Experimental and numerical study of the effect of pulsatile flow on wall displacement oscillation in a flexible lateral aneurysm model

This study experimentally and numerically investigated the effect of pulsatile flow of different frequencies and outflow resistance on wall deformation in a lateral aneurysm.A method for constructing a flexible aneurysm model was developed,and a self-designed piston pump was used to provide the pulsatile flow conditions.A fluid-structure interaction simulation was applied for comparison with and analysis of experimental findings.The maximum wall displacement oscillation increased as the pulsation frequency and outflow resistance increased,especially at the aneurysm dome.There is an obvious circular motion of the vortex center accompanying the periodic inflow fluctuation,and the pressure at the aneurysm dome at peak flow increased as the pulsatile flow frequency and terminal flow resistance increased.These results could explain why abnormal blood flow with high frequency and high outflow resistance is one of the risk factors for aneurysm rupture.

Experimental investigation on stable displacement mechanism and oil recovery enhancement of oxygen-reduced air assisted gravity drainage

The effects of gravity,capillary force,and viscous force on the migration characteristics of oil and gas interface in oxygen-reduced air-assisted gravity drainage(OAGD)were studied through a two-dimensional visualization model.The effects of bond number,capillary number and low-temperature oxidation on OAGD recovery were studied by long core displacement experiments.On this basis,the low-temperature oxidation number was introduced and its relationship with the OAGD recovery was established.The results show that the shape and changing law of oil and gas front are mainly influenced by gravity,capillary force and viscous force.When the bond number is constant(4.52×10-4),the shape of oil-gas front is controlled by capillary number.When the capillary number is less than 1.68×10-3,the oil and gas interface is stable.When the capillary number is greater than 2.69×10-2,the oil and gas interface shows viscous fingering.When the capillary number is between 1.68×10-3 and 2.69×10-2,the oil and gas interface becomes capillary fingering.The core flooding experiments results show that for OAGD stable flooding,before the gas breakthrough,higher recovery is obtained in higher gravity number and lower capillary number.In this stage,gravity is predominant in controlling OAGD recovery and the oil recovery could be improved by reducing injection velocity.After gas breakthrough,higher recovery was obtained in lower gravity and higher capillary numbers,which means that the viscous force had a significant influence on the recovery.Increasing gas injection velocity in this stage is an effective measure to improve oil recovery.The low-temperature oxidation number has a good correlation with the recovery and can be used to predict the OAGD recovery.

Prediction of Load-Displacement Curve of Flexible Pipe Carcass Under Radial Compression Based on Residual Neural Network

The carcass layer of flexible pipe comprises a large-angle spiral structure with a complex interlocked stainless steel cross-section profile, which is mainly used to resist radial load. With the complex structure of the carcass layer, an equivalent simplified model is used to study the mechanical properties of the carcass layer. However, the current equivalent carcass model only considers the elastic deformation, and this simplification leads to huge errors in the calculation results. In this study, radial compression experiments were carried out to make the carcasses to undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, a residual neural network based on the experimental data was established to predict the load-displacement curves of carcasses with different inner diameter in plastic states under radial compression.The established neural network model’s high precision was verified by experimental data, and the influence of the number of input variables on the accuracy of the neural network was discussed. The conclusion shows that the residual neural network model established based on the experimental data of the small-diameter carcass layer can predict the load-displacement curve of the large-diameter carcass layer in the plastic stage. With the decrease of input data, the prediction accuracy of residual network model in plasticity stage will decrease.

Experimental Research on the Millimeter-Scale Distribution of Oil in Heterogeneous Reservoirs

Oil saturation is a critical parameter when designing oil field development plans.This study focuses on the change of oil saturation during water flooding.Particularly,a meter-level artificial model is used to conduct relevant experiments on the basis of similarity principles and taking into account the layer geological characteristics of the reservoir.The displacement experiment’s total recovery rate is 41.35%.The changes in the remaining oil saturation at a millimeter-scale are examined using medical spiral computer tomography principles.In all experimental stages,regions exists where the oil saturation decline is more than 10.0%.The shrinkage percentage is 20.70%in the horizontal well production stage.The oil saturation reduction in other parts is less than 10.0%,and there are regions where the oil saturation increases in the conventional water flooding stage.

