z=2.391,P<0.05;Z=2.353,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,吸烟指数、MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3水平是COPD并发OSAS的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论COPD并发OSAS患者血清中MC-CP、CCL26、DcR3表达水平升高,三者联合可提高对COPD并发OSAS的诊断价值。

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征病人动脉硬化情况以及关联性分析

目的探讨高血压和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)疾病对病人自身动脉硬化情况的影响,以及分析动脉硬化与高血压分级、睡眠呼吸相关参数以及心血管疾病高危因素之间的相关性。方法选取2020年10月至2021年12月就诊于东南大学附属中大医院并行睡眠呼吸监测病人,依据诊断将其分为无高血压无OSAHS组24例(对照组)、无高血压有OSAHS组35例(单OSAHS组)、有高血压无OSAHS组53例(单HBP组)、高血压合并OSAHS组92例(双阳组)。比较四组间臂踝脉搏波速度(baPWV);同时根据baPWV>1800 cm/s为界判断baPWV是否异常作为因变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果高血压合并OSAHS组(双阳组)baPWV(1952.70±466.75)cm/s明显大于单纯高血压组(1664.96±306.52)cm/s、单纯OSAHS组(1710.29±440.61)cm/s以及对照组(1379.63±209.46)cm/s;单纯高血压组、单纯OSAHS组baPWV也大于对照组;单纯高血压组与单纯OSAHS组之间baPWV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在以baPWV异常作为因变量的动脉硬化多因素非条件logistic回归中显示年龄、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分级、血压分级、糖化血红蛋白是臂踝脉搏波速度增加的危险因素,与高血压年限、性别、最低血氧饱和度等无明显相关性。结论高血压及OSAHS与早期动脉硬化指标的变化明显相关,同时AHI以及血压水平越高,早期动脉硬化指标异常越明显;在高血压人群中因OSAHS的存在动脉硬化程度明显异常,在高血压人群中早期筛查及干预OSAHS可能有效减缓动脉硬化的发展。

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与急性冠脉综合征的相关性:临床研究的现状及展望

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)是一种常见的睡眠障碍性疾病,与多种心血管疾病密切相关,尤其在心血管疾病的预防与风险管理中扮演着关键角色。近年来,众多临床研究均表明,OSA与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的起始、演变过程具有紧密的关联性。因此,本文将从OSA与ACS的临床研究现状、现有研究的局限性以及对未来研究趋势与方向的展望等维度展开综述,以期深入挖掘并阐述这两者之间的复杂联系。

Apnealink睡眠初筛监测仪的临床应用评价

目的评价Apnealink睡眠初筛监测仪对中国南方人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OS-AHS)的诊断价值。方法 53例受试者第一晚先用EmblaS7000多导睡眠分析仪行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)监测,第二晚再用Apnealink初筛仪行整夜睡眠初筛监测。评价Apnealink的灵敏度、特异度、假阴性率(FNR)、假阳性率(FPR)及一致率(kappa值)等指标,以PSG-AHI为诊断OSAHS的金标准,以Apnealink-AHI绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),寻找Apnealink的最佳诊断点。结果 Apnealink以AHI=5次/h为诊断值筛查OSAHS的灵敏度为87.9%,特异度为95.0%,FNR为12.1%,FPR为5.0%,一致率(kappa值)为0.805(P=0.000)。以PSG-AHI=5作为诊断OSAHS的金标准,绘制ROC曲线,得出Apnealink对OSAHS的最佳诊断值为AHI=5.0次/h,其对应的灵敏度为87.9%,特异度为95.0%,曲线下面积为0.977;95%可信区间为0.946～1.007,P=0.000。结论用Apnealink监测仪对OSAHS的诊断准确性高,临床应用价值大,建议使用AHI≥5次/h为阳性诊断值。

Investigation on Risk Factors of Cerebrocardiac Vascular Thrombotic Diseases in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome

