Characteristics of Soil Respiration of Terraces and Slope Farmland in Loess Hilly and Gully Regions

Soil CO_2 emissions of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions were measured by using Infra Red Gas Analysis(IRGA),and the diurnal variation characteristics of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland were analyzed.The results show that the diurnal variation curves of soil respiration rate of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions had a single peak.The soil respiration rate of terraces reached the peak during 13:00-15:00,while the soil respiration rate of slope farmland reached the peak from 11:00 to13:00,and it was the lowest at next 07:00.The daily average of soil respiration rate in slope farmland was 0.86μmol/(m^2·s),accounting for 93.48% of that of terraces.The daily average of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland is shown as follows:the bottom of the slope>the middle of the slope>the top of the slope.At the top of the slope,the daily averages of soil respiration rate in terraces and slope farmland were the same;at the middle and bottom of the slope,the daily average of soil respiration rate in terraces was larger than that of slope farmland.

Slope-gully erosion relationship in small catchments of the middle reaches of the Yellow River

The slope-gully erosion relationship in small catchments of the middle reaches of the Yellow River has long been a topic concerned by relevant departments in China Slope-gully relationship in typical small catchment is determined determined on the concept of net increase of sediment yield by using analytical method of sediment formation at different positions in the catchment The result shows that sediments in a small catchment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River mainly come from slopes. ms paper indicated that the sediment sources from slopes are roughly 55, 60, 78 and 85 % of the total sediment yield of a small catchment in Yangdaogou. Wangjiagou. Jiuyuangou and Nanxiaohegou, respectively, due to impacts of varying degress from slope runoff.

Interactions between water-land resources and oasis urban development at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,China

Urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is largely constrained by fragile physical environ- ments. The characteristics of an urban settlement are different from those in other regions of China. This paper analyses the coupling characteristics and spatio-temporal variations for oasis urban development and water-land resources at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains by principal component analysis and a coupling degree model. The result shows that the degree and change in regional use of water and land resources are different among the studied cities/counties during their development. The built-up areas of these cities/counties have changed little with increasing populations and urbanization levels, which well reflects that the urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is limited by oasis areas. Per capita amount of water supplied, however, presented a trend of slowed growth with increasing levels of urbanization. Water consumption gradually increased with urban development and the improvement of people＇s living standards, accompanied by enhanced water use efficiency. The level of urbanization can be assessed through the coupling degree between oasis urban development and the use of water and land resources. A high coupling degree represents a high level of comprehensive urban devel- opment and use of water-land resources. Alternatively, a low coupling degree denotes a low level of urban devel- opment and water-land resource use.

Application of fuzzy optimal selection of similar slopes to the evaluation of slope stability

The numerical calculation method is widely used in the evaluation of slope stability,but it cannot take the randomness and fuzziness into account that exist in rock and soil engineering objectively.The fuzzy optimization theory is thus introduced to the evaluation of slope stability by this paper and a method of fuzzy optimal selection of similar slopes is put forward to analyze slope stability.By comparing the relative membership degrees that the evaluated object sample of slope is similar to the source samples of which the stabilities are detected clearly,the source sample with the maximal relative membership degree will be chosen as the best similar one to the object sample,and the stability of the object sample can be evaluated by that of the best similar source sample.In the process many uncertain influential factors are considered and characteristics and knowledge of the source samples are obtained.The practical calculation indicates that it can achieve good results to evaluate slope stability by using this method.

