Direct Measurements of the Electron Energy Flux versus Electron Temperature Gradient in Tokamak Discharges

Electron thermal transport is one of the most complex processes in fusionplasmas. It is generally described by a simple thermal diffusivity in transport analyses ofdischarges, but there is evidence of critical gradient effects with moderate stiffness. By analyzingperiodic perturbations to an equilibrium, one canmeasure the variations in electron energy flux andelectron temperature gradient over the perturbation cycle, obtaining the flux as a function ofgradient over the range of parameters generated by the perturbation. Although time-dependenttransport analysis is very sensitive to noise in the input data, averaging over many cycles of aperiodic perturbation can provide data of sufficient quality. The analyses presented here are basedon the ECE temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and full profile coverage onDIII-D for sawteeth and modulated ECH heating.

A comparison of emissive and cold floating probe techniques for electric potential measurements in rf inductive discharge

A cold floating probe method was compared with the emissive floating probe method in terms of a low-pressure radio-frequency inductive discharge.The dependences of difference between the plasma potential and the floating potential on the electron temperature 1-8 eV,plasma density 109-1012 cm 3 and magnetic field 100-650 G were obtained.It was demonstrated that the difference between the potentials that obtained by these two methods can differ significantly from the expected value of 5.2 kTe/e for argon.

Air Cored Rogowski Coil for Measurement of Partial Discharges

A Rogowski coil was designed to measure partial discharge （PD） signal with low currents and high frequency. The possibilities of obtaining better measurements of PDs were explored by changing the inductance, mutual inductance, resistance, and capacitance of the coil. The designed Rogowski coil was calibrated under square wave voltage and arbitrary sine wave voltage. Then, according to the parameters of the Rogowski coil, the effect of changing some of these variables was simulated using a bode plot. Comparison shows that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental ones. A needle-plate in air gap model was set up and its PD under impulse voltage was measured. The results demonstrate that the Rogowski coil is adapted to measurement of PDs.

Rotor performance enhancement by alternating current dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuation

An experimental system was established to explore the plasma flow control effect for helicopter rotors in hover mode.With the plasma actuator applied at the leading edge of the rotor blades,alternating current dielectric barrier discharge(AC-DBD) plasma actuation was generated by a sinusoidal AC high-voltage generator.By direct force measurement,the influence of actuation parameters on the aerodynamic performance of the rotor was investigated at a tip Reynolds number of 1.7 × 105.AC-DBD actuation can delay the blade stall to more than 3° with a 20%increase of about in the thrust coefficient at the post-stall pitch.At a constant motor power driving the rotor,AC-DBD actuation could reduce the rotor’s torque at the stalled pitch and increase the rotational speed of the rotor.Also,AC-DBD actuation could maintain a relatively high hover efficiency of the rotor at large collective pitches.In a wide range of actuation parameters,AC-DBD plasma actuation could improve the rotor’s aerodynamic performance at large blade pitches.High-speed photography of the tuft motion on the blade’s upper surface showed that AC-DBD plasma actuation could promote the reattachment of the blade’s separation flow.

THE STUDY ON MEASURING TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR USING ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY METHOD WITH EXTERNAL SENSORS

Objective In order to find early latent faults and prevent catastrophic failures, diagnosis of insulation condition by measuring technique of partial discharge(PD) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is applied in this paper, which is one of the most basic ways for diagnosis of insulation condition. Methods Ultra high frequency(UHF) PD detection method by using internal sensors has been proved efficient, because it may avoid the disturbance of corona, but the sensor installation of this method will be limited by the structure and operation condition of GIS. There are some of electromagnetic (E-M) waves leak from the place of insulation spacer, therefore, the external sensors UHF measuring PD technique is applied, which isn't limited by the operation condition of GIS. Results This paper analyzes propagated electromagnetic (E-M) waves of partial discharge pulse excited by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The signal collected at the outer point is more complex than that of the inner point, and the signals' amplitude of outer is about half of the inner, because it propagates through spacer and insulation slot. Set up UHF PD measuring system. The typical PD in 252kV GIS bus bar was measured using PD detection UHF technique with external sensors. Finally, compare the results of UHF measuring technique using external sensors with the results of FDTD method simulation and the traditional IEC60270 method detection. Conclusion The results of experiment shows that the UHF technique can realize the diagnosis of insulation condition, the results of FDTD method simulation and the result UHF method detection can demonstrate each other, which gives references to further researches and application for UHF PD measuring technique.

