Research on Traffic Safety at Tunnel Entrance and Exit

Highway tunnel entrances have a high rate of expressway traffic accidents.In this paper,the reasons for the high incidence of traffic accidents at highway tunnel entrances are analyzed in detail,and corresponding solutions are proposed,hoping to provide some reference to relevant parties.

Excavation compensation theory and supplementary technology system for large deformation disasters

Given the challenges in managing large deformation disasters in energy engineering,traffic tunnel engineering,and slope engineering,the excavation compensation theory has been proposed for large deformation disasters and the supplementary technology system is developed accordingly.This theory is based on the concept that“all destructive behaviors in tunnel engineering originate from excavation.”This paper summarizes the development of the excavation compensation theory in five aspects:the“theory,”“equipment,”“technology,”the design method with large deformation mechanics,and engineering applications.First,the calculation method for compensation force has been developed based on this theory,and a comprehensive large deformation disaster control theory system is formed.Second,a negative Poisson's ratio anchor cable with high preload,large deformation,and super energy absorption characteristics has been independently developed and applied to large deformation disaster control.An intelligent tunnel monitoring and early warning cloud platform system are established for remote monitoring and early warning system of Newton force in landslide geological hazards.Third,the double gradient advance grouting technology,the two-dimensional blasting technology,and the integrated Newton force monitoring--early warning--control technology are developed for different engineering environments.Finally,some applications of this theory in China's energy,traffic tunnels,landslide,and other field projects have been analyzed,which successfully demonstrates the capability of this theory in large deformation disaster control.

Failure precursor of surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in high-steep rock slope

The stability of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in the right bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station, in the southwestern China, was analyzed by microseismic monitoring as well as numerical simulations. The realistic failure process analysis code （abbreviated as RFPA3D） was employed to reproduce the initiation, propagation, coalescence and interactions of micro-fractures, the evolution of associated stress fields and acoustic emission （AE） activities during the whole failure processes of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel. Combined with microseismic activities by microseismic monitoring on the fight bank slope, the spatial-temporal evolution and the micro-fracture precursor characteristics during the complete process of progressive failure of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel were discussed and the energy release law of the surrounding rock mass around the cross tunnel was obtained. The result shows that the precursor characteristic of microfractures occurring in rock mass is an effective approach to early warn catastrophic damage of rock mass around cross tunnel. Moreover, the heterogeneity of rock mass is the source and internal cause of the failure precursor of rock mass.

Frequency and Surface Slope’s Effects on the Surface Displacement by Drilling Shallow and Deep Tunnels under Dynamic Loads

Development and expansion of cities in one hand and increasing transport needs on the other hand have been causing underground constructions. So understanding the behavior of these structures is essential. Ground displacement around the tunneling area is one of the most important issues which have been studied by many researchers, while the effects of the slope behavior of the ground on the tunnel is paid less attention. This study will have analyzed the effects of frequency and surface slope on the surface subsidence caused by tunneling under dynamic loads (without structure). The results show that the frequency and surface slope have significant effects on the land displacements and the area surrounded by a tunnel.

Dynamic Response of Shallow-Buried Tunnels Traversing High Loess Slopes

Considering the existence of numerous shallow-buried tunnels traversing high slopes in the loess area in western China and the fact of high seismic intensity there,we investigate the dynamic response rules of a shallow-buried loess tunnel and its slope under the action of seismic waves with different intensities.Through large-scale shaking table model tests,we successfully analyze the characteristics and process of the destabilization of tunnels and slopes,and propose valuable suggestions regarding the reinforcement parts of a tunnel for reducing seismic damage.The results show that the main seismic damage on a slope include the failure of the sliding surface between the top and foot and the stripping of the soil around the tunnel entrance,while the damage on a tunnel is mainly manifested as the seismic-induced subsidence at the portal section and the cracking deformation at the joint areas.Finally,we propose that the“staggered peak distribution”phenomenon of the maximum acceleration values at the vault and inverted arch area can be considered as a criterion indicating that the tunnel enters into the threshold of dynamic failure.

