Rill development is a major soil erosion process that causes severe soil degradation.This study examined the effects of representative rainfall intensities(50 and 75 mm h-1),slope gradients(10°and 150),and slope ...Rill development is a major soil erosion process that causes severe soil degradation.This study examined the effects of representative rainfall intensities(50 and 75 mm h-1),slope gradients(10°and 150),and slope lengths(7.5 and 10.0 m)on rill development and rill characteristics on loessial hillslopes in China.Loessial soil was collected from the cropland of Ansai Town,Yan’an City,Shaanxi Province.The soil with 28.3%sand,58.1%silt,and13.6%clay was packed into a soil pan to conduct rainfall simulations in 2012.The results showed that the time of the knickpoint occurrence(5-16 min),the rill headcut extension(9-33 min),and the mean headward erosion rate(1.7-5.o cm min-1)were better representative indicators for reflecting the changes in the rill development than other indicators used in this study.For a quick evaluation of the rill erosion severity,the rill coverage ratio(1%-12%,generallyincreasing with an increase in the rainfall intensity)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different rainfall intensities,and the rill width-depth ratio(1.56-2.27,generally decreasing with an increase in the slope gradient)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different slope gradients.Furthermore,the rill inclination angle(8.2°-19.1°,significantly increasing with an increase in the slope length)and rill density(0.19-1.34 m·m-2,generally increasing with an increase in the slope length)were more suitable for evaluating the rill erosion severity on hillslopes with different slope lengths.Therefore,the representative indicators could reflect the differences in the rill development and rill characteristics under different rainfall and topographic situations.The study greatly improved the evaluation of rill erosion severity and the prediction of the development of rills for loessial hillslopes.展开更多
The embedded length of anti-slide piles for slope is analyzed by three-dimensional elastoplastic shear strength reduction method. The effect of embedded pile length on the factor of safety and pile behavior is analyze...The embedded length of anti-slide piles for slope is analyzed by three-dimensional elastoplastic shear strength reduction method. The effect of embedded pile length on the factor of safety and pile behavior is analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of pile spacing, pile head conditions, pile bending stiffness and soil properties on length and behavior of pile are also analyzed. The results show that the pile spacing and the pile head conditions have significant influences on the critical embedded length of pile. It is found that the critical embedded length of pile, beyond which the factor of safety does not increase, increases with the decrease in pile spacing. The smaller the pile spacing is, the larger the integrity of the reinforced slope will be. A theoretical analysis of the slip surface is also conducted, and the slip surface determined by the pressure on piles, considering the influences of both soil and piles for slope, is in agreement with the ones in previous studies.展开更多
The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin...The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin covering a spatial area of 56.7 Km2 in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria to estimate annual soil loss using the RUSLE model. Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014, 2016, 2018, February, July and November 2022;soil data, rainfall data from 2010 to 2022, and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. All factors of the RUSLE model were calculated for the basin using assembled data. The erosivity (R-factor) was discovered to be 553.437 MJ∙mm∙ha−1∙h−1∙yr−1. The average erodibility (K-factor) value was 0.1 Mg∙h∙h∙ha−1∙MJ−1∙mm−1∙yr−1. The Slope Length and Steepness factor (LS-factor) in the basin ranged between 0% and 13.47%. The Crop Management Factor (C-factor) values were obtained from a rescaling of the NDVI values derived for the study area and ranged from 0.26 to 0.55. Support practice (P-factors) were computed from the prevalent tillage practice in the basin and ranged from 0.27 to 0.40. The soil loss amount for the Kubanni basin was found to be 28441.482 tons∙ha−1∙yr−1, while the annual soil loss for the entire Kubanni drainage basin was found to be 49780.257 tons∙yr−1. The study has demonstrated the viability of coupling RUSLE model and Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the estimation of soil loss in the Kubanni drainage basin.展开更多