Underground pressure characteristics analysis in back-gully mining of shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope

We studied underground pressure and its mechanism during back-gully mining in a shallow coal seam under a bedrock gully slope,by means of physical simulation,numerical modeling and field monitoring.The results show that the intensity of underground pressure is related to its relative position at the coalface.The underground pressure is intensive and the support resistance reaches a maximum when the coalface is at the bottom of the gully,whereas the underground pressure is moderate and decreases gradually when the coalface passes the gully.The mechanism of these changes is analyzed when the slope rotated in a reversed direction to the slope dip during back-gully mining and form an unstable,multilateral block hinged structure,due to slipping.The subsidence of multilateral blocks is considerable when the block fragmentation is small,resulting in enormous changes in the underground pressure.With an increase in the mass of the block body,the block displacement will be reduced in conjunction with an increased clamp effect by both the unbroken rocks and broken rocks in the goaf,resulting in a decrease of the underground pressure.

Integration of aspect and slope in snowmelt runoff modeling in a mountain watershed

This study assessed the performances of the traditional temperature-index snowmelt runoff model(SRM) and an SRM model with a finer zonation based on aspect and slope(SRM + AS model) in a data-scarce mountain watershed in the Urumqi River Basin,in Northwest China.The proposed SRM + AS model was used to estimate the melt rate with the degree-day factor(DDF) through the division of watershed elevation zones based on aspect and slope.The simulation results of the SRM + AS model were compared with those of the traditional SRM model to identify the improvements of the SRM + AS model's performance with consideration of topographic features of the watershed.The results show that the performance of the SRM + AS model has improved slightly compared to that of the SRM model.The coefficients of determination increased from 0.73,0.69,and 0.79 with the SRM model to 0.76,0.76,and 0.81 with the SRM + AS model during the simulation and validation periods in 2005,2006,and 2007,respectively.The proposed SRM + AS model that considers aspect and slope can improve the accuracy of snowmelt runoff simulation compared to the traditional SRM model in mountain watersheds in arid regions by proper parameterization,careful input data selection,and data preparation.

Research on Effect of Heap Loading on Deformation and Mechanical Properties of Bridge Double Pile Foundation on Steep Slope

In order to analyze the deformation and stress characteristics of the pile foundation on the slope, this paper uses the finite element software Abaqus for numerical simulation. The displacement and stress data of pile under different working conditions (the combination of heap load and vertical load and horizontal load and inclined load) were collected;the distribution of pile displacement, axial force and bending moment were analyzed. Simulation results show that: slope top loading has little effect on vertical displacement; when the heap load exceeds 200 kPa, the horizontal displacement is greatly affected. Pile axial force decreases with pile burial depth;pile lateral resistance plays a more adequate role in the rock and soil layer. The bending moment of double pile foundation is positive at the top and negative at the bottom. Applied oblique load has obvious p-Δ effect.

Effects of gully terrain on stress field distribution and ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining

This study proposes a novel approach to study stress field distribution and overlying ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining in gully terrain.This approach combines numerical simulations and field tests based on the conditions of gully terrain in the Chuancao Gedan Mine.The effects of gully terrain on the in situ stress field of coal beds can be identified by the ratio of self-weight stress to vertical stress(η) at the location corresponding to the maximum vertical stress.Based on the function η =j(h),the effect of gully terrain on the stress field of overlying strata of the entire field can be characterized as a significantly affected area,moderately affected area,or non-affected area.Working face 6106 in the Chuancao Gedan Mine had a coal bed Jepth <80 m and was located in what was identified as a significantly affected area.Hence,mining may cause sliding of the gully slope and increased loading(including significant dynamic loading) on the roof strata.Field tests suggest that significant dynamic pressures were observed at the body and foot of the gully slope,and that dynamic loadings were observed upslope of the working face expansion,provided that the expanding direction of the working face is parallel to the gully.

Evaluation on Terrain-Climate Superiority Degree at County Level in Yunnan Province

Terrain slope and climate zone(heat zone)are important factors affecting land use zoning and agricultural production layout in mountainous areas.Using"weight grade method",a quantitative index of comprehensively evaluating terrain slope and climatic(thermal)conditions in mountainous areas was proposed:terrain-climate superiority degree(TCSD),and TCSD,terrain superiority degree(TSD),and climate superiority degree(CSD)in 129 counties(cities and districts)of Yunnan Province were measured and analyzed.The results showed that TCSD in 50.39%of counties of Yunnan Province was relatively better(levels I and II),and TCSD in 38.76%of counties was moderate(level III),while TCSD in 10.85%of counties was relatively poorer(levels IV and V).

