Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system,the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance.Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array.An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean,and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array.The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10°and 90°deviating from the endfire direction.The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation.Therefore,making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative.In this paper,the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed.Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays,as well as several side lobes of direct rays.Meanwhile,the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction.Based on the theory above,a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed.The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results,which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.

Local convergence zones or discontinuous lines in the Taklimakan Desert, Northwest China

In order to study convergence zones or discontinuous lines formed locally in the Taklimakan Desert,we analyzed available MODIS images onboad TERRA or AQUA satellite for ten cases:29 March 2002,14 April 2002;2 January 2003;21 April 2003;26 March 2004;28 April 2004;30 January 2005;25 June 2005;3 December 2005;and 26 July 2006.We used weather maps published by the Japan Mete-orological Agency for the Asia and Pacific region at 500 hPa,700 hPa and 850 hPa,at 00Z and 12Z to analyze the meteorological conditions occurring in each case.We estimated the positions of air streams,convergence zones or discontinuous lines between them,and thermal conditions on the maps and con-firmed the presence of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds through satellite images in particular.After a review of previous studies,this paper introduced the results of the present study.Closed warm areas in the Taklimakan Desert and on the Tibetan Plateau and local convergence zones or discontinuous lines in the Taklimakan Desert were discussed together with their diurnal changes,using composite maps of the ten cases.Along the long axis of the desert the convergence zones or discontinuous lines normally extend 70-80 km in a west-east direction,but are suspected to exceed 100 km in extreme cases.On the other hand,the convergence zones or discontinuous lines extending in a north-south direction on the southern fringe of the desert have a length of 40-60 km.The closed warm areas show clear diurnal changes,but they were not detected at the 500 hPa level.An example of a clear convergence zone running in a north-south direction on 26 July 2006 was presented in detail with corresponding satellite images.

“三水”统筹的流域水生态环境分区管控技术与实践

基于“三水”(水生态、水环境、水资源)统筹,开展流域空间精细化管控对推进新时代流域协同保护与治理具有重要意义。按照“‘三水’问题识别—‘三水’分区划定—质量目标确定—管控单元集成”的思路,构建了流域水生态环境分区管控技术方法。以白洋淀流域为实践对象,识别出流域性突出生态环境问题;衔接现有水生态环境管理分区与政策要求,划定生态保护红线、环境质量底线及资源利用上线;明确“三水”分区域差异化生态环境管理目标与资源环境承载约束,聚类叠“三水”分区并综合划定水生态环境综合管控单元、制定结构化生态环境准入清单。

生态环境分区管控的基本逻辑、运行样态与法治进路

生态环境分区管控作为中国生态文明建设领域的特色制度创新,不仅是优化国土空间保护利用新格局的战略部署,也是习近平生态文明思想引领下的实践范例。对生态环境分区管控的逻辑论证和运行观察,发现:作为生态环境源头预防的基本性制度,生态环境分区管控根植于空间转向理论,蕴含着深厚的空间治理逻辑;生态环境分区管控以实现空间正义为价值目标,法治化是其制度发展的应然理路;法制供给滞后、法律内容残缺、配套机制缺失是掣肘生态环境分区管控战略实施和制度转型的主要动因。因此,提出要在明确立法策略的基础之上,按照内外在机理构筑生态环境分区管控的法治体系。

非视距信号传播场强特性的分析与研究

为探索机场通信路径中障碍物造成非视距传播产生衍射损耗,对信号场强衰减特性进行了研究。首先,基于ITU-R P.1546中不同地形环境对信号传播的影响,结合Deygout模型构建信号场强组合模型。其次,按障碍物数量分析随障碍物高度变化的接收场强传播特性。仿真结果表明,单障碍物越高,占据0.6F1菲涅尔区越大,场强越小;双障碍物路径中,高度增加的障碍物经过由次要转为主要障碍物,直到只剩主要障碍物的过程,使场强逐渐衰减。再次,针对场强上升,分析了次要障碍物高度与0.6F1菲涅尔区的关系。最后,调整覆盖场强最小阈值,确定接收设备是否被障碍物遮挡,从而导致信号被屏蔽。上述研究结果可为未来模拟机场各场景下障碍物分布,预测接收机是否因障碍物受干扰或影响场强覆盖范围提供参考依据。