Effects of CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas on components and properties of tight oil during CO_(2) utilization and storage: Physical experiment and composition numerical simulation

An essential technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) for tight oil reservoirs is CO_(2) huff-puff followed by associated produced gas reinjection. In this paper, the effects of multi-component gas on the properties and components of tight oil are studied. First, the core displacement experiments using the CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas are conducted to determine the oil displacement efficiency under different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. Then, a viscometer and a liquid density balance are used to investigate the change characteristics of oil viscosity and density after multi-component gas displacement with different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. In addition, a laboratory scale numerical model is established to validate the experimental results. Finally, a composition model of multi-stage fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir considering nano-confinement effects is established to investigate the effects of multi-component gas on the components of produced dead oil and formation crude oil. The experimental results show that the oil displacement efficiency of multi-component gas displacement is greater than that of single-component gas displacement. The CH_(4) decreases the viscosity and density of light oil, while CO_(2) decreases the viscosity but increases the density. And the numerical simulation results show that CO_(2) extracts more heavy components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase, while CH_(4) extracts more light components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase during cyclic gas injection. The multi-component gas can extract both the light components and the heavy components from oil, and the balanced production of each component can be achieved by using multi-component gas huff-puff.

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Vertical-Axis Floating Tidal Current Energy Power Generation Device

To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device （VAFTCEPGD）, a prototype is designed and experiment is carried out in the towing tank. Free decay is conducted to obtain attenuation characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD, and characteristics of mooring forces and motion response, floating condition, especially the lateral displacement of the VAFTCEPGD are obtained from the towing in still water. Tension response of the #1 mooring line and vibration characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD in regular waves as well as in level 4 irregular wave sea state with the current velocity of 0.6 m/s. The results can be reference for theoretical study and engineering applications related to VAFTCEPGD.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Polymer Flooding

The numerical simulation of polymer flooding is a complex task as this process involves complex physical and chemical reactions,and multiple sets of characteristic parameters are required to properly set the simulation.At present,such characteristic parameters are mainly obtained by empirical methods,which typically result in relatively large errors.By analyzing experimentally polymer adsorption,permeability decline,inaccessible pore volume,viscosity-concentration relationship,and rheology,in this study,a conversion equation is provided to convert the experimental data into the parameters needed for the numerical simulation.Some examples are provided to demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach.

Design of a Reflective Intensity Optical Fibre Bundle Displacement Sensor

Optical fibre sensor has the advantages of small size,light weight,anti⁃electromagnetic interference,and high measurement accuracy,which has important applications in research and industrial production.To design an optical fibre displacement sensor(OFBDS)with simple structure and high measurement accuracy,the unified model of the commonly used OFBDS structures was proposed and the feasibility of the intensity⁃modulation of multi⁃structural optical fibre bundles was analysed based on the arrangement characteristics of the fibre bundle end⁃face.The intensity⁃modulation characteristic of different fibre bundles was analysed,and the single coil coaxial fibre bundle was chosen as the fibre probe in this study.The sensor hardware system was designed.Lastly,the calibration experiment,temperature interference experiment,changes of measured plane surface area,and the dynamic experiment were conducted.Results showed that the sensor linear measurement range was about 3 mm,and the sensor system had excellent static and dynamic characteristics.

