Gravelly soils are made up of gravel, sand, silt and clay. They are widely used in engineering applications such as rock-fill dams with clay cores, which are the main researches at present. The strength and mechanical...Gravelly soils are made up of gravel, sand, silt and clay. They are widely used in engineering applications such as rock-fill dams with clay cores, which are the main researches at present. The strength and mechanical properties of the gravelly soils are affected by the content of coarse grain, fine particles, and their adhesive states. These Properties can be verified by laboratory unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests with grain size less than 5 mm and by large scale direct-shear tests with original grain content. Fine particles of the loose gravelly slopes are released under rainfalls, alternated the structures and mechanical properties, even affected the slope stability. There are a series of large scale direct-shear tests with different coarse grain contents to study the influence of fine particles releasing and migration, results showed the strength behavior of the gravelly soils were affected by the coarse grain content （5） and the inflection coarse grain contents. In order to study the erosion features of the gravelly soil slopes on rainfall conditions and the slopes stability alteration, we had carried out one sort of artificial rainfall local and model experiments, the runoff sediment contents were monitored during the experiments. Result showed that the shapes of the slopes surface transformed periodically, runoff sediment contents were divided into five phases according to the experiment phenomena, runoff sediment contents maintained downtrend during the rain time and the downtrend was obviouslyinterpreted by one descend belt no matter the rainfall intensity and the slope angels. Particle size analysis released the deposit on the slope surface lost almost all of the clay, most of the silt and sand after the experiments, this meant the fine particles releasing, migration and accumulation process on condition of rainfall resulted in the instability factor of the slopes even induced landslide or debris flow.展开更多
Soil Organic Carbon （SOC） is the most important component of soil. Though small, it determines soil fertility and prevents soil losses. In this study, we examined relationships between the Particle-Size Distribution...Soil Organic Carbon （SOC） is the most important component of soil. Though small, it determines soil fertility and prevents soil losses. In this study, we examined relationships between the Particle-Size Distribution （PSD） of the eroded sediment and SOC loss, and evaluated the effects of plant coverage ratios （0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 90%）, slope lengths （2 m, 4 m）, fertilizer treatments （unfertilized control （CK）, compound N-P-K fertilizer （CF）, and organic fertilizer （OF）） on SOC loss and the SOC enrichment ratio （ERsoc） in the eroded sediments. The experimental results showed that longer slope length and lower surface cover ratios produced larger surface runoff and the eroded sediments, resulting in larger SOC losses. The average SOC loss was greatest in the OF treatment and SOC loss was mainly associated with the eroded sediment. Surface runoff, which causes soil erosion, is a selective transportation process, hence there were more clay- sized particles （〈2 μm） and silt-sized particles （2-50μm） in the eroded sediments than in the original soils. SOC was enriched in the eroded sediments relative to in the original soil when ERsoc 〉 1. ERsoc was positively correlated with ERclay （〈2 pro） （R^2 = o.68） and ERie at （2-20 μm） （R2 = 0.63）, and from all the size particle categories of the original soil or the eroded sediments, more than 95% of SOC was concentrated in small-sized partieles （〈50 μm）. The distribution of SOC in different-sized particles of the original soil and the eroded sediment is primarily associated with clay-sized part-ides and fine silt-sized particles, thus we eonelude that as the eroded sediment partieles became finer, more SOC was absorbed, resulting in more severe SOC loss.展开更多
采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂...采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀强度随雨强的增大而增加的趋势更明显;③坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,土壤侵蚀强度变化的临界坡度在25°附近;④坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响大体可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,但坡长对土壤侵蚀强度的影响比较复杂,随雨强大小的变化而表现为不同的形式;⑤坡度、坡长及雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀强度的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子,且坡度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切。展开更多
基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过...基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min^(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L^(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。展开更多
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41172283, 41372313)National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB026103)
文摘Gravelly soils are made up of gravel, sand, silt and clay. They are widely used in engineering applications such as rock-fill dams with clay cores, which are the main researches at present. The strength and mechanical properties of the gravelly soils are affected by the content of coarse grain, fine particles, and their adhesive states. These Properties can be verified by laboratory unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests with grain size less than 5 mm and by large scale direct-shear tests with original grain content. Fine particles of the loose gravelly slopes are released under rainfalls, alternated the structures and mechanical properties, even affected the slope stability. There are a series of large scale direct-shear tests with different coarse grain contents to study the influence of fine particles releasing and migration, results showed the strength behavior of the gravelly soils were affected by the coarse grain content （5） and the inflection coarse grain contents. In order to study the erosion features of the gravelly soil slopes on rainfall conditions and the slopes stability alteration, we had carried out one sort of artificial rainfall local and model experiments, the runoff sediment contents were monitored during the experiments. Result showed that the shapes of the slopes surface transformed periodically, runoff sediment contents were divided into five phases according to the experiment phenomena, runoff sediment contents maintained downtrend during the rain time and the downtrend was obviouslyinterpreted by one descend belt no matter the rainfall intensity and the slope angels. Particle size analysis released the deposit on the slope surface lost almost all of the clay, most of the silt and sand after the experiments, this meant the fine particles releasing, migration and accumulation process on condition of rainfall resulted in the instability factor of the slopes even induced landslide or debris flow.
基金funded by Water and Soil Conservation Monitoring Technology Innovation Team and Construction of China(Grant No.2009F20022)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41471221)
文摘Soil Organic Carbon （SOC） is the most important component of soil. Though small, it determines soil fertility and prevents soil losses. In this study, we examined relationships between the Particle-Size Distribution （PSD） of the eroded sediment and SOC loss, and evaluated the effects of plant coverage ratios （0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 90%）, slope lengths （2 m, 4 m）, fertilizer treatments （unfertilized control （CK）, compound N-P-K fertilizer （CF）, and organic fertilizer （OF）） on SOC loss and the SOC enrichment ratio （ERsoc） in the eroded sediments. The experimental results showed that longer slope length and lower surface cover ratios produced larger surface runoff and the eroded sediments, resulting in larger SOC losses. The average SOC loss was greatest in the OF treatment and SOC loss was mainly associated with the eroded sediment. Surface runoff, which causes soil erosion, is a selective transportation process, hence there were more clay- sized particles （〈2 μm） and silt-sized particles （2-50μm） in the eroded sediments than in the original soils. SOC was enriched in the eroded sediments relative to in the original soil when ERsoc 〉 1. ERsoc was positively correlated with ERclay （〈2 pro） （R^2 = o.68） and ERie at （2-20 μm） （R2 = 0.63）, and from all the size particle categories of the original soil or the eroded sediments, more than 95% of SOC was concentrated in small-sized partieles （〈50 μm）. The distribution of SOC in different-sized particles of the original soil and the eroded sediment is primarily associated with clay-sized part-ides and fine silt-sized particles, thus we eonelude that as the eroded sediment partieles became finer, more SOC was absorbed, resulting in more severe SOC loss.
文摘采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀强度随雨强的增大而增加的趋势更明显;③坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,土壤侵蚀强度变化的临界坡度在25°附近;④坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响大体可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,但坡长对土壤侵蚀强度的影响比较复杂,随雨强大小的变化而表现为不同的形式;⑤坡度、坡长及雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀强度的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子,且坡度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切。
文摘基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min^(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L^(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。