Eco-environment Restoration and Regional Differentiation Characteristics Based on “Building Terrace and Returning Slope Farmland to Forests and Grass”

Based on the scientific and technological achievements in the past decade in the Loess Hilly-gully Region and the successful demonstration experience in Yan'an Yangou watershed, we summarize the characteristics of eco-environment restoration pattern based on "building terrace and returning slope farmland to forests and grass". According to the data on land use, slope farmland and the agricultural population in 1999, we calculate the area of new terrace that needs to be built, the area of garden plot that needs to be extended, vegetation restoration area and investment demand in counties (cities, districts). Establishing and using some indicators, such as basic farmland extension indicator, garden plot extension indicator, vegetation restoration index and investment demand density, we conduct type classification and analysis of regional differentiation characteristics in 55 counties (cities, districts). The results show that in the Loess Hilly-gully Region, 691 600 hm2 of new terrace needs to be built, 792 000 hm2 of economic forests and orchards need to be extended, 5 410 200 hm2 of vegetation needs to be restored, and the total investment demand is 15.82 billion yuan; in terms of geographical distribution, obviously there are two key areas for eco-environment restoration (one is located in the border area between northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the other is located in the eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia area); the classified regional guidance policies should be formulated as soon as possible, and the limited funds should be concentrated in the key areas.

Morphological characteristics and evolution model of slope units along loess gully cross section

Gully morphology is an important part of loess landform research.Along with gully development,the variation of its cross section is the most significant,and it can intuitively reflect the characteristics of the lateral widening of the gully slope.Therefore,in-depth research of the variation of the cross-sectional morphology of the gully is helpful to understanding the development process of the loess gully.Based on the DEMs(Digital Elevation Model)of nine periods of an indoor simulated loess small watershed,this paper studies the evolution model of a complete branch ditch in the watershed using the digital terrain analysis theory and method.Results show that with the development of the gully,the average gradient of the gully slope continuously decreases,and the slope morphology is mostly a concave slope along the slope direction.The degree of downward concave first increases and then gradually tends to be gentle.The gully erosion mode is gradually transformed from downward cutting erosion to lateral erosion.The more mature the gully development,the lower the depth of gully bottom cutting is compared with the width of gully widening.Furthermore,the surface cutting depth tends to be stable and the slope is stable.Then,the transformation law of the slope morphology of the gully cross section with the development of the gully is studied,and the prediction model of the transformation of the slope morphology of the gully cross section is established by using the Markov chain.The Markov model can better reflect the dynamic change of the slope morphology of the gully cross section,which is of great significance to revealing the external performance and internal mechanism of the gully morphology.

An applied research on remote sensing classification in the Loess Plateau

Dae to complex terrain of the Loess Plateau, the classification accuracy is unsatisfactory when a single supervised classification is used in die remote sensing investigation of the sloping field. Taking the loess hill and gully area of northern Shaanxi Province as a test area, a research was conducted to extract sloping field and other land use categories by applying an integrated classification. Based on an integration of supervised classification aad unsupervised classification, sampling method is remarkably unproved. The results show that the classification accuracy is satisfactory by the method and is of critical significance in obtaining up-to-date information of the sloping field, which should be helpful in the state key project of converting farmland to forest and grassland on slope land in this area. This research sought to improve the application accuracy of image classification in complex terrain areas.