Numerical Simulation of Residual Oil Displacement in Offshore Strong Bottom Water Reservoir

C oilfield is located in Bohai Bay Basin, a typical strong bottom water reservoir. There is a large amount of remaining oil in the plane and vertical direction, which cannot be used. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the feasibility of changing the development mode of typical sand bodies and displacement mining. In this study, the residual distribution of the bottom water reservoir is studied through numerical simulation. According to the distribution of remaining oil in the middle of the two sand bodies and the local structure of the sand body, it is divided into top remaining oil, edge remaining oil, and inter well-remaining oil. The effects of different angular permeability laws and differential and injected medium on the development effect are simulated and analyzed. It is found that the effect of gas injection is affected by a high mobility ratio, which is easy to break through early, and the effect of gas channeling is limited. Using active water and air-water alternate (ammonia foam) can achieve relatively good results. This experimental study guides tapping the remaining oil potential in the offshore strong bottom water reservoir.

Double⁃Shear Experiments of Cold⁃Formed Steel Stud⁃to⁃Sheathing Connections at Elevated Temperatures

The behavior of cold⁃formed steel(CFS)stud⁃to⁃sheathing connections at elevated temperatures is an important parameter for the fire resistance design and modeling of mid⁃rise CFS structures.In this paper,three kinds of sheathings,namely,medium⁃and low⁃density calcium⁃silicate boards and oriented strand board,were selected for double⁃shear experiments on the mechanical properties of 253 screw connections at ambient and elevated temperatures.The effects of the shear direction,screw edge distance and the number of screws on the behavior of the connections were studied.The results showed that the shear direction and the screw edge distance more significantly influenced the peak deformation,while their impacts on the peak load varied with the type of sheathings.Compared with the single⁃screw connections,the peak loads of the specimens with double⁃screw connections obviously increased but did not double.Finally,a simplified load⁃displacement curve model of stud⁃to⁃sheathing connections at elevated temperature was generated first by establishing the prediction formula for characteristic parameters,such as the peak load,the peak deformation and the elastic stiffness,and then by considering whether the curves corresponded to stiffness increase phenomena.The present investigation provides basic data for future studies on the numerical modeling of CFS structures under fire conditions.

STUDY ON SIMULATION EXPERIMENT OF EQUIVALENT MATERIAL APPLIED IN COAL MINE

Based on simulation experiments of a number of scientific research items, the latest progress of experiment method and test technique about equivalent material simulation are introduced. The bevelopment of experiment technique makes analogy simulation evolve into quantitative research about support-surrounding rock relationship from qualitative experiment.From this, large scale stereoscopic simulation experiment is developed, which has never appeared in underground pressure research in China. The present mold specification is 3 - 6 m×2. 0 m ×1. 5 m.

致密砂岩气运移的临界动力学条件探讨

物理模拟是认识地下油气运移和聚集机理的重要方法和手段,为了更深入地认识深层条件下致密储层天然气运移的机理,以延安气田上古生界山西组致密砂岩气为例,设计了实验模型和边界条件。基于超低渗岩石多相渗流核磁共振在线模拟实验,探讨致密砂岩中天然气运移的临界压力、临界物性动力学条件,进而分析影响天然气运聚的控制因素。选取山西组不同砂岩类型包括石英净砂岩、富石英低塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩、富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩样品,代表不同孔渗分布区间的岩石相储层,进行了恒定低注入流量、不同流速(流量)和不同压差充注实验。结果表明,致密砂岩储层的临界充注压力主要受岩石相和渗透率控制,渗透率较高的优势岩石相具有更低的临界充注压力,石英净砂岩天然气临界注入压力一般小于1.2 MPa,即使是物性很差的富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩的天然气临界注入压力一般也小于1.5 MPa。同时,致密砂岩也没有绝对的天然气充注物性下限,但致密砂岩的充注效率、含气饱和度与储层物性,尤其是渗透率呈正相关,优势岩石相越发育、渗透率越高,充注效率和含气饱和度也越高。