Statistical Description of Debris Particle Size Distribution in Electrical Discharge Machining

Gap debris as discharge product is closely related to machining process in electrical discharge machining（EDM）. A lot of recent researches have focused on the relationship among debris size, surfaces texture, remove rate, and machining stability. The study on statistical distribution of debris size contributes to the research, but it is still superficial currently. In order to obtain the distribution law of the debris particle size, laser particle size analyzer（LPSA） combined with scanning electron microscope（SEM） is used to analyze the EDM debris size. Firstly, the heating dried method is applied to obtain the debris particles. Secondly, the measuring range of LPSA is determined as 0.5–100 μm by SEM observation, and the frequency distribution histogram and the cumulative frequency distribution scattergram of debris size are obtained by using LPSA. Thirdly, according to the distribution characteristic of the frequency distribution histogram, the statistical distribution functions of lognormal, exponentially modified Gaussian（EMG）, Gamma and Weibull are chosen to achieve curve fitting of the histogram. At last, the distribute law of the debris size is obtained by fitting results. Experiments with different discharge parameters are carried out on an EDM machine designed by the authors themselves, and the machining conditions are tool electrode of red-copper material, workpiece of ANSI 1045 material and working fluid of de-ionized water. The experimental results indicate that the debris sizes of all experiment sample truly obey the Weibull distribution. The obtained distribution law is significantly important for all the models established based on the debris particle size.

Evaluation of Degradation of PET Film by Partial Discharge Method

Recently, the industry and productions have been rapidly developed by the advancement of science and technology. On the other hand, the dwindling natural resources and the global warming increasingly pose a severe problem to our life in near future. Indeed, solar photovoltaic (PV) has been attractive as one of the alternative energy resource to oil. However, some problems such as the reduction of electromotive force and the degradation of back-sheet influence the properties of the long-term life of the PV panel system. In this research, we used the high- and low-molecular-weight PET film in order to evaluate the effect of molecular weight for the hydrolysis of PET under the acceleration degradation test. As results, the mechanical properties of PET film were decreased with increasing the acceleration degradation time. In addition, it was found that the dielectric breakdown strength of PET film indicated the similar tendency with the mechanical properties. Accordingly, the non-destructive analytical technique, i.e. the partial discharge measurement makes it easy to evaluate the degradation of PET film without any damage or cut out for the film.

Use of Non-uniform Rational B-splines for Discharge Calculation in the Velocity Area Method

The velocity area method belongs to the group of primary methods for discharge measurement in hydropower plants. The measurements require an appropriate application of measuring devices and carrying out correctly the process of data analyzing including integration technique. The authors present their own experiences gathered during many years of utilizing the current meter method for discharge measurement in many hydropower plants. They have developed the special integration techniques using the progressive numerical algorithms. The techniques differ from the recommendations contained in the relevant international standards. The authors＇ own software for calculating the discharge from the measured local velocity distribution （obtained using current meters） adopts advanced spline functions, the so-called NURBS （non-uniform rational B-splines）. Nowadays, this kind of splines is commonly used in modeling of the complex geometrical shapes because of their smoothness. It is assessed that it represents much better quality of interpolation than the classic spline functions （classic cubic spline technique）. Particularly, the better properties of the NURBS splines can be observed for velocity profile area characterized by very strong velocity gradients where boundary layers meet the core regions of the flow （mainstream）. In the developed software the boundary layer thickness and exponent of von Karman function is calculated in accordance with the ISO 3354 standard. The software has been successfully used during many performance tests of the hydraulic turbines in Poland for several years. Paper presents the results of flow rate measurements for two different flow systems of Kaplan turbines. First case concerns the application of the current meters in a long circular penstock whereas the second one in short rectangular turbine intake. A comparative analysis of three flow calculation procedures applied for these two cases is presented in the paper-（1） the integration procedure according to the ISO 3354 standard; （2） the integration procedure based on the NS （natural splines）; and （3） the integration procedure based on the NURBS. The results obtained using these three procedures for the first case （intake via long circular penstock） were compared with the results of discharge measurements conducted using the pressure-time method.