钢铁物流中心平面布局研究

钢铁物流中心将物流的各个环节连接在一起,科学合理地布局钢铁物流中心,对于促进物流中心内各项物流活动高效运作、降低物流成本、提升物流服务质量具有重要意义。结合钢铁物流的特点,研究了钢铁物流中心的功能分区和作业流程,提出适合钢铁物流中心平面布局的原则。根据铁路装卸线是否进入仓库,以及库内桥吊与铁路装卸线的相对关系不同,研究了铁路布置在库外和库内、桥吊垂直和平行铁路布置等4种平面布局方案,并给出了不同布局方案的适用场景。最后结合长沙北货场钢铁物流中心实例,对钢铁物流中心平面布局进行说明,对钢铁物流中心的规划和设计具有一定的参考意义。

基于FME的国土空间规划“三区三线”成果数据质检设计

科学划定“三区三线”是现在国土空间规划编制中的一项基础性工作和关键任务。为确保“三区三线”划定成果数据质量,本文基于FME设计了“三区三线”划定的成果数据质检方案,对甘肃省各县区“三区三线”划定的成果数据进行了质量检查。该质检方案有效地提高了数据质检的效率,保障了“三区三线”成果数据质量,对其他空间数据质量检查具有借鉴意义。

Vegetation-Climate Relationship and Its Application in the Division of Vegetation Zone in China

Distribution of vegetation is closely coupled with climate; the climate controls distribution of vegetation and the vegetation type reflects regional climates. To reveal vegetation_climate relationships is the foundation for understanding the vegetation distribution and theoretically serving vegetation regionalization. Vegetation regionalization is a theoretical integration of vegetation studies and provides a base for physiogeographical regionalization as well as agriculture and forestry regionalization. Based on a brief historical overview on studies of vegetation_climate relationships and vegetation regionalization conducted in China, we review the principles, bases and major schemes of previous vegetation regionalization and discuss on several contentious boundaries of vegetation zones in the present paper. We proposed that, under the circumstances that the primary vegetation has been destroyed in most parts of China, the division of vegetation zones/regions should be based on the distribution of primary and its secondary vegetation types and climatic indices that delimit distribution of the vegetation types. This not only reveals the closed relationship between vegetation and climate, but also is feasible practically. Although there still are divergence of views on the name and their boundaries of the several vegetation zones, it is commonly accepted that there are eight major vegetation regions in China, i.e. cold temperate needleleaf forest region, temperate needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forest region, warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest region, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest region, tropical monsoon forest and rain forest region, temperate steppe region, temperate desert region, and Qinghai_Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau high_cold vegetation region. Analyzing characteristics of vegetation and climate of major vegetation boundaries, we suggested that: 1) Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line is an important arid/humid climatic, but not a thermal climatic boundary, and thus can not also be regarded as the northern limit of the subtropical vegetation zone; 2) the northern limit of subtropical vegetation zone in China is along the northern coast of the Yangtze River, from Hangzhou Bay, via Taihu Lake, Xuancheng and Tongling in Anhui Province, through by southern slope of the Dabie Mountains, to Wuhan and its west, coinciding with a warmth index ( WI ) value of 130-140 ℃·month; 3) the tropical region is limited in a very small area in southeastern Hainan Island and southern edge of Taiwan Island; and 4) considering a significant difference in climates between the southern and northern parts of the warm temperate zone, we suggested that the warm temperate zone in China is divided into two vegetation regions, deciduous broadleaf woodland region and deciduous and evergreen broadleaf mixed forest region, the Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line being as their boundary. We also claimed that the zonal vegetation in North China is deciduous broadleaf woodland. Finally, we emphasized the importance of dynamic vegetation regionalization linked to climate changes.