The slope length factor is one of the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE)and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and is sometimes calculated based on a digital elevation model(DEM).The meth...The slope length factor is one of the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE)and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and is sometimes calculated based on a digital elevation model(DEM).The methods for calculating the slope length factor are important because the values obtained may depend on the methods used for calculation.The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in spatial distribution of the slope length factor between the different methods at a watershed scale.One method used the uniform slope length factor equation(USLFE)where the effects of slope irregularities(such as slope gradient,etc.)on soil erosion by water were not considered.The other method used segmented slope length factor equation(SSLFE)which considered the effects of slope irregularities on soil erosion by water.The Arc Macro Language(AML)Version 4 program for the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).which uses the USLFE,was chosen to calculate the slope length factor.In a parallel analysis,the AML code of RUSLE Version 4 was modified according to the SSLFE to calculate the slope length factor.Two watersheds with different slope and gully densities were chosen.The results show that the slope length factor and soil loss using the USLFE method were lower than those using the SSLFE method,especially on downslopes watershed with more frequent steep slopes and higher gully densities.In addition,the slope length factor and soil loss calculated by the USLFE showed less spatial variation.展开更多
Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of veg...Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.展开更多
In engineering practice,the stability of a slope is often analyzed as a 2D problem assuming a plane-strain condition,which may lead to significant errors.In this paper,a comprehensive study is carried out to compare t...In engineering practice,the stability of a slope is often analyzed as a 2D problem assuming a plane-strain condition,which may lead to significant errors.In this paper,a comprehensive study is carried out to compare the results of 2D and 3D slope stability analyses,using the strength reduction method for deterministic analysis and the random field approach for probabilistic analysis,respectively.The results of this comparison study confirm that in the deterministic stability evaluation,the 2D analysis tends to obtain a smaller factor of safety than does its 3D counterpart.In the probabilistic evaluation that considers the spatial variability of soil properties,the 2D analysis tends to yield a larger probability of failure than its 3D counterpart.A significant feature of the 3D probabilistic slope stability analysis is the presence of multiple local failures distributed along the slope longitudinal direction.This paper provides insights regarding the degree of errors in modeling a 3D slope as a 2D problem,which can be regarded as a complement to the previous 3D slope stability analyses.展开更多
地形(坡长坡度)因子是坡面土壤侵蚀模型USLE(通用土壤流失方程)或CSLE(中国水蚀方程)中的重要参数。本文选择了适合我国土壤侵蚀特点的坡长坡度因子计算公式,基于Visual Studio 2010平台进行了程序编写,开发了LS计算工具。该工具界面友...地形(坡长坡度)因子是坡面土壤侵蚀模型USLE(通用土壤流失方程)或CSLE(中国水蚀方程)中的重要参数。本文选择了适合我国土壤侵蚀特点的坡长坡度因子计算公式,基于Visual Studio 2010平台进行了程序编写,开发了LS计算工具。该工具界面友好且计算速度快,在32位计算机上可快速计算1万行×1万列数据区域的坡长坡度因子,在64位计算机上能计算4万行×4万列数据区域的坡长坡度因子。本软件的开发可为区域土壤侵蚀评价以及水土保持措施规划服务。展开更多