基于均衡接近度灰关联的Slope One算法

作为一种基于项目的协同过滤推荐算法,Slope One算法易于实现且高效。但由于Slope One算法未考虑用户相似性,导致其在处理涉及用户关系的个性化推荐任务时性能不高。针对以上问题,提出了改进的Slope One算法。提出一种均衡接近度灰关联分析方法计算用户之间的均衡接近度,利用均衡接近度度量用户间的相似程度,然后将均衡接近度值融入到Slope One算法中进行评分预测,在MovieLens和Epinions数据集下的对比实验表明,该算法具有更低的平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE),提高了预测的准确度和推荐质量。

融合灰关联分析和信任度的Slope One算法研究

作为一种有效的协同过滤算法,Slope One算法被广泛地应用到一些推荐系统中.但该算法在评分预测时仅根据项目之间的评分偏差以及用户的历史评分信息,未能考虑用户之间的潜在联系,而且数据稀疏性和冷启动问题也会限制算法的推荐性能.因此,为了提高算法的推荐质量,本文采用均衡接近度灰关联方法度量用户关联度,从而有效挖掘用户之间的潜在联系;并引入用户信任模型来缓解冷启动问题对算法的影响,将均衡接近度和信任度作为权重因子加权到评分预测过程.论文研究并提出了一种融合灰关联分析和信任度的Slope One算法,并通过实验验证了算法的有效性.实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地提高算法预测准确度,缓解数据稀疏性和冷启动问题对算法的影响.

Impact of demographic dynamics on CO_2 emissions in Sichuan,China

Global climate change is one of the major environmental issues faced by humans.Existing evidence indicates that the anthropogenic push for a rise in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases(GHGs)(particularly CO_2) has been a primary cause for global warming.Aside from economic and teclinological factors,demographic dynamics(including human consumption in a broad demographic sense) has been a major driver for CO_2 emissions.In this paper,we performed both nonlinear regression analysis(based on the STIRPAT model) and gray correlation degree analysis(based on gray system theory) on the impact of demographic dynamics on CO_2 emissions.Our results reveal that CO_2 emissions are positively correlated with population size and GDP per capita and negatively correlated with energy intensity.We also show that gray con-elation degree with CO_2 emissions for five variables(i.e.,household consumption,urbanization rate,household size,population aging rate,population size) varies substantially:household consumption > urbanization rate >household size > population aging rate > population size,with household consumption being the highest,and population size the lowest.To mitigate the impact of demographic dynamics on CO_2 emissions,it is of vital significance to nurture people's awareness of sustainable consumption and to adhere to current population control policies.

Incipient Velocity of Non-uniform Sediment in Sloping River Bends

A model for incipient movement of sediment in rolling pattern was established. In this model, the starting of sediment particles under low transport rate, the exposure degree of sediment, the lateral slope of water surface and the effect of transverse circulating current induced by the hydraulic structure of bend flow were fully considered. A theoretical formula for the incipient velocity of non-cohesive and non-uniform sediment in sloping river bends was developed. The results from the theoretical formula compared well with the experimental data.

稳定分析中滑动面构造方法分析

滑动面的构造方法是边坡稳定分析的关键课题之一。任意滑动面的构造比较复杂,基于Logistic函数积分等基函数构造的曲线可以代替传统的折线形滑动面,改善滑动面的光滑性,也有利于减少其自由度。对基于基函数的滑动面构造方法进行梳理,将其划分为基于连续函数叠加的构造方法和基于积分运算的构造方法。重点对Logistic函数及其积分的性质进行分析,得到了不同参数对曲线形态的影响规律,从而缩小了相关参数的取值范围,为减小滑动面自由度提供了依据。在此基础上也给出了一种确定给定滑动面参数初值的方法。针对两个边坡算例的计算表明,所提出的方法能够满足边坡稳定分析的要求。

