Friction Characteristics of Space Lubricating Oil No.4129 in Rolling and Sliding Contact

The friction coefficients between the surfaces of a ball and a disc lubricated by a space lubricating oil No.4129 were measured at various operating conditions on a ball-disc friction test rig. Friction characteristic curves were obtained under sliding and rolling movements at point contact. A new model for calculation of the friction coefficient was presented. The results show that the bigger the load is, the larger the friction coefficient becomes. The rolling speed ranging from 1 m/s to10 m/s has an important effect on the friction coefficient. The friction coefficient increases with the increase in sliding speed and the decrease in rolling speed. The linear variation region of the friction coefficient versus the sliding speed at high rolling speed is wider than that at low rolling speed. The model for calculation of the friction coefficient is accurate for engineering use.

Numerical Analysis of Rolling-sliding Contact with the Frictional Heat in Rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.

Effects of Primary Carbide Size and Type on the Sliding Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue Properties of M50 Bearing Steel

The influences of primary carbide size and type on the sliding wear behavior and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) properties of M50 bearing steel were systematically investigated under oil lubrication condition. A major breakthrough was achieved in the influence of primary carbide on tribological behavior. The opposite effect brought by primary carbide size on the sliding wear resistance and RCF life of M50 bearing steel was determined. Wear resistance increased with an increase in the studied primary carbide size, whereas RCF life decreased significantly. Compared with the 0 R and R positions with a relatively small carbide size, the wear volume of the 1/2 R position with a large carbide size was the smallest. Compared with the 0 R and R positions, the L10 life of the 1/2 R position decreased by 82.7% and 84.8%, respectively. On the basis of the statistical correlation between primary carbide size and the two tribological properties, a critical maximum carbide size of 5-10 μm was proposed to achieve optimal tribological performance. This research suggests that the equivalent diameter of the primary carbide should be controlled to be smaller than 10 μm, but further decreasing primary carbide size to less than 5 μm is unnecessary. The influence of primary carbide type in M50 bearing steel on sliding wear resistance was also discussed. Results indicate that the MC-type carbides with higher elastic modulus and microhardness exhibit better wear resistance than the M2C-type carbides.

Microstructural Evolution of a Hypoeutectoid Pearlite Steel under Rolling-sliding Contact Loading

To study the microstructural evolution of pearlite steel subjected to pure rolling and rolling-sliding contact loading,a hypoeutectoid pearlite steel with composition and microstructure similar to BS11 was designed and twindisc tests of this pearlite steel were performed to simulate the wheel/rail system.After a series of twin-disc tests,optical microscope（OM）observation,scanning electron microscope（SEM）observation,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,and micro-hardness tests were conducted to characterize the microstructure.Under the pure rolling contact condition,a large amount of reticular cracks emerged within 60μm below the contact surface of the samples after 120 000 revolutions.The largest deformation was approximately 200μm below the contact surface.Under the rolling-sliding contact condition,the nodularization of pearlite within 100μm below the contact surface was obvious.The microstructure and stress-strain distribution of the area within 2mm below the contact surface were investigated.The distribution of micro-hardness under the contact surface varied with contact conditions.Finite element method（FEM）was used to simulate the stress-strain distribution.The results of SEM,FEM,and micro-hardness tests indicated that under the pure rolling contact condition,the maximum plastic strain was approximately 200-400μm below the contact surface.Conversely,under the rolling-sliding contact condition,the maximum plastic strain emerged on the contact surface.Under the pure rolling contact condition,the distribution of micro-hardness was almost identical to that of the equivalent plastic strain.Under the rolling-sliding contact condition,the distribution of micro-hardness was affected by the equivalent plastic strain and tangential stress.

Microstress cycle and contact fatigue of spiral bevel gears by rolling-sliding of asperity contact

The rolling contact fatigue(RCF)model is commonly used to predict the contact fatigue life when the sliding is insignificant in contact surfaces.However,many studies reveal that the sliding,compared to the rolling state,can lead to a considerable reduction of the fatigue life and an excessive increase of the pitting area,which result from the microscopic stress cycle growth caused by the sliding of the asperity contact.This suggests that fatigue life in the rolling-sliding condition can be overestimated based only on the RCF model.The rubbing surfaces of spiral bevel gears are subject to typical rolling-sliding motion.This paper aims to study the mechanism of the micro stress cycle along the meshing path and provide a reasonable method for predicting the fatigue life in spiral bevel gears.The microscopic stress cycle equation is derived with the consideration of gear meshing parameters.The combination of the RCF model and asperity stress cycle is developed to calculate the fatigue life in spiral bevel gears.We find that the contact fatigue life decreases significantly compared with that obtained from the RCF model.There is strong evidence that the microscopic stress cycle is remarkably increased by the rolling-sliding motion of the asperity contact,which is consistent with the experimental data in previous literature.In addition,the fatigue life under different assembling misalignments are investigated and the results demonstrate the important role of misalignments on fatigue life.