研究地形对黑土区坡面侵蚀-沉积空间分布特征的影响可以为水土保持措施配置提供科学依据。以典型黑土区——黑龙江省宾县东山沟小流域为研究区域,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个典型坡面,坡面种植作物均为玉米。典型坡面坡顶、坡上、...研究地形对黑土区坡面侵蚀-沉积空间分布特征的影响可以为水土保持措施配置提供科学依据。以典型黑土区——黑龙江省宾县东山沟小流域为研究区域,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个典型坡面,坡面种植作物均为玉米。典型坡面坡顶、坡上、坡中、坡下和坡脚的平均坡度分别为3.1°,3.0°,4.0°,2.8°,1.2°。利用137Cs示踪技术,分析了坡度、坡长和坡形对坡面侵蚀—沉积空间分布特征的影响。结果表明:研究流域农耕地坡面以侵蚀为主,平均侵蚀速率为448 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) ;坡面不同部位土壤侵蚀—沉积分布特征差异明显,坡顶、坡上、坡中和坡下主要表现为侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率分别为819、376、1 000和634 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) ,而坡脚表现为明显的沉积,平均沉积速率为^(^(-1)) 382 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) 。不同坡形坡面侵蚀-沉积分布存在差异,凸形坡坡面表现为先侵蚀后沉积的分布特征,而复合坡坡面呈现出侵蚀-沉积交错分布特征;坡面土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和坡长均呈极显著的幂函数关系,而坡度对黑土区坡面侵蚀的影响明显大于坡长,反映了即使在长坡缓地形的黑土区坡度对侵蚀的影响仍然有重要作用。因此,在黑土区配置合理的水土保持措施时,应尽量削弱坡度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响。展开更多
地形是影响地表水文和土壤侵蚀的主要环境因素,坡度、坡长和LS因子是土壤侵蚀模型的重要参数。该文以第四次全国土壤侵蚀普查项目为依托,在ANUDEM软件环境中建立25m分辨率文地貌关系正确的DEM(Hydrologically Correct Digital Elevation...地形是影响地表水文和土壤侵蚀的主要环境因素,坡度、坡长和LS因子是土壤侵蚀模型的重要参数。该文以第四次全国土壤侵蚀普查项目为依托,在ANUDEM软件环境中建立25m分辨率文地貌关系正确的DEM(Hydrologically Correct Digital Elevation Model,Hc-DEM),提取了坡度、坡长并计算了LS因子,对中国主要水蚀地区的土壤侵蚀地形因子的空间及统计特征进行了分析,并将该数据与目前应用较为广泛的2种遥感高程数据进行了对比。结果表明,25m分辨率Hc-DEM可用以表达各典型样区地形特征,其上提取的坡度和坡长,符合一般地貌学原理和常规认识;坡度在东北地区最为平缓(0.8°),而在黄土丘陵区最陡(22.3°);坡长则在东北地区最长而黄土丘陵区最短(479m和69m);在地势比较低的河谷和地势较高的分水地带坡度比较平缓,而在分水岭到河谷冲积平原之间坡度较陡;在地形起伏较大的陡坡丘陵或坡度平缓的丘陵,坡长均比较大;LS因子的空间分布格局与坡度基本一致;该文得到的数据与ASTER和SRTM遥感高程数据对比具有明显优势,全国土壤侵蚀普查项目建立的DEM,在全国、省区和大流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀评价制图中具有不可替代性。该文阐明了中国主要水蚀区的侵蚀地形特征,为土壤侵蚀学、水文学中地形因子的提取提供了参考。展开更多
采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂...采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀强度随雨强的增大而增加的趋势更明显;③坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,土壤侵蚀强度变化的临界坡度在25°附近;④坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响大体可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,但坡长对土壤侵蚀强度的影响比较复杂,随雨强大小的变化而表现为不同的形式;⑤坡度、坡长及雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀强度的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子,且坡度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切。展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41571263, 41601281, 41761144060)the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 161461KYSB20170013)
文摘Rill development is a major soil erosion process that causes severe soil degradation.This study examined the effects of representative rainfall intensities(50 and 75 mm h-1),slope gradients(10°and 150),and slope lengths(7.5 and 10.0 m)on rill development and rill characteristics on loessial hillslopes in China.Loessial soil was collected from the cropland of Ansai Town,Yan’an City,Shaanxi Province.The soil with 28.3%sand,58.1%silt,and13.6%clay was packed into a soil pan to conduct rainfall simulations in 2012.The results showed that the time of the knickpoint occurrence(5-16 min),the rill headcut extension(9-33 min),and the mean headward erosion rate(1.7-5.o cm min-1)were better representative indicators for reflecting the changes in the rill development than other indicators used in this study.For a quick evaluation of the rill erosion severity,the rill coverage ratio(1%-12%,generallyincreasing with an increase in the rainfall intensity)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different rainfall intensities,and the rill width-depth ratio(1.56-2.27,generally decreasing with an increase in the slope gradient)was better than the other indicators for treatments with different slope gradients.Furthermore,the rill inclination angle(8.2°-19.1°,significantly increasing with an increase in the slope length)and rill density(0.19-1.34 m·m-2,generally increasing with an increase in the slope length)were more suitable for evaluating the rill erosion severity on hillslopes with different slope lengths.Therefore,the representative indicators could reflect the differences in the rill development and rill characteristics under different rainfall and topographic situations.The study greatly improved the evaluation of rill erosion severity and the prediction of the development of rills for loessial hillslopes.