Measuring^(222)Rn in aquatic environment via Pulsed Ionization Chamber Radon Detector

Radon(Rn)is a naturally occurring radioactive inert gas in nature,and^(222)Rn has been routinely used as a powerful tracer in various aquatic environmental research on timescales of hours to days,such as submarine groundwater discharge.Here we developed a new approach to measure^(222)Rn in discrete water samples with a wide range of^(222)Rn concentrations using a Pulsed Ionization Chamber(PIC)Radon Detector.The sensitivity of the new PIC system is evaluated at 6.06 counts per minute for 1 Bq/L when a 500 mL water sample volume is used.A robust logarithmic correlation between sample volumes,ranging from 250 mL to 5000 mL,and system sensitivity obtained in this study strongly suggests that this approach is suitable for measuring radon concentration levels in various natural waters.Compared to the currently available methods for measuring radon in grab samples,the PIC system is cheaper,easier to operate and does not require extra accessories(e.g.,drying tubes etc.)to maintain stable measurements throughout the counting procedure.

基于跌坎压力自相似分布的明渠水深−流量关系推求

明渠流量计量是高效灌溉、合理分配水资源和进行用水有效管理的重要手段。跌水是常见的明渠水流上下游衔接的水利设施。当跌落水流不受跌坎下游水流影响时形成自由跌流,可用于明渠流量的精确计量。受自由跌流影响,跌坎断面水流由缓流向急流转变,压力分布显著偏离静水压力分布规律。而获得跌坎压力分布及其准确描述方程则正是明渠自由跌流流量公式推求的关键,其准确与否决定了利用跌流进行流量计量的精度。本文首先通过模型试验和数值计算对矩形明渠自由跌流的断面压力分布特征进行研究,而后利用理论推导建立了明渠跌流的水深−流量关系公式。研究发现,明渠跌水跌坎断面压力呈典型自相似分布规律,其无量纲压力值分布倾向于一条曲线,压力最大值为0.238he(he为跌坎水深),出现在竖向距跌坎0.209he水深处,并且压力自相似分布规律与明渠流量、渠道底坡和边壁糙率无关。在此基础上,结合幂函数和尾迹函数提出了描述跌坎断面压力分布的函数方程,并给出了最大压力和最大压力位置的计算公式,然后根据动量方程和流量连续方程推求了明渠自由跌流的流量计算公式。最后,对本文和其他研究者提出的流量计算公式采用试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:本文提出的流量公式在明渠流量为5~100 L/s,底坡为–0.0112~0.0534、糙率为0.0930~0.0193的研究范围内,具有更高的精度和适用性,计算误差在±5%之内,可适用于该流量、底坡和边壁糙率范围内矩形明渠自由跌流的流量精确计算。本文研究结果对于利用自由跌流进行明渠流量计量提供了理论与技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。

基于场致二次谐波的大气压脉冲流注放电时变非均匀电场测量研究

诊断大气压脉冲流注放电空间电场是实现流注放电精准调控和揭示等离子体不稳定性机制的重要基础。基于场致二次谐波的空间电场测量方法具有非侵入式、时空分辨率高等优点。然而,流注放电时变非均匀电场对二次谐波信号产生过程的影响规律尚不完善,真实电场标定系数随流注放电不同阶段的变化规律尚不清晰。该文首先计算二次谐波信号产生规律和电场空间分布的影响;然后,基于等离子体流体模拟,分析二次谐波信号对流注放电不同阶段时变非均匀电场的敏感程度;最后,基于纳秒脉冲激光场致二次谐波电场测量平台,实验获得了重频脉冲作用下组合电极结构产生的单根负流注轴向电场演变规律,分析脉冲重复频率对空间电场的影响机制,并针对流注放电时变非均匀电场特点提出电场致二次谐波测量优化若干建议。