在役岩溶隧道衬砌水压分布及预警控制标准研究

随着强降雨天气的频发,在役岩溶隧道衬砌开裂、渗漏水及失稳破坏事故日益增多。地表降雨补给下衬砌背后积聚高水压力是岩溶隧道发生水压灾害的主要原因,对在役岩溶隧道开展监测预警是避免灾害发生的重要手段。以郑万线岩溶隧道为依托,开展了相似模型试验及渗流数值模拟,研究了不同岩溶形态下衬砌背后水压分布规律及衬砌隆起位移,制定了岩溶隧道运营监测预警控制标准。结果表明:当地表降雨补给超过隧道排水能力时,衬砌背后将形成“地表补给+洞内排水”的动水压力,仰拱底部极易积聚高水压力;地层中存在岩溶管腔和溶蚀裂隙带时,地表降雨将会导致衬砌水压局部增高,衬砌承受偏压荷载,并使仰拱受力进一步劣化;以隧道仰拱中心水压力和隆起位移作为控制基准,将岩溶隧道运营监测预警等级划分正常运营、临时补修、限速整治和封闭整治。研究成果可为岩溶隧道的结构设计优化及监测预警提供借鉴。

穿越走滑断层隧道错动影响分区及隧道节段式衬砌抗错断性能控制

为了揭示中国西部地区穿越活动断裂公路隧道工程的变形及力学特性,通过数值模拟分析了断层左旋走滑运动对隧道结构产生的错动响应,建立隧道受断层错动影响分区,并提出隧道节段衬砌铰接设计这一抗错断措施。通过对比在影响区内设置不同长度节段衬砌时隧道结构的应力、位移响应规律,得出最优衬砌节段布置形式。研究结果表明:断层走滑错动2.5 m时,隧道结构受错影响范围为断层与活动盘交界面附近2.7 d(d为隧道跨径)内,定义1 d~2.7 d范围内为次要影响区,1 d范围内为主要影响区;通过对比分析发现3 m节段对衬砌结构水平位移和最大剪应力的控制效果最好,峰值最大降低率分别达到了3.38%和43.34%;隧道结构在断层交界面附近水平位移达到最大,随后向两侧较远位置变形不断减小至平稳;可见隧道结构沿纵向所受的最大剪应力值集中在错动影响区内,且在此范围内变化相较此范围外更加剧烈,错动影响区是抗断层错动设防重点关注对象。研究结果可为隧道抗错断设计提供参考。

福建两系杂交稻制种安全高产的精细气候适宜性区划

利用福建省67个国家气象观测站1971-2020年气象资料以及地理信息资料、两系杂交稻制种基地调查资料,构建了两系杂交稻制种育性转换敏感期气候风险模型与风险等级指标、扬花授粉期天气综合危害指数模型与等级指标两个安全期气候区划指标,选择不育系育性转换起点温度23℃开展研究,基于两系杂交稻制种气候适宜性分区等级标准,采用多层复合方法,开展基于GIS的福建省两系杂交稻制种安全高产精细气候适宜性区划。结果表明:育性敏感期安排在7月上旬-下旬、7月中旬-8月上旬,扬花授粉期安排在8月上旬-中旬,适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔300m以下的区域,次适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔300-500m的区域;育性敏感期安排在7月下旬-8月中旬、8月上旬-下旬,扬花授粉期8月下旬-9月上旬,适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔400m以下的区域,次适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔400-500m的区域;育性敏感期安排在7月上旬-8月下旬,扬花授粉期安排在8月上旬-9月上旬,低适宜区分布在海拔500-1000m的区域,不适宜区分布在海拔1000m以上区域。

基于生态保护红线的生态安全格局构建与国土空间修复分区

国土空间生态修复分区有助于针对生态服务、农业生产、居民生活等功能分类施策,具有提高生境质量、保障区域生态安全、促进区域可持续发展的重要作用。该研究以福建省三明市为研究区,采用生态保护红线划定方法全域识别生态源地,构建生态源地扩展阻力评价体系,采用最小累积阻力模型判别生态廊道和生态节点,提取生态断裂点,从而构建三明市生态安全格局。根据生态安全等级划分和“三生空间”范围界定,进行生态修复分区,并提出针对性生态修复和保护建议。研究结果:1)三明市生态源地共有34处,面积2185.44 km^(2),约占三明市国土面积9.5%,围绕中部盆地分布于周边丘陵山地,北部为密集区。2)判别重要生态廊道和一般生态廊道分别为12和70条,提取重要生态节点和一般生态节点分别为30和47个,提取生态断裂点66个。三明市生态安全格局完整,生态安全水平总体较高,但南部地区廊道稀疏却断裂点密集,网络连通性较低。3)划分生态安全等级、叠加“三生空间”范围,将三明市划分成核心重点区(16.13%)、监测预警区(25.04%)、缓冲过渡区(35.53%)、保育防护区(23.30%)四大类12类生态修复小区。在此基础上,针对不同修复分区提出生态防护建议,以期达到南方丘陵地区维护区域生态安全、实现城市高质量发展的目标。