鄂尔多斯盆地长6和长8段致密油储层驱渗特征研究

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储量丰富,主要富集在延长组三叠系长6和长8油层组,是目前增储上产的重要目标。为了推动该类油藏的规模效益开发,以深化储层特征与渗流规律认识为目的,在前期研究基础上,引入核磁共振、高压压汞、纳米CT扫描和高精度流体计量等新技术,系统开展了致密油储层微观孔隙结构、原油赋存状态以及水驱与渗吸动用规律研究。研究成果表明,致密油储层发育多尺度孔隙,孔隙结构以小孔-细喉型为主且连通性较好。物理模拟研究表明,原油在致密油储层的各类孔隙中均有分布,但大、中孔隙中原油的含量远高于小孔隙中的原油含量,且多以游离态存在,流动性好,是油田开发的主要对象。水驱油实验表明,致密油储层虽然存在启动压力梯度,但当驱替压力大于启动压力之后能够建立有效驱替系统,且随着驱替压力的增大水驱油效率会有所提高。核磁共振技术与水驱油实验或渗吸实验相结合,清楚地表明了不论采用水驱方式还是渗吸方式开发,致密油储层优先动用的都是较大孔隙中赋存的原油,小孔隙中赋存的原油动用难度较大。这些研究成果为探索更加有效的开发技术提供了依据。

非均质油藏层间干扰室内实验优化

多层非均质油藏在合注合采开发时,受储集层岩性、物性、地层压力、流体性质等因素影响,层与层之间相互干扰。早期开展的并联驱替室内实验,无法有效地模拟油藏多层合采时各层间的流体交换,且所定义的干扰系数的物理内涵与注水开发渗流过程不符。为此,建立串并联组合驱替实验模型,模拟储集层层内岩性的变化。通过研究串并联驱替实验下不同渗透率岩心的产油量、含水率以及采收率,对干扰系数进行验证和再认识。研究结果表明:层间干扰的实质是不同储集层渗流阻力随着时间的变化,导致储集层流量分配发生改变;储集层非均质性是多层合采过程中形成优势渗流通道的主要因素。研究结果为后续开展层间干扰相关实验设计和非均质油藏合理高效开发提供了参考依据。

石油磺酸盐复合驱提高采收率开发研究

以自制石油磺酸盐为主剂,通过优选助剂提高其增溶及界面性能,得到复合驱油剂YCQY-103。YCQY-103与磺酸盐型驱油剂CDMP-2和某油田现场用驱油剂CQH-1相比,界面张力、润湿性能、毛细管举升高度、渗吸等性能均有明显改善;YCQY-103在注入量为0.8 PV、浓度0.3%、渗透率为10 mD的条件下,增采率可达12.18%。

基于井筒-地层定压实验的重力置换窗口研究

为了处理重力置换引起的溢漏事故,首先需要了解重力置换发生的条件,分析重力置换窗口,判断井下是否发生重力置换,并采取对应的处理方法。通过自主研制的井筒-地层重力置换实验装置,开展气液、液液重力置换临界点实验,基于理论及实验分析,定量计算地层重力置换窗口,并拟合了重力置换窗口临界点压力曲线,拟合公式与实测值误差小于10%。在该实验条件下,当钻井液密度为0.998 g/cm3时,气液重力置换窗口为-5 800~10.6 Pa,液液地层重力置换的窗口为-1 192~16.6 Pa。结果表明,气液、液液重力置换窗口与流体密度差基本呈线性关系;现场实际井下重力置换窗口远高于此,所以需要在钻进时考虑重力置换窗口的影响。据此,提出了预防重力置换发生的方法,以及发生重力置换溢漏事故后对应的处理方法。