Jam Formation of Traffic Flow in Harbor Tunnel

This paper reports a study concerning occurrence and growth of traffic jam in a harbor tunnel. The single-lane with three sections （downgrade, fiat, and upgrade） is taken into account and they are characterized with different velocity limit. At the low density, the traffic current increases linearly with density and saturates at some values of immediately density. As the density increases, the traffic jam appears firstly before the upgrade section and then extends to the downgrade section. Additionally, the relationships of the velocity and headway against position in different densities are obta/ned from simulation. These results clearly clarify where and when the traffic jam appears. Finally, the critical densities are derived via the theoretical analysis before and after the discontinuous fronts and the theoretical results are consistent with the critical values of simulation results.

Key Technologies of the Hydraulic Structures of the Three Gorges Project

To date,the Three Gorges Project is the largest hydro junction in the world.It is the key project for the integrated water resource management and development of the Changjiang River.The technology of the project,with its huge scale and comprehensive benefits,is extremely complicated,and the design difficulty is greater than that of any other hydro project in the world.A series of new design theories and methods have been proposed and applied in the design and research process.Many key technological problems regarding hydraulic structures have been overcome,such as a gravity dam with multi-layer large discharge orifices,a hydropower station of giant generating units,and a giant continual multi-step ship lock with a high water head.

Development of Finite Element Limiting Analysis Method and Its Applications in Geotechnical Engineering

The Finite Element Limiting Analysis Method(LELAM) has the advantage of combining a numerical analysis method with traditional limiting equilibrium methods.It is particularly applicable to the analysis and design of geotechnical engineering.In the early 20th century,FELAM has been developed vigorously in domestic geotechnical engineering over international common finite element procedures.It has made great achievements in basic theory research and computational precision,thus broadening the application fields in practical projects.In order to gradually make innovations in geotechnical design methods,some of our research results are presented,mainly including geotechnical safety factor definitions,the principles for use of the method concerned,the overall failure criterion,the deduction and selection of the yield criterion,and the measurement to improve the computational precision,etc..The application field has been broadened from two-dimensional to three-dimensional,from soil slope to jointed rock slope and foundation,from stable seepage to non-stable seepage,from slope and foundation to tunnel.This method has also been used in search of many hidden sliding surfaces of complex landslides,conducting the structural support design considering the interaction between the soil and the structure,and computing simulation foundation bearing plates load tests,etc..

Wind Tunnel Study of Multiple Factors Affecting Wind Erosion from Cropland in Agro-pastoral Area of Inner Mongolia,China

In this paper,the process of wind erosion on two kinds of soil from the agro-pastoral area of Inner Mongolia are studied using wind tunnel experiments,considering the wind speed,blown angle of wind and soil moisture content.The results showed that the modulus of soil wind erosion increases with an increase of wind speed.When the wind speed exceeds a critical value,the soil wind erosion suddenly increases.The critical speed for both kinds of soil is within the range of 7-8m·s-1.For a constant wind speed,the rate of soil wind erosion changes from increasing to falling at a critical soil slope.The critical slope of loam soil and sandy loam soil is 20° and 10°,respectively.Soil moisture content has a significant effect on wind erosion.Soil wind erosion of both soils decreases with an increase of the soil water content in two treatments,however,for treatment two,the increasing trends of wind erosion for two soils with the falling of soil water content are no significant,especially for the loam soil,and in the same soil water content,the wind erosion of two soils in treatment one is significantly higher than treatment two,this indicates reducing the disturbance of soil surface can evidently control the soil wind erosion.