基于三维建模的喷油器流量系数在线测试

该文提出一种柴油机喷油器喷嘴流量系数在线测量方法。通过实验探究了燃油系统内部压力波的演化及传递过程并基于实验数据验证了算法的准确性;基于黎曼不变量理论将燃油系统内部复杂的压力变化过程简化为黎曼波的演化及传递过程,并建立了喷油过程中喷油器入口压力与流量系数的数学关系;根据燃油系统结构提出了一种基于喷油器入口压力信号的黎曼波解耦方法,提高了算法的使用范围。该文搭建了流量系数测量平台,通过实验验证了所提出方法有较高精度。

考虑底坡影响的U形渠道量水槽流量公式研究

渠道底坡是影响输水能力的重要因素,但量水槽流量公式往往忽略渠道底坡。为了探究渠道底坡对流量公式的影响,以三角形量水槽为研究对象,在6种底坡的U形渠道上开展田间试验。应用能量方程式推求了流量的理论公式,基于量纲分析法分别建立不包含和包含渠道底坡的流量公式,探讨渠道底坡影响流量公式的范围。流量的理论公式表明渠道底坡是影响量水槽流量公式的因素之一。与不包含渠道底坡的流量公式相比,包含渠道底坡的流量公式测流精度显著提高,平均相对误差从2.92%降低至1.65%,最大相对误差从12.22%减小至7.37%,相对误差绝对值小于5%的比例从80.94%提升至95.89%。渠道底坡影响三角形量水槽流量公式的范围界定为1100~1/1200,当渠道底坡小于11200时可以忽略。量水槽流量公式应考虑渠道底坡的影响。

静电放电模拟器近区辐射电场的测量研究

静电放电(ESD)是电磁兼容领域的关键测试项目。为在近区获得更多可供参考的ESD辐射电场实测数据,建立了ESD辐射电场测量系统,测量并研究了四个厂家的主流ESD模拟器在接触放电模式下产生的辐射电场。实验结果表明,不同试验等级ESD辐射电场波形参数与IEC 61000-4-2:2008中的参考值一致,测量结果准确;在严格控制实验条件的情况下,电场峰值和上升时间的重复性可以得到保证,且电场峰值的重复性优于上升时间的重复性;不同型号的ESD模拟器在电流波形都符合IEC 61000-4-2:2008限值的情况下,辐射电场的波形存在更大差异,早日实现ESD辐射电场的准确、可靠测量并规范其测量方法及其限值十分必要。

水资源污染综合治理措施及其防治效果评估研究

长期的水污染会破坏水环境,造成生态系统的破坏和失衡,影响人类的生产和生活。为此,研究水资源污染综合治理措施并评估防治效果。在分析了水资源污染物的4种主要类型后,从工业生产、市政管理以及工程保障3方面提出相应的治理措施,并使用模糊综合评价法对治理后的效果评价,将评价结果分为5个等级,利用加权平均原则对评价结果定量计算。将所提治理措施应用在某市生态公园调节塘内,经一段时间后检验该塘水质有了明显改善,防治效果评估结果为优秀,证明所提方法在水资源污染治理方面具有可行性。

基于时空图像法监测流量的测量误差分析

流量测量是开展水文分析和水资源管理的必要任务,有助于了解河流的水量变化,预测洪水风险,优化水资源分配。传统接触式测流方法装置布设复杂、测量效率低,以视频测流为代表的非接触式方法极大地提高施测效率,降低了成本,但对测流结果的误差分析不足,导致测流结果在水文分析与水资源管理中的应用存在风险。为分析视频测流误差,在通过视频图像法计算断面水位、时空图像法(Space-time Image Velocity,STIV)计算断面流速的基础上,假定单次测量的误差分布,推求了水位和流速测量误差、流量测算误差及其主要来源。并定义了误差平均带宽(EAB)来定量评估误差的大小。以栾川县养子沟流域为对象开展实例研究,结果表明:在水位或流速快速上升阶段,测量误差区间较小;仅考虑水位的不确定性、仅考虑流速的不确定性,以及同时考虑水位和流速的不确定性时流量测量误差平均带宽(EAB)值分别为4.98%、10.83%和15.83%,流速测量不确定性对流量的影响比水位测量不确定性对流量的影响更大。考虑水位与流速不确定性影响的视频测流方法有利于提高流量测量准确性,为流域水资源管理提供可靠的数据支撑,特别是在需要对不断变化的水体状况进行监测和响应的情况下。对误差的深入理解也有助于改进视频测流技术,以减小误差并提高其在实际应用中的可靠性。