章动式双圆弧螺旋锥齿轮齿面曲率与运动特性研究

为了准确评估章动式双圆弧锥齿轮副两处啮合区域之间的啮合特点和差异,对表征齿轮传动质量好坏的曲率和相对运动参数进行了理论计算研究。首先,基于齿轮空间啮合原理,推导了双圆弧内、外锥齿轮的齿面参数方程;接着,在此基础上建立了章动传动啮合坐标系,采用齿面接触分析(TCA)方法,得到了无装配误差情况下接触点的运动轨迹;然后,根据微分几何理论推导出了接触点处各类曲率和速度的数学表达式,并根据赫兹(Hertz)弹性接触理论确定了齿面接触区形态;最后,采用算例分析了接触点的主曲率、诱导法曲率、卷吸速度、相对滑动速度和滑滚比等变化趋势及其反映的特性。研究结果表明:椭圆长轴方向诱导法曲率接近0,短轴方向诱导法曲率绝对值较小,由齿面公法矢量方向可知,两啮合区域在传动过程中不发生曲率干涉现象,且具有良好的接触强度;相对滑动速度远小于卷吸速度,这有利于减小磨损;两区域的滑滚比均趋近0,表明传动接近纯滚动;瞬时接触点和齿面接触区均位于啮合齿面中部并沿整个齿宽方向分布,有限元结果与理论计算结果一致。该研究结果可为章动式双圆弧锥齿轮的弹流润滑和磨损分析提供理论基础。

基于边界积分方程求解二维移动滚动接触问题

工程机械中,由于接触体之间的相对运动造成的损伤或疲劳一直是研究的重点。然而相对运动中,接触相对位置不断变化。为保证接触区应力精确模拟,需对所有可能接触区网格进行加密。为避免这一问题,采用网格更新法,保证仅当前时刻可能接触区网格需加密,并保证接触区节点一一对应。同时采用旋转坐标系法,推导出边界积分方程移动滚动前后时刻的等价性,避免积分重复计算。基于上述方法,提出二维移动滚动接触问题解方法并利用数值算例证明本文方法的有效性。

地铁车辆频繁启停工况加速钢轨滚动接触疲劳损伤行为

列车启停过程中轮轨接触应力复杂交变,近站点附近车辆频繁启停运行工况加速了钢轨滚动接触疲劳损伤。为深入了解地铁车辆频繁启停工况下的钢轨滚动接触疲劳损伤特性,利用轮轨滚动接触疲劳/磨损试验台(JD-DRCF/M)开展频繁启停工况下轮轨滚动接触疲劳试验。对比研究4种不同加/减速度工况下(0,400,800和1 200 r/min2)轮轨滚动接触界面黏着、钢轨磨耗和疲劳裂纹行为。研究结果表明:在干态环境中,加速工况显著降低了轮轨界面的黏着系数,其中:800 r/min2加速度下降幅最为明显;而进入水介质环境后,黏着系数出现瞬时极低值、加速度工况下的黏着系数降幅程度差异显著。加速度工况未引起钢轨的过高磨耗,但其对钢轨磨损形貌、表面粗糙度等的影响均较为显著,过高的加速度极易诱发钢轨以剥层机制失效并伴随表面粗糙度的大幅提升。钢轨磨耗与轮轨界面的剪切作用密切相关,加速度的存在往往不同程度地加剧了近表层钢轨材料的塑性变形和疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展,使得裂纹扩展角、裂纹长度与数量均有不同程度地增加。因此,有必要开展实验条件下钢轨试样滚动接触损伤与实际现场钢轨损伤间的等效性评估,以利于指导近站点附近地铁车辆启停工况参数的优化。