Impact of low/high-κ spacer-source overlap on characteristics of tunnel dielectric based tunnel field-effect transistor

The effects of low-κ and high-κ spacer were investigated on the novel tunnel dielectric based tunnel field-effect transistor(TD-FET) mainly based upon ultra-thin dielectric direct tunneling mechanism. Drive currents consist of direct tunneling current and band-to-band tunneling(BTBT) current. Meanwhile, tunneling position of the TD-FET differs from conventional tunnel-FET in which the electron and hole tunneling occur at intermediate rather than surface in channel(or source-channel junction under gate dielectric). The 2-D nature of TD-FET current flow is also discussed that the on-current is degraded with an increase in the spacer width. BTBT current will not begin to play part in tunneling current until gate voltage is 0.2 V. We clearly identify the influence of the tunneling dielectric layer and spacer electrostatic field on the device characteristics by numerical simulations. The inserted Si_3N_4 tunnel layer between P+ region and N+ region can significantly shorten the direct and band-to-band tunneling path, so a reduced subthreshold slope(Ss) and a high on-current can be achieved. Above all the ambipolar current is effectively suppressed, thus reducing off-current. TD-FET demonstrates excellent performance for low-power applications.

钓鱼台隧道洞口崩塌成因分析与处治措施研究

对池祁高速钓鱼台隧道洞口大型崩塌的成因进行了深入分析,提出了相应的崩塌处治措施,并通过现场监测分析对崩塌处治效果进行了验证。研究结果表明,钓鱼台隧道洞口崩塌是地形、地质、降雨、施工措施不当等多种因素共同作用的结果,其中地形和地质条件是形成崩塌的内因,降雨和施工措施不当等因素是诱发崩塌的外因。基于以上影响因素并结合隧道洞口实际情况,提出了“临时支护+永久性防护”的综合处治方案,即采用洞内背拱加固、掌子面反压回填、崩塌体卸载、洞口双层小导管支护、接长明洞以及洞顶仰坡锚杆框架防护的方案。现场巡视与监测数据表明,隧道洞口崩塌处治措施得当,工程效果显著,实现了预期目的。

公路隧道入口区域驾驶人吸睛效应综合评价

为全面和系统评价公路隧道入口区域视觉吸引对驾驶人吸睛效应视觉表现的影响,本文招募30名被试开展自然驾驶实验,采集驾驶人在公路隧道入口区域不同视觉吸引条件下的眼动数据,基于因子分析法选取驾驶人吸睛效应敏感评价指标,并分别构建线性混合效应模型和数据包络分析模型,识别和探究公路隧道入口区域视觉吸引对驾驶人吸睛效应视觉表现的影响特征和作用机理。结果表明:因子分析结果显示,驾驶人吸睛效应敏感视觉指标为注视持续时间、瞳孔直径、扫视持续时间和扫视幅度;公路隧道入口区域不同视觉吸引条件对驾驶人吸睛效应的视觉表现和综合效率有显著影响,且受驾驶人年龄和驾驶经验的个体特质因素影响显著,而性别因素对其没有显著性影响;视觉吸引的存在均会不同程度地损害驾驶人的正常视觉绩效,降低其合理有效性;提示标语视觉吸引条件下,驾驶人的视觉注意水平最差,视觉认知负荷程度最高,吸睛效应的负面影响最大,广告牌条件次之。

盾构隧道进出洞施工渗漏诱发结构倒塌试验研究

为明确隧道进出洞施工时因渗漏而诱发的结构倒塌发展过程,设计并开展缩尺模型试验。根据相似关系设计模型试验,制作模型土体与模型盾构隧道。参考实际进出洞施工渗漏事故案例,触发模型盾构隧道渗漏,在模型箱内重现隧道结构倒塌的全过程,并观测事故发展过程中的地层响应、隧道外部土压力变化、隧道倒塌发展过程。通过分析隧道进出洞施工中不同位置发生渗漏后结构的倒塌响应,对比不同位置渗漏对隧道进出洞施工致灾发展过程的影响。试验研究发现:1)隧道进出洞施工发生渗漏后,外部土体由于渗流侵蚀产生不稳定土洞,土洞经历了形成—失稳—再现的循环过程;2)隧道结构倒塌是由不稳定土洞失稳坠落冲击隧道结构导致的;3)隧道顶部和腰部2种不同位置渗漏后外部土体侵蚀发展的本质相同,但是不同渗漏位置产生的土洞形状有明显差异,导致最终隧道倒塌位置有所差异。