文摘The embedded length of anti-slide piles for slope is analyzed by three-dimensional elastoplastic shear strength reduction method. The effect of embedded pile length on the factor of safety and pile behavior is analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of pile spacing, pile head conditions, pile bending stiffness and soil properties on length and behavior of pile are also analyzed. The results show that the pile spacing and the pile head conditions have significant influences on the critical embedded length of pile. It is found that the critical embedded length of pile, beyond which the factor of safety does not increase, increases with the decrease in pile spacing. The smaller the pile spacing is, the larger the integrity of the reinforced slope will be. A theoretical analysis of the slip surface is also conducted, and the slip surface determined by the pressure on piles, considering the influences of both soil and piles for slope, is in agreement with the ones in previous studies.
文摘The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin covering a spatial area of 56.7 Km2 in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria to estimate annual soil loss using the RUSLE model. Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014, 2016, 2018, February, July and November 2022;soil data, rainfall data from 2010 to 2022, and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. All factors of the RUSLE model were calculated for the basin using assembled data. The erosivity (R-factor) was discovered to be 553.437 MJ∙mm∙ha−1∙h−1∙yr−1. The average erodibility (K-factor) value was 0.1 Mg∙h∙h∙ha−1∙MJ−1∙mm−1∙yr−1. The Slope Length and Steepness factor (LS-factor) in the basin ranged between 0% and 13.47%. The Crop Management Factor (C-factor) values were obtained from a rescaling of the NDVI values derived for the study area and ranged from 0.26 to 0.55. Support practice (P-factors) were computed from the prevalent tillage practice in the basin and ranged from 0.27 to 0.40. The soil loss amount for the Kubanni basin was found to be 28441.482 tons∙ha−1∙yr−1, while the annual soil loss for the entire Kubanni drainage basin was found to be 49780.257 tons∙yr−1. The study has demonstrated the viability of coupling RUSLE model and Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the estimation of soil loss in the Kubanni drainage basin.
基金Research for this paper was funded by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The slope length factor is one of the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE)and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and is sometimes calculated based on a digital elevation model(DEM).The methods for calculating the slope length factor are important because the values obtained may depend on the methods used for calculation.The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in spatial distribution of the slope length factor between the different methods at a watershed scale.One method used the uniform slope length factor equation(USLFE)where the effects of slope irregularities(such as slope gradient,etc.)on soil erosion by water were not considered.The other method used segmented slope length factor equation(SSLFE)which considered the effects of slope irregularities on soil erosion by water.The Arc Macro Language(AML)Version 4 program for the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).which uses the USLFE,was chosen to calculate the slope length factor.In a parallel analysis,the AML code of RUSLE Version 4 was modified according to the SSLFE to calculate the slope length factor.Two watersheds with different slope and gully densities were chosen.The results show that the slope length factor and soil loss using the USLFE method were lower than those using the SSLFE method,especially on downslopes watershed with more frequent steep slopes and higher gully densities.In addition,the slope length factor and soil loss calculated by the USLFE showed less spatial variation.
基金the financial support received from the University Grants Commission (UGC) in the form of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)。
文摘Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42090055)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41977242)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.CUGGC09)。
文摘In engineering practice,the stability of a slope is often analyzed as a 2D problem assuming a plane-strain condition,which may lead to significant errors.In this paper,a comprehensive study is carried out to compare the results of 2D and 3D slope stability analyses,using the strength reduction method for deterministic analysis and the random field approach for probabilistic analysis,respectively.The results of this comparison study confirm that in the deterministic stability evaluation,the 2D analysis tends to obtain a smaller factor of safety than does its 3D counterpart.In the probabilistic evaluation that considers the spatial variability of soil properties,the 2D analysis tends to yield a larger probability of failure than its 3D counterpart.A significant feature of the 3D probabilistic slope stability analysis is the presence of multiple local failures distributed along the slope longitudinal direction.This paper provides insights regarding the degree of errors in modeling a 3D slope as a 2D problem,which can be regarded as a complement to the previous 3D slope stability analyses.