基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护研究

将保护装置安装在T区两侧,基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件,提出一种特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方法。分析特高压三端混合直流输电系统整流侧、T区以及线路末端逆变侧三端边界频率特性,发现T区边界对故障电流暂态信号中低频分量有一定的衰减作用、整流侧边界和线路末端逆变侧边界对故障电流暂态信号高频分量有明显衰减作用。利用小波分解,根据T区两侧线路暂态电流中低频能量差判断故障方向,并提出故障方向判据。当T区左侧发生故障时,利用线路L1末端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别整流侧区内、外故障;当T区右侧发生故障时,利用线路L2首端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别线路末端逆变侧区内、外故障;T区发生故障时,判定为线路区外故障。给出基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方案,最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建昆柳龙特高压三端混合直流输电系统模型并对所提保护方法进行验证,仿真表明该文所提保护方法能实现特高压三端混合直流输电线路全线速动保护。

滁州市大气环境质量底线及管控分区研究

在“三线一单”编制工作中,划定大气环境质量底线和管控分区是关键内容之一。文章以滁州市为研究对象,描述了大气环境质量底线的划定方法和目标要求,测算出滁州市各县市区大气污染物分阶段的允许排放量和达标削减比例,同时划定了7个优先保护区、24个重点管控区和8个一般管控区。针对大气环境管控区提出管控要求,并对划定成果进行初步应用探索,以期对其他各市编制“三线一单”工作提供参考。

基于目标圆收缩法和分割圆逼近法的线轮廓度误差评定

针对传统方法在线轮廓度误差评定中的配准精度差、稳定性不高、对初始位姿要求苛刻和点到曲线最短距离计算效率较低等问题,提出一种粗精配准结合的目标圆收缩法和一种分割圆逼近法进行求解。粗精配准结合的目标圆收缩法首先在实际测量点集与理论设计轮廓离散点集中搜寻曲率对应的特征点对;其次通过特征点对之间的方位关系计算坐标旋转变量,以实际测量点集的重心和理论设计轮廓离散点集的重心计算坐标平移变量,完成粗配准;然后以粗配准精度计算得到的坐标变换变量取值范围作为精配准的初始目标圆区域,以最短距离为优化目标,对其进行迭代收缩,最终实现实际测量点与理论设计轮廓的最优配准。分割圆逼近法改进了分割点逼近法,采用微圆弧逼近理论设计轮廓,由圆的几何性质计算点到微圆弧的最短距离来评定线轮廓度误差。仿真实验验证结果表明,所提方法收敛性好,计算精度高。

高速公路车道级视频检测区自动设定方法

针对云台摄像枪在轮巡过程中无法自动设定视频检测区,从而影响交通事件识别准确率的问题,提出了一种基于视频的高速公路车道级检测区自动设定方法。首先,通过分析U-Net和MobileNet系列模型的特征,结合深度可分离卷积和倒置残差等结构,设计了一个高效且轻量化的R-Net系列模型,专门用于车道线和可行驶区域的语义分割。在此基础上,根据高速公路特定场景识别任务的特点,提出了一种基于连通域分析的车道线和检测区标记算法,实现了车道级检测区的自动设定。同时,为了提高标记算法的准确率,首次引入了阈值处理和叠加帧数这两种预处理方法,然后利用二次方程对车道线标记结果进行拟合,实现了车道线完整且平滑的分割。实验结果表明,R-Net系列模型的性能指标MIoU与传统模型如SegNet和U-Net接近,但显著减少了模型参数量和内积运算量,其中R-NetV2模型的分割性能指标MIoU达到90.6%,与U-Net相比仅下降了0.4%,但其模型参数量减少了38.7%,内积运算量减少了62.5%。对经过预处理后的语义分割结果进行标记,车道线标记准确率与传统方法相比从80.47%提高到95.58%。

Efficient utilization of ecological and cultural-tourism resources:Taking Guangzhou Cultural Park as an example