基于可拓理论的隧道洞口段动力响应规律研究

隧道洞口段存在偏压浅埋、围岩破碎等情况,为探究隧道洞口段在地震作用下的动力响应规律并给出安全性定量评估指标,以雅万高铁6号隧道为依托建立数值模型,分别输入雅万人工合成波、EI波、KB波以及WL波4个地震波,基于可拓理论,建立可拓物元模型,对采用数值模拟方法得出的隧道洞口段在最不利地震波作用下的弯矩、轴力、相对位移、加速度4个安全评估指标结果创建分区,以综合定量指标对雅万高铁6号隧道洞口段进行安全性评估,并提出了抗震设防长度。同时,分析了在不同地震波作用下的雅万高铁6号隧道洞口段的动力响应规律。结果表明:(1)在雅万人工波作用下,隧道各评估点动力响应程度约为其余3种天然波作用下动力响应程度的1.2倍;(2)各地震波计算所得4个评估指标沿纵向方向变化规律基本相同,轴力及弯矩峰值均出现在拱肩拱脚位置,相对位移峰值均发生在洞口处仰拱至拱顶测线,评估指标峰值发生时刻略微滞后于地震波峰值加速度对应时刻;(3)在雅万人工合成波作用下,雅万高铁六号隧道洞口段抗震设防长度为45~55 m,为隧道洞径的3.5~4倍。研究成果可为通过综合定量指标对隧道洞口段进行抗震安全性评估提供参考。

高海拔铁路隧道斜井机械化配套与快速施工

为解决高海拔高寒地区斜井施工存在气压低、含氧量低、温差大、严寒干燥等问题,以某高海拔铁路隧道斜井工程为背景,结合围岩等级、断面大小、海拔高度,根据斜井施工机械化配套原则,提出高海拔陡坡长斜井机械化安全快速进洞施工工法,并选配超前支护、钻爆、装运、喷锚支护、衬砌等机械化作业线的成套设备。基于高度机械化的设备配套,提出“快挖、快运、快支”的高效施工技术以及各工序快速衔接工艺。以控制围岩变形为核心,构建一套积极干预加固围岩、注重早期支护并快速闭合的主动支护体系。结果表明:与普通钻爆法施工相比,采用三臂凿岩台车高度机械化配套施工效率高,月最快进尺为180 m,较人工钻爆法施工月进尺为130 m相比提高了近30%,施工质量稳定,作业人员投入少,且拱顶沉降和周边收敛均小于规范要求值,衬砌强度可靠,可实现高海拔小断面隧道“快挖、快支、主动支、快封闭”。

考虑超载和纵坡效应的隧道开挖面破坏分析

针对地表超载和纵向坡度影响下的隧道开挖面稳定性问题,提出源于构造破坏机制的初始三角形网格更新策略,应用刚体平动运动单元上限分析(UB-RTME)方法开展非线性规划运算,获得地表临界超载系数σs/c图表与滑移线网破坏模式。结果表明:①以网格更新得到的UB-RTME滑移线网与OptumG2自适应加密网格,均可反映隧道开挖面破坏影响范围及承载关键区域,且UB-RTME以有效间断线及单元速度确定破坏范围,可揭示相对破坏范围S/D2定量数据及滑移线网破坏形态与影响因素的关联规律。②临界超载系数σs/c随纵向坡度角θ增大而显著降低,随埋深比C/D增大而增大,随重度系数γD/c增大而不断减小,随内摩擦角ϕ增大而非线性增大。③对于C/D和ϕ数值较大的情况,网格密度将显著影响UB-RTME运算得到的σs/c数值解精度;网格密度增加后,σs/c计算结果精度显著提高,且体现破坏特征的网状滑移线变得更加光滑。