明渠非标准断面法测流水位流量关系的率定及影响因素分析

为探究明渠非标准断面法测流的水位流量关系曲线的率定问题,以新疆第三师某团场25处渠道量水断面为研究对象,利用FlowTracker 2手持式声学多普勒流速仪进行了水位流量关系率定工作.根据实测结果,率定了各渠道量水断面的水位流量关系曲线,并对所率定出的曲线进行了符号检验、适线检验和偏离数值检验及误差分析,在此基础上,对流量拟合参数的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:所率定的25处渠道量水断面中,14处具有稳定的水位流量关系,5处受回水影响、6处受渠道淤积影响为不稳定的水位流量关系;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及坡降i相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道底宽b总体上呈正相关;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及底宽b相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道坡降i总体上呈负相关.研究结果可以为灌区自动化量水设备测流准确性的校核提供参考依据.

“23·7”京津冀地区暴雨洪水与土壤侵蚀调查——以河北省邢台市临城县为例

[目的]开展“23·7”(20230729—0801)京津冀地区暴雨洪水过程及水土保持调查工作,分析小流域的暴雨洪水过程以及暴雨所造成的土壤侵蚀状况,为水土保持决策提供科学支撑。[方法]采用野外调查的方法对河北省临城县皇迷东沟和梁家庄西沟开展洪痕测量调查并计算洪峰流量模数,分析暴雨洪水对小流域造成的侵蚀危害。[结果]①该次降雨持续时间长、雨强大。梁家庄西沟和皇迷东沟流域累计雨量分别达到1008.5和613.6 mm。②按洪痕法调查推算了洪峰流量,皇迷东沟、梁家庄西沟小流域洪峰流量模数为10.80和36.07 m^(3)/(s·km^(2))。坡度和水土保持措施是影响洪峰流量的主要因素。较大的坡度会使洪峰流量变大,而完善的水土保持措施可以起到有效的削峰作用。③调查小流域位于泜河流域上游,是该次暴雨中心和洪水的主要产流区,小流域洪峰流量模数大于下游水文站洪峰流量模数。④梁家庄西沟的侵蚀情况比皇迷东沟严重,主要原因是皇迷东沟的果园、梯田和谷坊的面积比例大于梁家庄西沟,皇迷东沟的平均坡度小于梁家庄西沟且梁家庄雨量站的降雨量峰值持续时间更长。[结论]良好的水土保持措施可以有效减少洪峰流量以及侵蚀现象的发生。实施水土保持措施是必要且有效的。应该进一步完善梯田、台地谷坊的建设。

基于实体GIS设备试验的局部放电光学信号传播特性研究

光测法具有电磁免疫性,特别适用于具有封闭结构的气体绝缘开关设备(gas insulated switchgear, GIS)局部放电检测,但是光信号在传播过程中易因传播距离增加或部件遮挡而快速衰减。为此,基于110 kV实际GIS设备开展局部放电光学信号传播特性试验,研究传播距离和绝缘子遮挡对导杆尖刺缺陷和悬浮电位缺陷局部放电光信号的影响规律。结果表明,随着传播距离的增加:尖刺缺陷检测到光信号最大幅值和放电数均有所衰减,放电谱图变化不大;悬浮缺陷放电光信号幅值明显衰减,放电数不变,放电谱图特征逐渐失去“矩形”特征。此外,当光学信号透过带有通气孔的绝缘子传播时,光学信号明显衰减,且幅值波动较大。