文摘地形(坡长坡度)因子是坡面土壤侵蚀模型USLE(通用土壤流失方程)或CSLE(中国水蚀方程)中的重要参数。本文选择了适合我国土壤侵蚀特点的坡长坡度因子计算公式,基于Visual Studio 2010平台进行了程序编写,开发了LS计算工具。该工具界面友好且计算速度快,在32位计算机上可快速计算1万行×1万列数据区域的坡长坡度因子,在64位计算机上能计算4万行×4万列数据区域的坡长坡度因子。本软件的开发可为区域土壤侵蚀评价以及水土保持措施规划服务。
文摘研究地形对黑土区坡面侵蚀-沉积空间分布特征的影响可以为水土保持措施配置提供科学依据。以典型黑土区——黑龙江省宾县东山沟小流域为研究区域,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个典型坡面,坡面种植作物均为玉米。典型坡面坡顶、坡上、坡中、坡下和坡脚的平均坡度分别为3.1°,3.0°,4.0°,2.8°,1.2°。利用137Cs示踪技术,分析了坡度、坡长和坡形对坡面侵蚀—沉积空间分布特征的影响。结果表明:研究流域农耕地坡面以侵蚀为主,平均侵蚀速率为448 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) ;坡面不同部位土壤侵蚀—沉积分布特征差异明显,坡顶、坡上、坡中和坡下主要表现为侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率分别为819、376、1 000和634 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) ,而坡脚表现为明显的沉积,平均沉积速率为^(^(-1)) 382 t km^(^(-2)) a^(^(-1)) 。不同坡形坡面侵蚀-沉积分布存在差异,凸形坡坡面表现为先侵蚀后沉积的分布特征,而复合坡坡面呈现出侵蚀-沉积交错分布特征;坡面土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和坡长均呈极显著的幂函数关系,而坡度对黑土区坡面侵蚀的影响明显大于坡长,反映了即使在长坡缓地形的黑土区坡度对侵蚀的影响仍然有重要作用。因此,在黑土区配置合理的水土保持措施时,应尽量削弱坡度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响。
文摘地形是影响地表水文和土壤侵蚀的主要环境因素,坡度、坡长和LS因子是土壤侵蚀模型的重要参数。该文以第四次全国土壤侵蚀普查项目为依托,在ANUDEM软件环境中建立25m分辨率文地貌关系正确的DEM(Hydrologically Correct Digital Elevation Model,Hc-DEM),提取了坡度、坡长并计算了LS因子,对中国主要水蚀地区的土壤侵蚀地形因子的空间及统计特征进行了分析,并将该数据与目前应用较为广泛的2种遥感高程数据进行了对比。结果表明,25m分辨率Hc-DEM可用以表达各典型样区地形特征,其上提取的坡度和坡长,符合一般地貌学原理和常规认识;坡度在东北地区最为平缓(0.8°),而在黄土丘陵区最陡(22.3°);坡长则在东北地区最长而黄土丘陵区最短(479m和69m);在地势比较低的河谷和地势较高的分水地带坡度比较平缓,而在分水岭到河谷冲积平原之间坡度较陡;在地形起伏较大的陡坡丘陵或坡度平缓的丘陵,坡长均比较大;LS因子的空间分布格局与坡度基本一致;该文得到的数据与ASTER和SRTM遥感高程数据对比具有明显优势,全国土壤侵蚀普查项目建立的DEM,在全国、省区和大流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀评价制图中具有不可替代性。该文阐明了中国主要水蚀区的侵蚀地形特征,为土壤侵蚀学、水文学中地形因子的提取提供了参考。
文摘采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀强度随雨强的增大而增加的趋势更明显;③坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,土壤侵蚀强度变化的临界坡度在25°附近;④坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响大体可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,但坡长对土壤侵蚀强度的影响比较复杂,随雨强大小的变化而表现为不同的形式;⑤坡度、坡长及雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀强度的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子,且坡度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切。