基于强度折减的小净距隧道洞口施工对边仰坡稳定性影响研究

以巫镇高速某公路隧道为背景,通过强度折减法对隧道围岩参数进行折减,采用FLAC 3D有限差分软件对洞口段隧道开挖进行了数值模拟,并基于现场监测对模拟参数进行了标定,分析了隧道洞口施工边仰坡稳定性和极限剪应变分布特征,探明了不同折减系数下隧道洞口段位移变化规律,提出了隧道洞口边仰坡稳定性安全系数合理取值和位移安全基准值。研究结果表明:1)初始状态时,当折减系数介于1.36~1.38时,岩体位移变形速率加快,累计变形量发生突变,边仰坡上方极限应变区域贯通;2)隧道洞口施工后,当折减系数介于1.20~1.22时,岩体位移变形速率加快,累计变形量发生突变,隧道间极限应变区域贯通,故提出隧道施工的洞口边仰坡稳定性安全系数控制基准值为1.2,此时竖向位移安全基准值为80 mm,水平位移安全基准值为35 mm。

坡度对铁路隧道救援站火灾烟气蔓延特性影响研究

为研究高海拔地区不同坡度条件下隧道紧急救援站火灾烟气蔓延特性,采用Fluent软件建立高海拔坡度铁路隧道紧急救援站列车火灾模型,通过分析救援站内烟气流速、温度等特征参数变化规律,探讨坡度变化对隧道救援站火灾烟气蔓延的影响。研究结果表明:列车停车时刻,随着隧道坡度由0‰变化至±30‰,隧道拱顶烟气流速峰值均逐渐减小。列车停车后,正坡度越大,烟气逆流流速峰值下降,烟气逆流长度越短;负坡度则与之相反。对于正坡度隧道,建议人员向火源的上游方向疏散逃生更安全;对于负坡度隧道而言,建议人员向火源的下游方向疏散逃生更安全。研究结果对高海拔隧道火灾防排烟系统设计以及人员疏散具有重要意义。

隧道爆破作用下堆积层边坡稳定性的耦合数值分析

隧道施工爆破荷载会对地表边坡产生较大的动力扰动,加上堆积层边坡自身稳定性较差,极易形成堆积层滑坡、隧道塌方等工程事故。以渝湘高速樵坪山隧道工程为背景,结合CT扫描技术和PFC中clump命令,建立土石混合体颗粒流堆积层边坡数值模型并开展动三轴试验对堆积体模型的力学参数进行标定,运用FLAC^(3D)-PFC^(3D)耦合分析方法研究隧道开挖爆破作用下不同堆积层厚度边坡的稳定性。结果表明,在爆炸应力波的作用下,随着堆积层厚度从0.25倍隧道跨径增加至1.0倍时,堆积层颗粒速度减少4倍左右且颗粒松动范围几乎消失,颗粒沉降量从2 cm缓慢降至1 cm后保持稳定,颗粒间粘结与张拉力链比值从2.2迅速增加至4.5,此后颗粒间的张拉破坏作用较小,颗粒间不易发生滑移,堆积层稳定性较好;在超过1.0倍隧道跨径后,爆破产生的塑性区面积基本呈对称分布,且接近于隧道横断面面积,塑性区位于基岩范围内且集中在拱顶和拱底附近;总体上,当堆积层厚度超过1.0倍隧道跨径后,可显著降低隧道开挖爆破对边坡的动力扰动影响,研究结果可为隧道洞口段的设计与施工提供理论依据。

循环进尺对隧道洞口段施工动态稳定性影响研究

研究施工过程中隧道-围岩相互作用和破坏机理对维持结构稳定至关重要,采用有限元软件建立了福建省福州市罗汉山隧道计算模型,讨论了施工过程中围岩和结构位移及塑性区发展,基于强度折减法分析了考虑前切面和不同循环进尺下隧道模型的安全系数变化规律。通过分析可知,隧道洞口段围岩和边坡中塑性区贯通发育是其破坏的主要原因,塑性区贯通后边坡进入失稳状态,进而将荷载和变形传递给隧道结构;通过强度折减法获得了不同循环进尺下的安全系数,循环进尺越小隧道洞口段的边坡稳定性越高。研究成果可为隧道洞口段施工稳定性的估计和失稳预测提供理论依据。