枯竭油藏型储气库库容量化室内实验研究

在油藏改建地下储气库时,为了研究不同初始含水饱和度对库容的影响,利用实际矿场岩心开展了不同初始含水饱和度条件下气驱油水多轮次注采实验,分析了不同初始含水饱和度下气驱油水后的驱替效率及建库效果。结果表明,低含水饱和度条件下,油相的相对渗透率显著高于水相而更易被驱替出,因此主要通过气驱油来提高储气空间;中、高含水饱和度时,水相更易被驱替出,储气空间的提高逐渐由被驱替出的原油体积贡献转向于由驱替出的水相体积贡献。相同注采轮次下,由于储层岩石水湿及渗吸作用,高初始含水饱和度时的剩余水饱和度增大,气驱油水总的驱替效率降低,储气库的注采能力和库容相对减小;储层初始含水饱和度增大会降低气驱油水的驱替效率,不利于提高原油采收率及储气库扩容;初始含水饱和度越高,储气库达容时间越久,建库初期的注采能力越低。该研究成果可为油藏型储气库注采能力评价和库容分析提供指导。

玉果油田果8区块减氧空气驱低温氧化对采收率的影响

注减氧空气是低渗透油藏有效的开发手段,减氧空气可在地层条件下与原油发生低温氧化反应,提高采收率。针对玉果油田果8区块目前减氧空气驱提高采收率机理认识不完善的问题,采用等温氧化实验和长岩心驱替实验探究原油氧化过程和生成物质对提高采收率的影响。等温氧化实验结果表明,稀油的低温氧化过程产生了沉积物质,随着温度升高,氧化程度明显提高,89℃时原油氧化生成重质组分沉积量为1.25×10^(-3)g/g,100℃时为3.43×10^(-3)g/g,120℃时为5.02×10^(-3)g/g。长岩心驱替实验结果表明,不同氧化温度下重质组分沉降对采收率存在影响,随着温度升高,气窜时机变晚,波及效果变好,最终采收率有所提高,温度为89℃、100℃和120℃时的最终采收率分别为52.77%、58.89%和65.23%。

海上砂砾岩油藏层间与层内干扰实验研究

油田开发过程中普遍存在着层间与层内干扰,对于纵向上没完全隔开的海上强非均质性巨厚砂砾岩油藏而言尤为如此,是油藏细分层系的基础和内因。矿场上,干扰数据主要由生产测井得到,开发经验表明干扰系数随开发阶段、时间变化而变化,生产测井普遍为单点测试,无法得到全周期干扰系数。因此,有必要对层间与层内干扰进行室内实验研究。干扰系数理论研究涉及参数众多且随时间变化,可以解释多层合采油井整体产油能力低于分层开采累加量现象,未能解决其形成的理论根源,所以采用了一维岩心驱替实验装置进行了层间和层内干扰的研究,实验表明:巨厚砂砾岩油藏层间干扰随着时间推移,含水上升,干扰系数逐渐增大,但在高含水期有所下降,导致层间干扰的原因是单驱与合驱时各岩心驱替压力梯度不同;巨厚砂砾岩油藏层内干扰在早期采油指数干扰系数较大,随着含水增加,采油指数干扰系数逐渐变小,层内干扰产生的实质是不同储层渗流阻力变化随着时间的变化,导致储层流量分配的改变。

TC4钛合金板数字图像相关的受力成形破坏研究

为了探究TC4钛合金板成形过程中因受尖顶力作用产生的应力集中导致板材破裂的问题。分别在常温(20℃)和100℃下,采用尖顶顶头对0.5mm厚宽120mm和宽70mm的TC4钛合金试件分别进行成形-破坏试验,利用数字图像相关法(DIC)对钛合金板材的整个成形-破坏过程进行图像采集,通过匹配计算获取钛合金板材在整个过程中的全场位移和应变云图以及相关数据,并对获取的数据进行对比分析。实验结果显示:TC4钛合金在破裂前一刻位移Y的变化趋势在垂直方向上呈现出明显的非对称性,而位移X、位移Z,位移则呈现出近似同心圆的形状;通过对获取的数据进行分析,证明温度会影响试件的应变分布;常温下破裂前一刻应变云图近似对称分布,而100℃下应变云图沿中心垂直方向呈现非对称分布。该实验为后续对TC4钛合金板材的受力分析,位移应变研究提供了有效参考。