Land space is precious resource and carrier of various economic activities.Ecosystem Product Value Realization and Cultural Tourism is new economic growth point for green and low-carbon development.It is necessary to study how to intensively and efficiently utilize ecological and cultural-tourism resources under"Three zones three lines for land use"(3Z3L),which is basic land space planning policy.However,there are few research and cases due to difficulties of interdisciplinary research.This article adopts the methods of policies research,graphic analysis,and visiting,to study efficient utilization of ecological and cultural-tourism resources.This study found that the development of land spaces of ecology,agriculture,and urban areas is 3D trend,multi-purpose resource utilization can be achieved by improving the utilization efficiency of 3D space and differentiating spatial utilization in different periods.Taking Guangzhou Cultural Park as an example,the research object has improved the efficiency of ecological and cultural-tourism resource utilization by its managements and technology,such as“house under the tree,tree inside the house”.However,there are shortcomings just as planning and protection policies with it.We proposed to optimize the spatial planning and regulations,and improve the protection of overlapping areas of 3Z3L by planning and regulations,improve the utilization efficiency of ecological and cultural-tourism space,meet the urban young people's multiple needs such as culture and ecology in 3D space,use new technologies to improve ecological services quality such as biological methods,strengthen the coordination of multiple management departments with the concept of nature based solutions,develop the“Reversed Transmission Effect”,keep the boundary of urban development strictly.

特重冰区特高压直流孤立档导线脱冰动力响应参数预测模型

特重冰区特高压直流线路导线覆冰设计厚度达60~80 mm,多采用孤立档。该文针对特重冰区特高压直流六分裂导线,建立有限元模型,模拟研究不同档距、高差比、覆冰厚度、脱冰率和风速条件下孤立档导线脱冰动力响应,并分析其响应特征。给出导线冰跳高度包络线、有风情况下导线脱冰后横向摆幅参数和纵向不平衡张力的定义。结合利用数值模拟结果建立的数据集和BP(back propagation)神经网络机器学习算法,建立以档距、高差比、覆冰厚度、脱冰率和风速为输入,导线冰跳高度包络线、最大横向摆幅、最小横向摆幅、脱冰前平衡位置、孤立档两端纵向不平衡张力为输出的预测模型,为特重冰区特高压直流线路塔头设计提供依据。

基于参数化建模思想的四心圆公路隧道洞形优化

合理的四心圆公路隧道断面形式有助于改善衬砌结构的受力状态,减少复合式衬砌的开裂病害,提高隧道结构的耐久性。该文通过Ansys软件APDL参数化编程平台,基于“曲率连续”的设计思想,构建了拱脚区局部洞形几何尺寸参数化建模方程,建立了锚杆加固区等效力学参数计算方法及数值模拟模型,揭示了四心圆公路隧道拱脚区域局部洞形参数设计对衬砌结构内力的影响规律,结合实际工程研究显示:隧道拱脚弧与中墙弧的半径和长度对于隧道复合式衬砌结构内力的影响较明显,增大拱脚弧半径对于抑制衬砌结构内塑性区发展的效果最为明显;为了减小衬砌结构的开裂风险,提出采用衬砌拉应力为控制目标进行局部形状优化思想,通过中墙弧圆心角θ_(2)、拱脚弧圆心角θ_(3)及中墙弧半径R_(2)对衬砌结构内力极值的敏感性及影响规律分析为皮家岭隧道洞形优化提供了理论依据。

直连绳索取心钻杆分区热处理技术研究

为了提高绳索取心钻杆的性能,对直连绳索取心钻杆的受力情况、结构特点以及传统处理工艺进行分析,提出了分区热处理的工艺。通过对两端进行热加工处理,使钻杆中间管体区域和两端热处理螺纹区域性能出现差异,提高两端综合强度的同时改善螺纹部分的受力状态,可使钻杆柱既具有高强度又兼具柔性,大幅提高钻杆机械性能以及耐磨性。其中调质硬度HRC33~38能在保证管体延伸率与正火、回火基本一致的情况下,强度提高37.7%,硬度提高40%,抗冲击性提高46.7%。调质硬度HRC38~42时,材料的耐磨性提高9.1%。更适合全液压钻机施工及深孔钻进,为钻探施工提供了钻机、钻杆配套性的优选方案。