Objective: To observe the risk factors of thrombosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Methods: From February 2001 to April 2003, 24 patients with moderate and severe OSAHS (OSAHS group) and 19 healthy adults (control group) were recruited. Their blood samples were drawn at 6∶00 and 16∶00 respectively for testing hemocrit, platelet aggregation (PAG), whole blood viscosity (WBV), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), plasma fibrinogen (Fng) and endothelin (ET).Results: There was a significantly higher hemocrit, WBV, Fng and ET as well as a significant shortening of PT and APTT at 6∶00 than that at 16∶00 in OSAHS group. However, there was no significant difference in all testing items between 6∶00 and 16∶00 in control group. The hemocrit, WBV, PAG, plasma Fng and ET were significantly higher, and PT and APTT were obviously shorter at 6∶00 in OSAHS group than those at 6∶00 in control group. A higher hemocrit, PAG, plasma Fng and ET, a longer PT and APTT were observed at 16∶00 in OSAHS group, compared with those at 16∶00 in control group.Conclusion: In OSAHS patients there were striking risk factors of thrombosis, which is more remarkable in the early morning than in the afternoon.

Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on type 2 diabetes mellitus:A comprehensive literature review

Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is frequently associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.Also frequently associated with metabolic syndrome is type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Therefore,it is common to find OSA and T2DM together in individuals with metabolic syndrome.Additionally,both OSA and T2DM have a common pathophysiological link with development of insulin resistance.Individuals with severe insulin resistance are likely to have inadequate glycemic control.Long standing poorly controlled T2DM is associated with debilitating microvascular complications such as retinopathy,nephropathy,neuropathy and macrovascular complications such as coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease.There is extensively published literature exploring the cause-effect relationship between OSA and T2DM.In this article we provide an in-depth review of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms linking OSA to T2DM.Specifically,this review focusses on the effect of OSA on the microvascular complications of T2DM such as retinopathy,nephropathy and neuropathy.Additionally,we review the current literature on the effect of continuous positive airway pressure use in individuals with T2DM and OSA.

Atrial fibrillation in obstructive sleep apnea

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is a common arrhythmia with rising incidence.Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is prevalent among patients with AF.This observation has prompted significant research in understanding the relationship between OSA and AF.Multiple studies support a role of OSA in the initiation and progression of AF.This association has been independent of obesity,body mass index and hypertension.Instability of autonomic tone and wide swings in intrathoracic pressure are seen in OSA.These have been mechanistically linked to initiation of AF in OSA patients by lowering atrial effective refractory period,promoting pulmonary vein discharges and atrial dilation.OSA not only promotes initiation of AF but also makes management of AF difficult.Drug therapy and electrical cardioversion for AF are less successful in presence of OSA.There has been higher rate of early and overall recurrence after catheter ablation of AF in patients with OSA.Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure has been shown to improve control of AF.However,additional studies are needed to establish a stronger relationship between OSA treatment and success ofAF therapies.There should be heightened suspicion of OSA in patients with AF.There is a need for guidelines to screen for OSA as a part of AF management.

Relationship between brain—derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome patients

Objective:To determine the relationship between the blood serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） level and cognitive function deterioration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/ hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS）,and to explore the possible mechanism of cognitive impairment. Methods:Twenty-eight male OSAHS patients and 14 normal males（as controls） were enrolled in the study.Polysomnography and the Montreal cognitive assessment（MoCA） were conducted. The blood serum BDNF levels were measured using ELISA.Results:The OSAHS group had significantly decreased blood serum BDNF levels compared with the control group（t=-10.912, P=0.000）.The blood serum BDNF level of the subjects was significantly positively associated with the MoCA score（r=0.544,P=0.000）,significantly negatively associated with the apneahypopnea index（AHI） and shallow sleep（S1+S2）（AHI:r=-0.607,P=0.000;S1+S2:r =-0.768,P= 0.000）,and significantly positively associated with the lowest SaO2（LSO）,slow wave sleep（S3+S4）, and rapid eye movement sleep（REM）（LSO:r=0.566,P = 0.000;S3+S4:r=0.778,P=0.000;REM: r=0.575,P=0.000）.Conclusions:OSAHS patients have significantly decreased blood serum BDNF levels compared with the control.Nocturnal hypoxia as well as the deprivation of slow wave sleep and REM may lead to the decreased serum BDNF level of OSAHS patients.This decreased blood serum BDNF level may contribute to the cognitive impairment in OSAHS.