沟底直径和球直径对轴承动态行为关联机制的影响规律

考虑保持架涡动建立了角接触球轴承非线性动力学模型,基于该模型,先计算不同的内、外圈沟底直径组合对球滑动、轴承零件之间的相互作用力、内圈振动以及保持架动态稳定性的影响,再改变球直径和外圈沟底直径,以研究这些参数对轴承零件之间的相互作用力、内圈振动以及保持架动态稳定性的影响。结果表明:随内、外圈沟底直径减小,轴承零件的振动强度大体上呈现先减小后增加的趋势;增加球直径有利于减小轴承振动,但会使对应的最合理的内、外圈沟底直径增大。因此,选择合理的内、外圈沟底直径和球直径组合可以减小轴承零件之间的相互作用力及其波动,有利于提高保持架动态稳定性并降低轴承振动。

地铁车辆起动区段钢轨波磨成因分析

为研究地铁出站口附近直线起动区段钢轨波磨形成原因,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了三维实体轮对-轨道瞬态滚动接触模型,并结合现场实测,从时域和频域上对波磨现象进行了分析。研究结果表明:车辆起动过程中,车轮与钢轨表面接触带会产生准周期特性的滑移区域,且滑移区域中心之间的距离与实测波磨的波长范围接近,从而验证了模型的合理性和有效性;轮轨系统的不稳定摩擦自激振动是导致实测区段钢轨波磨产生的根本原因,正是由于轮轨蠕滑力“饱和-非饱和”的周期特性,最终促使了波磨的形成;钢轨和车轮的垂向振动加速度等级在160~230 Hz频率范围内均出现了峰值区域,且频率范围与实测波磨的特征频率范围174~198 Hz接近,这进一步说明钢轨波磨是轮轨系统摩擦自激振动引起的车轮-钢轨共振所产生;在忽略初始不平顺的前提下,钢轨表面的波磨会随着车轮运行次数的增加呈现线性增长趋势,因此适当地采取钢轨打磨以及轨面润滑等措施尤为重要。

表面粗糙峰/谷对大滑滚比线接触热弹流润滑接触的影响

假设在一个表面上存在单个粗糙峰或粗糙谷,采用数值分析方法研究大滑滚比下粗糙表面对线接触热弹流润滑接触的影响。研究发现:粗糙峰和粗糙谷造成油膜压力、膜厚和温升曲线的局部波动,其中压力的波动最为明显;在滑滚比较小时,粗糙峰和粗糙谷对压力、膜厚和温升曲线的影响较大,随着滑滚比的增加,影响逐渐降低;随着滑滚比的增加,粗糙峰幅值增加对压力、膜厚和温升曲线造成的波动也逐渐减弱。研究结果对于揭示滚珠丝杠或无保持架轴承等的润滑油膜形成和失效有重要意义。

现代热连轧带钢生产线钢卷运输系统综合对比分析

介绍了三种现代钢厂热连轧带钢生产线钢卷运输系统的结构特点、工作原理。从技术方案、一次性投资成本、设备运行维护成本、易损件寿命、施工难度、应用情况等角度进行综合对比分析,为新建设和项目改造方案选择提供参考。

线接触滑——滚条件下微凹坑表面摩擦特性

线接触副在工程中广泛存在,且大多工作在弹性流体动压润滑状态下。为研究微凹坑对线接触摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响及表面三维表征参数与摩擦学特性之间的联系,采用激光微造型技术通过控制微凹坑面积占有率、凹坑深度、间距等参数加工制造4个表面粗糙度相同,且表面微凹坑面积占有率分别为7%、14%、21%、28%的圆柱形试件;然后使用Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对试样进行三维表面测量,且采用ISO25178定义的参数对三维表面形貌进行表征;并在电气化改造后的JPM-1型双盘摩擦磨损试验机上,针对不同滑滚比、不同载荷、不同转速等工况,完成一系列线接触弹流摩擦试验。结果表明,表面形貌的微观结构特性对线接触摩擦副的摩擦特性具有明显的影响,并给出表面体积参数以及特征参数与摩擦的关系;同时,在不同的工况条件及不同的滑滚比下表面结构特性对摩擦的影响效果也不同。

车轮钢滚动剥离摩擦磨损特性研究

在NENE-2型摩擦磨损试验机上利用往复滚动试验装置研究了不同滚滑状态下车轮钢的剥离摩擦磨损特性和碳含量对车轮钢滚动剥离磨损性能的影响.结果表明:在不同滚滑状态下摩擦副之间的摩擦力不同,平面试样的表面磨痕形貌随着不同的切向摩擦力而明显不同,随着切向摩擦力的增大滚动磨损机制亦发生改变,剥离磨损加剧且磨损深度变大,当相对滑动量增大到一定程度后,磨损表现为明显的剥层机制;碳含量对车轮钢的滚动磨损表面磨痕形貌影响显著,碳含量低时磨痕以犁沟为主,碳含量高时剥离磨损发生的概率增加.