基于变权理论的露天矿边坡稳定性GRA-TOPSIS评价模型研究

为使露天矿边坡稳定性评估更加科学合理,进一步提高评估结果可靠性,迫切需对现有评价模型进行优化和改进。基于变权理论、灰色关联理论(GRA)和逼近理想解法(TOPSIS),提出了露天矿边坡稳定性改进GRA-TOPSIS评价模型。从地质、环境、工程等3个方面,选取了12个典型影响因素,构建了露天矿岩质边坡稳定性综合评价指标体系;运用变权理论确定指标权重,通过计算灰色关联贴近度,实现露天矿岩质边坡稳定性综合评价。以3座矿山(K1-K3)为例,验证评价模型的适用性。结果显示:3座露天矿边坡稳定性排序为K3>K2>K1,稳定性等级分别为Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅱ级,与边坡实际相符;通过对比改进GRA-TOPSIS模型与单独使用GRA、TOPSIS模型以及其他模型的评价结果,验证了改进GRA-TOPSIS综合评价模型在露天矿边坡稳定性评估方面的准确性和优越性,体现了研究价值,可为露天矿边坡稳定性评估提供新思路。

不同初始饱和度条件下高液限滑带土环剪试验

针对某高速公路沿线边坡滑带土,开展了一系列环剪试验研究含水率对其残余强度的影响。制作1.20 g·cm^(-3)和1.35 g·cm^(-3)两种干密度条件下初始饱和度为25%、45%、65%、85%和100%的滑带土试样,在100 kPa、200 kPa和400 kPa正应力条件下开展试验,获得了滑带土剪应力与剪切角关系曲线。根据曲线得到残余剪切强度,得出滑带土的残余强度参数。结果表明,当正应力为100 kPa时,初始饱和度对滑带土残余强度影响不明显,当正应力为200 kPa和400 kPa时,初始饱和度增大将使残余强度降低。当干密度为1.35 g·cm^(-3)时,残余黏聚力随初始饱和度增加而增加,而当干密度为1.20 g·cm^(-3)时则表现出先增后减的规律。对于两种干密度的滑带土,残余摩擦角均随初始饱和度增加而减小。低干密度条件下残余强度参数随初始饱和度的变化更敏感。

降雨、汇流和坡度对黑土浅沟坡面侵蚀影响的试验研究

[目的]为研究降雨、汇流和坡度对浅沟侵蚀的影响,实施精确的水土保持措施。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨和汇流试验,设计2个降雨强度(50,100 mm/h)和2个坡度(3°,7°),并在4种降雨强度和坡度组合下设置5个依次增加的汇流强度(15,30,45,60,75 L/min),分析降雨、汇流和坡度及其交互作用对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响,明确浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献。[结果](1)坡度和汇流强度对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响均大于降雨强度。当降雨强度由50 mm/h增加到100 mm/h时,3°和7°对应的坡面侵蚀量分别增加52.3%~81.8%和29.4%~88.4%;而当坡度从3°增大到7°,50,100 mm/h降雨强度对应的坡面侵蚀量分别增加114.3%~395.5%和130.0%~320.9%;当汇流强度由15 L/min增加至75 L/min,坡面侵蚀量增加4.6~13.5倍。同时,汇流强度的增加加剧坡度对坡面侵蚀的作用,而减弱降雨强度对坡面侵蚀的影响。(2)降雨、汇流、坡度双因子和三因子交互作用对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响以汇流强度-坡度交互作用和降雨强度-汇流强度-坡度三者的交互作用的影响最大,其次为降雨强度-汇流强度交互作用,而以降雨强度-坡度的交互作用的影响最小。(3)不同试验条件下,浅沟侵蚀量占坡面侵蚀量的比例平均在85%以上,且其比例随汇流强度和坡度的增加呈增大趋势。(4)坡面侵蚀速率与水流流速、径流剪切力和水流功率之间均表现为极显著正相关,与阻力系数之间呈显著负相关;且坡面侵蚀速率与水流功率相关关系最优。[结论]研究结果为基于侵蚀动力因子和地形因子及其交互作用的浅沟侵蚀预测模型开发、浅沟侵蚀贡献分离和浅沟侵蚀机理研究提供了科学依据。