大滑滚比工况下弹流摩擦试验研究

针对大滑滚比工况,在自行改造的双盘摩擦磨损试验机上,完成了一系列线接触弹流摩擦试验;测量了不同工况下的摩擦因数,对试验结果进行了全面的分析,得到了一系列摩擦曲线,反映了多种具体工况下,各工况参数对摩擦因数的影响。结果表明:载荷比较小时,摩擦因数对载荷或转速的变化非常敏感;随着载荷的增大,摩擦因数对载荷与转速的敏感程度急剧下降;大滑滚比工况下,摩擦因数随滑滚比的变化幅度不大;摩擦因数随载荷增大而减小,且减小幅度随载荷增大而减小;摩擦因数随转速增大而减小,且减小幅度随转速增大而减小。

受制滚动钢摩擦副的摩擦特性研究

利用往返滚动运动的试验装置,试验研究了滚动摩擦特性。研究表明:受制滚动中,随着滚动阻力增加,物体发生滚动时的预位移量也在增大;滚动物体从静止到运动的过程中,摩擦因数是变化的。摩擦因数的变化与接触表面的磨损过程是相关的;表面磨损类型的不同对表面摩擦因数有较大的影响。

基于mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian方法的轮轨滚动接触特性分析

为了缩短有限元方法显式计算轮轨滚动接触的时间,采用mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian方法建立了轮轨滚动接触有限元模型.应用该模型对轮轨接触区的单元进行细化,计算了列车在启动、运行和制动工况下轮轨的接触特性.计算结果表明:不同工况下,轮轨滚动接触区最大Mises应力、最大接触应力和接触斑面积等法向特性变化幅度均在2%以内,但接触区纵向截面中Mises应力分布及纵向剪切应力分布有较大变化;启动和制动工况下,最大Mises应力和最大纵向剪切应力位置均比自由滚动时更接近于轮轨表面;不同工况下,摩擦力大小和方向发生变化,在列车牵引和制动工况中,摩擦力达到极限时轮轨间出现完全滑动,摩擦力方向与滑动方向相反,且不同速度等级下的纵向摩擦力变化幅度也在2%以内.

中碳贝氏体钢支承辊的垂直裂纹分析

研究了中碳贝氏体钢支承辊滚动接触疲劳垂直裂纹早期萌生、扩展直至形成深层剥落的全过程,用透射电镜观察了支承辊钢的微观组织,结合其微观组织和力学性能,分析了垂直裂纹萌生机理,发现其形成是由微凸体接触区后边缘的最大拉应力引起的。试验结果表明,降低表面粗糙度可防止垂直裂纹的早期形成。该结果已经应用在支承辊维护实践中,降低了必需的磨削速率,延长了支承辊的有效使用寿命。

高速瓦楞辊的磨损失效分析

本文对进口的高速瓦楞辊的磨损失效形式进行了分析,认为其主要磨损形式是磨粒磨损,即齿侧为滑动磨粒磨损,齿底为应变疲劳磨粒磨损,而齿顶则包括了这两种磨损形式;齿顶和齿根两侧都是磨损最严重的部位;磨粒主要是纸中夹带的SiO_2砂粒。文章最后还明确指出,瓦楞辊的返修期应当定在其出现非均匀磨损之前,但是由于楞齿承受弯曲应力而诱发疲劳裂纹,故此返修次数是有限的。

多功能摩擦传动实验机研制与实验研究

针对目前摩擦学实验台接触形式单一、实验范围狭窄及边界条件不统一等问题,设计了一种新型多功能摩擦传动实验机。通过采用两个可在径向载荷作用下作可控相对运动的独立电机驱动主轴,实现多种接触形式的试件装卡,从而在高度统一的边界条件下进行摩擦磨损、传动性能测试及疲劳寿命检测等多种实验。实验结果表明:该实验机可为滑滚接触条件下典型零部件的摩擦与润滑机理研究、传动系统性能检测与动力学分析等提供可靠的实验平台,满足设计要求。